我国贫富差距问题探析
|
摘要
在有中国特色的社会主义道路的指引下,在邓小平“允许一部分人先富起来”口号的引导下,我国的综合国力不断加强,我国居民生活水平不断提高,但是,在这个背景下,我国居民的贫富差距也越来越大。一方面是先富起来的人群收入继续增加,另一方面是后富起来的人群生活水平继续下降。因此,在很长的一段时间里,我国贫富差距问题、收入差距问题成了人们讨论的焦点。如何在追求效率的基础上,不影响社会的公平问题成了我们研究的重点。
在经济发展的过程中,人们通常认为随着经济的发展,必然会出现一定的经济差距,但是,当经济发展速度加快,经济水平发展到一定程度后,这种差距将会逐渐降低。这也是我们常常谈起的“库兹涅茨”定律。但是,在我国的经济发展过程中,是否会遵循这种规律呢?目前,我国确实随着经济的发展贫富差距逐渐拉大,但是,我国的贫富差距是否会随着经济的继续发展而缩小呢?我国的经济发展目前已经到了一种什么程度,它对人民生活的影响又到了一种什么程度呢?
在以往的文献中,大多数学者主要讨论了我国的收入差距,原因是收入差距能够在很大程度上表现我国的贫富差距,尤其是在数据的统计中,收入差距更易于统计。同时,不同的学者对我国的收入差距从不同的视角进行了分析,在这些分析中,对我国收入差距与我国经济增长关系的研究比较多。但是,对于其它的影响分析相对较少。因此,本文基于前人的研究成果,试图区分我国的收入差距和贫富差距,认为贫富差距包括收入差距,更具有社会性。同时,在对我国贫富差距的分析中,本文总结了我国不同类型的差距并分别进行了实际比较。另外,在对我国贫富差距的影响上,我们主要考察了我国贫富差距与我国经济发展的影响。我们认为,在我国现阶段,我们不应该简单的只考虑我国的经济增长问题,更应该注重我国的可持续发展问题,因此,我们按照经济发展的定义,先后通过计量方法检验了我国贫富差距问题与我国经济增长的关系、我国贫富差距与我国技术进步的关系以及我国贫富差距与我国经济增长质量的关系。
通过研究,本文主要试图解决以下问题：首先,我们要总结我国目前的贫富差距现状,确定我国的贫富差距对我国居民生活的影响水平。如果我国目前的贫富差距对我国居民生活有一定的影响,主要表现在哪些方面,另外,我国目前的贫富差距对我国居民生活水平的影响是正向还是负向影响?如果存在负向影响,那么影响我国贫富差距的因素又主要有哪些,我们该怎样缩小我国目前的贫富差距?
为了解决以上问题,我们先统计了我国目前我国贫富差距的现状,并根据这些实际情况进行了总结,认为我国的贫富差距问题目前逐渐严重,其主要表现为城乡差距,也就是说,我国目前的城乡差距能够基本解释我国的贫富差距。因此,在此基础上,我们首先用胡祖光的基尼系数简易计算法计算了我国改革开放以来的基尼系数,同时,我们计算了我国1995—2007年各省份衡量城乡差距的泰尔指数,然后,我们分别利用这些数据,结合我们从统计年鉴中统计的数据,分别检验了我国贫富差距对我国经济发展的三个方面：经济增长、技术进步和我国经济增长质量的影响。由于我国贫富差距逐渐扩大,我们又分析了影响我国贫富差距的各种因素。最后,我们主要得出了以下结论：
1.我国贫富差距问题已经较为严重,而且开始影响我国的经济发展。首先,对我国经济增长的影响上,虽然我国目前贫富差距的扩大对于我国的经济增长一直发挥着促进作用,从而加快了经济的增长,但是,从上世纪始,这种促进作用开始降低。其次,对于经济结构的调整上,我们发现,我国各地区的贫富差距对我国技术进步有一种负效应。因此,我国贫富差距的扩大将不利于技术的进步和创新。最后,从我国的经济增长模式上来看,我国贫富差距越大,我国的经济增长模式越趋于粗放型。因此,我国的贫富差距对于我国经济增长模式由粗放型向集约型方向的转变有阻碍作用。因此,从整体上来看,我国贫富差距的扩大,影响了我国经济发展高效能、高质量的前进,对我国的经济发展是不利的。
我国贫富差距所导致的问题除了对经济的影响外,更重要的是,如果贫富差距持续扩大,可能会增强低收入阶层和高收入阶层之间的对立,从而在社会中形成一股“仇富”心理,再加上目前我国寻租以及腐败行为成为影响我国贫富差距的一个主要因素之一,这就有可能让人民对党和政府的信任度降低,这种局势一旦发展下去,可能会引发一定的社会矛盾,从而不利于社会的稳定发展。
2.通过对我国贫富差距的具体影响因素的检验,我们发现经济的增长扩大了我国的贫富差距,政府对经济的干预以及政府对各地基础设施的支出程度也增加了我国的贫富差距,而经济结构的调整和城市化程度的提高对缩小我国的经济差距有一定的作用。另外,经济的不稳定性,如经济危机的出现会在一定程度上对我国的贫富差距形成扩大影响。我国对提高农民收入的政策虽然在农村内部起到了一定的作用,但是,与城镇的高速发展水平和其较高的起点相比,农村经济的发展可能还是要慢于我国城镇经济的发展,因此,旨在提高农民收入的经济政策并没有对缩减我国的贫富差距形成显著的影响。
本文的创新之处主要表现在以下几个方面：
1.本文全面细致的总结了我国贫富差距的现状和表现形式,并结合相关数据对此进行了实证分析和解释。已有的文献往往是对我国贫富差距表现的其中一个方面进行总结和分析,本文结合我国历年的数据具体分析了我国贫富差距在地区、城乡和行业差距上的不同表现形式,并且最终得出目前我国贫富差距扩大的主要原因仍然是我国二元经济模式下形成的城乡差距。
