水旱轮作体系中的养分循环特征
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摘要
采用田间定位试验、渗漏池试验、盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法，系统研究了长期定位施肥对水旱轮作体系稻麦产量和紫色土肥力的影响，详细分析了氮、磷、钾养分在水旱轮作体系中的迁移转化和平衡，旨在为水旱轮作体系生产力的可持续发展和养分资源的优化管理提供科学依据。主要结果如下：
(1)在持续(10年)水旱轮作条件下，NPK以及NPK与有机肥配合施用能维持水旱轮作系统的生产力和土壤肥力，稻麦持续高产，土壤有机质和氮素含量提高，有效磷快速增加，速效钾与试验前基本平衡。N、P、K不均衡施用的各处理，稻麦产量利化肥肥效逐年降低，土壤养分耗竭。
(2)水旱轮作干湿交替影响了土壤中养分的迁移、转化和累积，10年定位施肥后，矿质氮在土壤剖面中含量低、呈相对均匀的分布，没有出现累积；长期施磷肥残留于土壤中的磷主要以Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P这几种形态存在，它们都是稻麦的有效磷源，尤其在土壤磷素严重耗竭时闭蓄态磷(O-P)是稻麦吸收的主要磷源，积累在土壤中的磷有明显下移趋势；淹水能促进土壤缓效钾的释放，提高土壤供钾能力。
(3)连续水旱轮作条件下，氮肥单施其肥效逐年降低；N与PK配施肥效稳定，每千克氮肥(N)平均增产小麦8kg、水稻10kg；氮肥利用率在小麦和水稻上分别为34.5±9％和40±6％。在水旱轮作系统中环境输入的氮每年高达126kg／hm~2。施入到系统中的氮肥有30～38％被稻麦收获移出；土壤残留-6～26％；损失38～76％，NPK以及NPK与有机肥配合施用能减少氮素损失、提高氮肥利用率和土壤保存率。淋洗损失的氮少，仅占施氮量的3～4％，小麦苗期是氮素淋失最强烈的时期，控制小麦基肥用量是减少氮素淋失的主要途径。
(4)小麦和水稻对磷肥的吸收利用率10年平均分别为27.1％和19.5％，农学效率分别为13.0kg／kg和10.0kg／kg，稻麦对磷肥的吸收利用率和农学效率有逐年升高之势。施入的磷肥有70～80％残留于土壤，极大地丰富了土壤有效磷库，平均每年增加2.8mg／kg。小麦对磷肥的依赖性高于水稻，淹水能提高土壤的供磷能力，在进行磷肥推荐时可降低水稻磷肥用量。
(5)紫色土是一种供钾能力较强的土壤，在水旱轮作条件下各种形态钾之间能快速转化，持续地供给作物需要。稻麦吸收的钾有70％以上来自于土壤，在连续稻麦种植的条件下土壤缓效钾是作物吸钾的主要来源。除稻草还田配施NPK处理钾素有盈余外，其余各处理钾素都亏缺，土壤缓效钾降低。
Effect of continuous application of chemical and/or organic fertilizer on productivity and soil fertility, as well as nutrient (N, P, K) cycling and nutrient balance in rice-wheat cropping systems was studied by using field, pot, lysimeter experiments and laboratory analysis. The purposes of this study were to quantify the input/output of nutrient resource and its related change in crop productivity, soil fertility and system sustainability, in order to provide detailed information for nutrient resource use and management. The main results were as follows:
During 10 years of the rice-wheat rotation, application of NPK chemical fertilizer or combination of NPK chemical with organic fertilizer could maintain or even increase crop productivity and soil fertility in rice-wheat cropping system. Under above conditions the high sustainable yield for rice and wheat and high efficiency of N fertilizer could be achieved year by year, while the content of soil organic matter and N, P were increased, and the balance of soil available K could be maintained. Inbalanced application of N, P, and K chemical fertilizer led to a reduction of crop yield and the efficiency of chemical fertilizer, as well as depletion of soil nutrients.