2.本文采用了胡祖光给出的测定基尼系数的方法重新测算了我国改革开放以来历年的基尼系数,并以此为依据用计量方法检验了我国贫富差距与我国经济增长的关系。同时,本文用泰尔指数的计算方法计算了我国1995—2007年各省份的泰尔指数,并利用我国1995—2007年各省份的面板数据,对我国技术进步和经济增长质量与我国贫富差距的关系分别进行了计量检验。这样,我们分别截取我国经济发展的三个方面：经济增长,经济结构和经济质量,通过面板分析用比较新的数据分别进行了计量检验,从而全面总结了我国贫富差距扩大对我国经济发展的影响。
3.通过实证检验,我们发现,我国贫富差距对我国经济增长的影响并没有出现抑制作用,相反,从改革开放以来,我国的贫富差距对我国经济增长的影响一直是一种促进作用,并且这种促进作用自改革开放以来逐渐增强,直至上世纪始,这种促进作用呈现逐渐减弱的趋势。这说明,我国贫富差距问题对经济增长的影响分为经济和社会两个层面。在经济上贫富差距一直表现出对经济的促进作用,但是,从社会问题上,这种差距对人们的影响表现出一种消极作用,从而减弱了人们生产的积极性,进而影响了贫富差距对经济的促进作用。另外,贫富差距对我国技术进步和经济质量的影响,整体上是一种负向影响,但是,从我国内部来看,却是随着贫富差距的增加,地区间技术进步率和经济增长模式的改进程度却在提高,这既符合了边际效应递减的规律,但也同时说明,我国发达地区的技术进步和经济质量的提高并没有同步于经济数量的提高,在经济增长上,发达地区更多的依赖于要素投入,而非技术研发和创新。
Under the Chinese characteristic socialist road's direction, in Deng Xiaoping's guidance "allows part of people to get rich first", our country's comprehensive national strength strengthens unceasingly and our country residents'living standard enhance unceasingly. However, under this background, the wealth disparity in our country is also getting bigger and bigger. On the one hand, the crowd income which gets rich first continues to increase; on the other hand, the people that have low living standard continue to drop. Therefore, in very long period of time, the wealth disparity in our country and the income disparity have become the focal point which the people discuss. How to pursue efficiency's foundation without affecting society's fair question now becomes the key point which we study.
In economic development process, we often have the view that along with the economical development, there will definitely have certain economic gap. And then, when the rate of economic development speeds up till the time when the economic level develops to a certain extent, the disparity will reduce gradually. The above is also what we call "Kuznets Law". Will our country's economic development obey this law? At present, the wealth disparity does enlarge gradually along with the economical development. But we don't know if it will reduce in future.What degree has our country's economic development arrived at present and what degree has it influence the lives of our people?
In the former literatures, the majority scholars mainly discussed our country's income disparity because it can explain most of the wealth disparity of our country and it's easier to collect data for statistics. At the same time, the different scholars have carried on the analysis to our country's income disparity from the different angle of view in which they pay more emphasis on the relationship between income disparity and economic growth. However, there is relatively few analysis regarding other impacts. Therefore, this thesis attempts to differentiate the income disparity and wealth disparity based on predecessor's research results, through which we get the conclusion that the wealth disparity, which takes more on sociality, includes the income disparity. At the same time, this thesis summarizes different types of disparity and carries on the actual comparison separately. Moreover, we mainly inspected the influence that the wealth disparity put on the economic development. We believed that in the present stage, we should not only consider economic growth question, but also pay more attention to our country's sustainable development. Therefore, according to economic development's definition, we examine the wealth disparity and economic growth relations, the wealth disparity and technology advancement relations as well as the wealth disparity and economic growth quality relations successively through the practical analysis.
Through the research, the thesis mainly attempts to solve the following problems: Firstly, we must summarize the present situation of the wealth disparity in China in order to determine the influence level in is on the residents in our country. If it has certain influences, what aspects does it display? Moreover, is the influence positive or negative? Furthermore, if it is the negative influence, what affect the wealth disparity and how can we reduce the disparity?
In order to solve the above problems, we summarize the present situation of the wealth disparity. We find that its main performance is the urban-rural disparity, i.e., The urban-rural disparity can explain most of our country's wealth disparity. Based on the above, we first use the Hu Zuguang's simple Gini coefficient computation method to calculate the Gini coefficients since 1978. Simultaneously, we calculate the Theil index of every province of our country between the years 1995-2007. Then we use the data separately test the relationships between the wealth disparity and the economic growth, the technology progress and the economic growth quality. We also analyze the factors that affect the wealth disparity. Finally, we mainly draw the following conclusion:
1. The wealth disparity in our country is already serious and begins to affect our country's economic development. Firstly, it has been a positive influence on our country's economic growth. But now this influence is becoming less and less. Secondly, we discovered that the wealth disparity has a negative effect on the economic structure. The wealth disparity will not favor technical progress and the innovation. Finally, the bigger wealth disparity becomes, the more extensive our country's economic growth pattern tends. That is, the wealth disparity has the hindrance function to the economic growth pattern transformation from the extension to the intensive direction. Therefore, looked from the whole, the wealth disparity has affected our country economic development to a high efficiency mode. It is disadvantageous to our country's economic development.
Besides to economy influence, the wealth disparity has caused some social questions. If it expands continually, it possibly strengthens the opposition between the low income social stratum and the high income social stratum. More importantly, it will form one psychology of "enmity to the rich" in the society. In addition that corruption becomes an important factor that influence the wealth disparity, the residents will reduces the confidence level to the party and government. Once this kind of situation develops, it possibly will initiate certain society to be contradictory, which will hinder society's steady progression.
2. Through the examination of influencing factors of the wealth disparity, we discover that the economy growth expanded the wealth disparity. At the same time, the government intervention as well as the infrastructure disbursement degree the government displays also increased the wealth disparity. However, economic structure's adjustment and the urbanized degree's enhancement have certain function to reduce our country's wealth disparity. Moreover, economical instability, such as economic crisis's appearance expands the influence to the wealth disparity. Our country's policy to enhance the farmers'income played certain role in the countryside. But, compared with the cities'high speed level of development and it higher basis, rural economy's development is possibly more slowly than our cities'economy development, that is, the economic policy with the purpose of enhancing the farmers' income did not put an effective influence to reduce the wealth disparity.
This innovation of the thesis mainly displays in the following aspects:
1. The thesis comprehensively concludes the present situation of the wealth disparity in China. And then we carry on the empirical analysis and the explanation regarding that. This article used the data to analyze the wealth disparity from area, urban-rural and profession disparity from different aspects. At last we find the primary cause of the wealth disparity in China is the urban-rural gap.
2. The thesis calculates the Gini coefficient from 1978 to 2008 through Hu Zuguang's method and examines the relations between the wealth disparity and our country's economic growth with the above result. At the same time, the thesis calculates the Theil index of different provinces in our country from 1995 to 2007. On the base of the board data, the thesis separately tests the relations between the wealth disparity and technical progress as well as the economic growth quality. Thus, we intercept our country economic development separately into three aspects:The economic growth, the economic structure and the economic growth quality. Then we carried on the examination separately through the board analysis with the quite recent data, thus we comprehensively summarize the affect that the wealth disparity put on the economic development.