The rice-wheat rotation repeated transitions from anaerobic to aerobic growing conditions, which greatly affected soil nutrient remove, transport and accumulation. Soil mineral N contents were low and did not show tendency of accumulation in 0-100cm soil profiles after 10-years continuous application of N fertilizer. The remaining P fertilizers in soil after long-term applied P fertilizers had been transformed into inorganic phosphorus of Ca2-P- Cag^ Al-Ps Fe-P and O-P, which were mostly available for rice and wheat. When soil P got exhausted the O-P became the main available P for rice and wheat. The accumulated P in soil had obvious downward transportation. The release of soil slowly available K and soil K-supplying capacity were improved during flooding period.
In the rice-wheat cropping systems, continuous application of N fertilizer alone resulted in a reduction of crop yield and N use efficiency. Balanced supply of N and PK nutrient could increase both yield and N use efficiency, grain yield of rice and wheat were increased by 8kg and 10kg per 1 kg N applied, fertilizer N recovery rate were increased by 34.5 + 9% and 40 ?% for wheat and rice in ten years, respectively. N input from environment to rice-wheat cropping system amounted to 126 kg/hm2, which was not neglectable for optimized nutrient management. The N removal by rice and wheat harvest made up 30-38% of nitrogen input from N fertilizer applied to the soil-crop system. The rates of nitrogen left in the soil and lost by volatilization and leaching were in the range of -5.9%~36.4%, and 38%~76% respectively. Combinations of N, P and K fertilizers or NPK with organic manure could greatly reduce the losses of nitrogen by volatilization and leaching, thus increase (he rales of nitrogen absorbed by crops and
stored in the soils. The losses of nitrogen by volatilization were significantly larger than by leaching which accounted for 3-4% of the total N applied. The strongest downward transport and leaching of nitrogen occurred in the period of wheat seedling growth, control the rate of N
fertilizer were the mostly approached for reduction of N leaching.
The fertilizer P recovery efficiency and agronomic use efficiency of wheat were 27.1% and 13 kg, respectively, which were larger than that of rice, namely 19.5% and 10kg, respectively. The P efficiency of rice and wheat was increased with the prolongation of the experiment. The residual P in soil accounted for 70-80% of applied P fertilizers, which increased soil available P content in a average rate of 2.8 mg/kg annually. The proposition of P uptake by rice and wheat from soil were 60-70% and 40-50%, respectively, soil P-supplying capacity were improved during flooding period, so that the P fertilizer rate for rice could be reduced during rice growth season.
Purple soil has quite
(1)在持续(10年)水旱轮作条件下，NPK以及NPK与有机肥配合施用能维持水旱轮作系统的生产力和土壤肥力，稻麦持续高产，土壤有机质和氮素含量提高，有效磷快速增加，速效钾与试验前基本平衡。N、P、K不均衡施用的各处理，稻麦产量利化肥肥效逐年降低，土壤养分耗竭。
(2)水旱轮作干湿交替影响了土壤中养分的迁移、转化和累积，10年定位施肥后，矿质氮在土壤剖面中含量低、呈相对均匀的分布，没有出现累积；长期施磷肥残留于土壤中的磷主要以Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P这几种形态存在，它们都是稻麦的有效磷源，尤其在土壤磷素严重耗竭时闭蓄态磷(O-P)是稻麦吸收的主要磷源，积累在土壤中的磷有明显下移趋势；淹水能促进土壤缓效钾的释放，提高土壤供钾能力。
(3)连续水旱轮作条件下，氮肥单施其肥效逐年降低；N与PK配施肥效稳定，每千克氮肥(N)平均增产小麦8kg、水稻10kg；氮肥利用率在小麦和水稻上分别为34.5±9％和40±6％。在水旱轮作系统中环境输入的氮每年高达126kg／hm~2。施入到系统中的氮肥有30～38％被稻麦收获移出；土壤残留-6～26％；损失38～76％，NPK以及NPK与有机肥配合施用能减少氮素损失、提高氮肥利用率和土壤保存率。淋洗损失的氮少，仅占施氮量的3～4％，小麦苗期是氮素淋失最强烈的时期，控制小麦基肥用量是减少氮素淋失的主要途径。
(4)小麦和水稻对磷肥的吸收利用率10年平均分别为27.1％和19.5％，农学效率分别为13.0kg／kg和10.0kg／kg，稻麦对磷肥的吸收利用率和农学效率有逐年升高之势。施入的磷肥有70～80％残留于土壤，极大地丰富了土壤有效磷库，平均每年增加2.8mg／kg。小麦对磷肥的依赖性高于水稻，淹水能提高土壤的供磷能力，在进行磷肥推荐时可降低水稻磷肥用量。
(5)紫色土是一种供钾能力较强的土壤，在水旱轮作条件下各种形态钾之间能快速转化，持续地供给作物需要。稻麦吸收的钾有70％以上来自于土壤，在连续稻麦种植的条件下土壤缓效钾是作物吸钾的主要来源。除稻草还田配施NPK处理钾素有盈余外，其余各处理钾素都亏缺，土壤缓效钾降低。