3. Through the practical test, we discover that the wealth disparity has not presented the inhibitory action to our country economic growth. On the contrary, since Chinese economic reform, the wealth disparity in our country has played a positive part in economic growth and this kind of promoter action has strengthened gradually since the reform. But from the last century's beginning, the tendency of this beneficial affect weakened gradually. This indicated that the wealth disparity question divides into the economic and the social aspects to the economic growth. The wealth disparity has displayed in the economic way as an economical promoter action. But, from the social question, this disparity displays a negative effect to the people, which has weakened the enthusiasm of social production, and then affected the economic affect. Moreover, the influence of the wealth disparity in our country to the technology advancement and the economic growth quality is negative in the whole, but, looking from our country interior, it is that along with the increase of the wealth disparity, rate of technology advancement and the improvement degree of economic growth pattern are enhanced. The above already has conformed to the rule that the marginal utility diminishes progressively, but it also explains that our country developed area's technology advancement and the economic growth quality's enhancement do not have the synchronization in the economic quantity enhancement. The relatively developed local more depends on factor inputs, not technical research and innovation for economic growth.
在经济发展的过程中,人们通常认为随着经济的发展,必然会出现一定的经济差距,但是,当经济发展速度加快,经济水平发展到一定程度后,这种差距将会逐渐降低。这也是我们常常谈起的“库兹涅茨”定律。但是,在我国的经济发展过程中,是否会遵循这种规律呢?目前,我国确实随着经济的发展贫富差距逐渐拉大,但是,我国的贫富差距是否会随着经济的继续发展而缩小呢?我国的经济发展目前已经到了一种什么程度,它对人民生活的影响又到了一种什么程度呢?
在以往的文献中,大多数学者主要讨论了我国的收入差距,原因是收入差距能够在很大程度上表现我国的贫富差距,尤其是在数据的统计中,收入差距更易于统计。同时,不同的学者对我国的收入差距从不同的视角进行了分析,在这些分析中,对我国收入差距与我国经济增长关系的研究比较多。但是,对于其它的影响分析相对较少。因此,本文基于前人的研究成果,试图区分我国的收入差距和贫富差距,认为贫富差距包括收入差距,更具有社会性。同时,在对我国贫富差距的分析中,本文总结了我国不同类型的差距并分别进行了实际比较。另外,在对我国贫富差距的影响上,我们主要考察了我国贫富差距与我国经济发展的影响。我们认为,在我国现阶段,我们不应该简单的只考虑我国的经济增长问题,更应该注重我国的可持续发展问题,因此,我们按照经济发展的定义,先后通过计量方法检验了我国贫富差距问题与我国经济增长的关系、我国贫富差距与我国技术进步的关系以及我国贫富差距与我国经济增长质量的关系。
通过研究,本文主要试图解决以下问题：首先,我们要总结我国目前的贫富差距现状,确定我国的贫富差距对我国居民生活的影响水平。如果我国目前的贫富差距对我国居民生活有一定的影响,主要表现在哪些方面,另外,我国目前的贫富差距对我国居民生活水平的影响是正向还是负向影响?如果存在负向影响,那么影响我国贫富差距的因素又主要有哪些,我们该怎样缩小我国目前的贫富差距?
为了解决以上问题,我们先统计了我国目前我国贫富差距的现状,并根据这些实际情况进行了总结,认为我国的贫富差距问题目前逐渐严重,其主要表现为城乡差距,也就是说,我国目前的城乡差距能够基本解释我国的贫富差距。因此,在此基础上,我们首先用胡祖光的基尼系数简易计算法计算了我国改革开放以来的基尼系数,同时,我们计算了我国1995—2007年各省份衡量城乡差距的泰尔指数,然后,我们分别利用这些数据,结合我们从统计年鉴中统计的数据,分别检验了我国贫富差距对我国经济发展的三个方面：经济增长、技术进步和我国经济增长质量的影响。由于我国贫富差距逐渐扩大,我们又分析了影响我国贫富差距的各种因素。最后,我们主要得出了以下结论：
1.我国贫富差距问题已经较为严重,而且开始影响我国的经济发展。首先,对我国经济增长的影响上,虽然我国目前贫富差距的扩大对于我国的经济增长一直发挥着促进作用,从而加快了经济的增长,但是,从上世纪始,这种促进作用开始降低。其次,对于经济结构的调整上,我们发现,我国各地区的贫富差距对我国技术进步有一种负效应。因此,我国贫富差距的扩大将不利于技术的进步和创新。最后,从我国的经济增长模式上来看,我国贫富差距越大,我国的经济增长模式越趋于粗放型。因此,我国的贫富差距对于我国经济增长模式由粗放型向集约型方向的转变有阻碍作用。因此,从整体上来看,我国贫富差距的扩大,影响了我国经济发展高效能、高质量的前进,对我国的经济发展是不利的。
我国贫富差距所导致的问题除了对经济的影响外,更重要的是,如果贫富差距持续扩大,可能会增强低收入阶层和高收入阶层之间的对立,从而在社会中形成一股“仇富”心理,再加上目前我国寻租以及腐败行为成为影响我国贫富差距的一个主要因素之一,这就有可能让人民对党和政府的信任度降低,这种局势一旦发展下去,可能会引发一定的社会矛盾,从而不利于社会的稳定发展。
2.通过对我国贫富差距的具体影响因素的检验,我们发现经济的增长扩大了我国的贫富差距,政府对经济的干预以及政府对各地基础设施的支出程度也增加了我国的贫富差距,而经济结构的调整和城市化程度的提高对缩小我国的经济差距有一定的作用。另外,经济的不稳定性,如经济危机的出现会在一定程度上对我国的贫富差距形成扩大影响。我国对提高农民收入的政策虽然在农村内部起到了一定的作用,但是,与城镇的高速发展水平和其较高的起点相比,农村经济的发展可能还是要慢于我国城镇经济的发展,因此,旨在提高农民收入的经济政策并没有对缩减我国的贫富差距形成显著的影响。
本文的创新之处主要表现在以下几个方面：
1.本文全面细致的总结了我国贫富差距的现状和表现形式,并结合相关数据对此进行了实证分析和解释。已有的文献往往是对我国贫富差距表现的其中一个方面进行总结和分析,本文结合我国历年的数据具体分析了我国贫富差距在地区、城乡和行业差距上的不同表现形式,并且最终得出目前我国贫富差距扩大的主要原因仍然是我国二元经济模式下形成的城乡差距。
2.本文采用了胡祖光给出的测定基尼系数的方法重新测算了我国改革开放以来历年的基尼系数,并以此为依据用计量方法检验了我国贫富差距与我国经济增长的关系。同时,本文用泰尔指数的计算方法计算了我国1995—2007年各省份的泰尔指数,并利用我国1995—2007年各省份的面板数据,对我国技术进步和经济增长质量与我国贫富差距的关系分别进行了计量检验。这样,我们分别截取我国经济发展的三个方面：经济增长,经济结构和经济质量,通过面板分析用比较新的数据分别进行了计量检验,从而全面总结了我国贫富差距扩大对我国经济发展的影响。
3.通过实证检验,我们发现,我国贫富差距对我国经济增长的影响并没有出现抑制作用,相反,从改革开放以来,我国的贫富差距对我国经济增长的影响一直是一种促进作用,并且这种促进作用自改革开放以来逐渐增强,直至上世纪始,这种促进作用呈现逐渐减弱的趋势。这说明,我国贫富差距问题对经济增长的影响分为经济和社会两个层面。在经济上贫富差距一直表现出对经济的促进作用,但是,从社会问题上,这种差距对人们的影响表现出一种消极作用,从而减弱了人们生产的积极性,进而影响了贫富差距对经济的促进作用。另外,贫富差距对我国技术进步和经济质量的影响,整体上是一种负向影响,但是,从我国内部来看,却是随着贫富差距的增加,地区间技术进步率和经济增长模式的改进程度却在提高,这既符合了边际效应递减的规律,但也同时说明,我国发达地区的技术进步和经济质量的提高并没有同步于经济数量的提高,在经济增长上,发达地区更多的依赖于要素投入,而非技术研发和创新。
Under the Chinese characteristic socialist road's direction, in Deng Xiaoping's guidance "allows part of people to get rich first", our country's comprehensive national strength strengthens unceasingly and our country residents'living standard enhance unceasingly. However, under this background, the wealth disparity in our country is also getting bigger and bigger. On the one hand, the crowd income which gets rich first continues to increase; on the other hand, the people that have low living standard continue to drop. Therefore, in very long period of time, the wealth disparity in our country and the income disparity have become the focal point which the people discuss. How to pursue efficiency's foundation without affecting society's fair question now becomes the key point which we study.