Effect of continuous application of chemical and/or organic fertilizer on productivity and soil fertility, as well as nutrient (N, P, K) cycling and nutrient balance in rice-wheat cropping systems was studied by using field, pot, lysimeter experiments and laboratory analysis. The purposes of this study were to quantify the input/output of nutrient resource and its related change in crop productivity, soil fertility and system sustainability, in order to provide detailed information for nutrient resource use and management. The main results were as follows:
During 10 years of the rice-wheat rotation, application of NPK chemical fertilizer or combination of NPK chemical with organic fertilizer could maintain or even increase crop productivity and soil fertility in rice-wheat cropping system. Under above conditions the high sustainable yield for rice and wheat and high efficiency of N fertilizer could be achieved year by year, while the content of soil organic matter and N, P were increased, and the balance of soil available K could be maintained. Inbalanced application of N, P, and K chemical fertilizer led to a reduction of crop yield and the efficiency of chemical fertilizer, as well as depletion of soil nutrients.
The rice-wheat rotation repeated transitions from anaerobic to aerobic growing conditions, which greatly affected soil nutrient remove, transport and accumulation. Soil mineral N contents were low and did not show tendency of accumulation in 0-100cm soil profiles after 10-years continuous application of N fertilizer. The remaining P fertilizers in soil after long-term applied P fertilizers had been transformed into inorganic phosphorus of Ca2-P- Cag^ Al-Ps Fe-P and O-P, which were mostly available for rice and wheat. When soil P got exhausted the O-P became the main available P for rice and wheat. The accumulated P in soil had obvious downward transportation. The release of soil slowly available K and soil K-supplying capacity were improved during flooding period.
In the rice-wheat cropping systems, continuous application of N fertilizer alone resulted in a reduction of crop yield and N use efficiency. Balanced supply of N and PK nutrient could increase both yield and N use efficiency, grain yield of rice and wheat were increased by 8kg and 10kg per 1 kg N applied, fertilizer N recovery rate were increased by 34.5 + 9% and 40 ?% for wheat and rice in ten years, respectively. N input from environment to rice-wheat cropping system amounted to 126 kg/hm2, which was not neglectable for optimized nutrient management. The N removal by rice and wheat harvest made up 30-38% of nitrogen input from N fertilizer applied to the soil-crop system. The rates of nitrogen left in the soil and lost by volatilization and leaching were in the range of -5.9%~36.4%, and 38%~76% respectively. Combinations of N, P and K fertilizers or NPK with organic manure could greatly reduce the losses of nitrogen by volatilization and leaching, thus increase (he rales of nitrogen absorbed by crops and
stored in the soils. The losses of nitrogen by volatilization were significantly larger than by leaching which accounted for 3-4% of the total N applied. The strongest downward transport and leaching of nitrogen occurred in the period of wheat seedling growth, control the rate of N
fertilizer were the mostly approached for reduction of N leaching.
The fertilizer P recovery efficiency and agronomic use efficiency of wheat were 27.1% and 13 kg, respectively, which were larger than that of rice, namely 19.5% and 10kg, respectively. The P efficiency of rice and wheat was increased with the prolongation of the experiment. The residual P in soil accounted for 70-80% of applied P fertilizers, which increased soil available P content in a average rate of 2.8 mg/kg annually. The proposition of P uptake by rice and wheat from soil were 60-70% and 40-50%, respectively, soil P-supplying capacity were improved during flooding period, so that the P fertilizer rate for rice could be reduced during rice growth season.
Purple soil has quite
引文
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