In economic development process, we often have the view that along with the economical development, there will definitely have certain economic gap. And then, when the rate of economic development speeds up till the time when the economic level develops to a certain extent, the disparity will reduce gradually. The above is also what we call "Kuznets Law". Will our country's economic development obey this law? At present, the wealth disparity does enlarge gradually along with the economical development. But we don't know if it will reduce in future.What degree has our country's economic development arrived at present and what degree has it influence the lives of our people?
In the former literatures, the majority scholars mainly discussed our country's income disparity because it can explain most of the wealth disparity of our country and it's easier to collect data for statistics. At the same time, the different scholars have carried on the analysis to our country's income disparity from the different angle of view in which they pay more emphasis on the relationship between income disparity and economic growth. However, there is relatively few analysis regarding other impacts. Therefore, this thesis attempts to differentiate the income disparity and wealth disparity based on predecessor's research results, through which we get the conclusion that the wealth disparity, which takes more on sociality, includes the income disparity. At the same time, this thesis summarizes different types of disparity and carries on the actual comparison separately. Moreover, we mainly inspected the influence that the wealth disparity put on the economic development. We believed that in the present stage, we should not only consider economic growth question, but also pay more attention to our country's sustainable development. Therefore, according to economic development's definition, we examine the wealth disparity and economic growth relations, the wealth disparity and technology advancement relations as well as the wealth disparity and economic growth quality relations successively through the practical analysis.
Through the research, the thesis mainly attempts to solve the following problems: Firstly, we must summarize the present situation of the wealth disparity in China in order to determine the influence level in is on the residents in our country. If it has certain influences, what aspects does it display? Moreover, is the influence positive or negative? Furthermore, if it is the negative influence, what affect the wealth disparity and how can we reduce the disparity?
In order to solve the above problems, we summarize the present situation of the wealth disparity. We find that its main performance is the urban-rural disparity, i.e., The urban-rural disparity can explain most of our country's wealth disparity. Based on the above, we first use the Hu Zuguang's simple Gini coefficient computation method to calculate the Gini coefficients since 1978. Simultaneously, we calculate the Theil index of every province of our country between the years 1995-2007. Then we use the data separately test the relationships between the wealth disparity and the economic growth, the technology progress and the economic growth quality. We also analyze the factors that affect the wealth disparity. Finally, we mainly draw the following conclusion:
1. The wealth disparity in our country is already serious and begins to affect our country's economic development. Firstly, it has been a positive influence on our country's economic growth. But now this influence is becoming less and less. Secondly, we discovered that the wealth disparity has a negative effect on the economic structure. The wealth disparity will not favor technical progress and the innovation. Finally, the bigger wealth disparity becomes, the more extensive our country's economic growth pattern tends. That is, the wealth disparity has the hindrance function to the economic growth pattern transformation from the extension to the intensive direction. Therefore, looked from the whole, the wealth disparity has affected our country economic development to a high efficiency mode. It is disadvantageous to our country's economic development.
Besides to economy influence, the wealth disparity has caused some social questions. If it expands continually, it possibly strengthens the opposition between the low income social stratum and the high income social stratum. More importantly, it will form one psychology of "enmity to the rich" in the society. In addition that corruption becomes an important factor that influence the wealth disparity, the residents will reduces the confidence level to the party and government. Once this kind of situation develops, it possibly will initiate certain society to be contradictory, which will hinder society's steady progression.
2. Through the examination of influencing factors of the wealth disparity, we discover that the economy growth expanded the wealth disparity. At the same time, the government intervention as well as the infrastructure disbursement degree the government displays also increased the wealth disparity. However, economic structure's adjustment and the urbanized degree's enhancement have certain function to reduce our country's wealth disparity. Moreover, economical instability, such as economic crisis's appearance expands the influence to the wealth disparity. Our country's policy to enhance the farmers'income played certain role in the countryside. But, compared with the cities'high speed level of development and it higher basis, rural economy's development is possibly more slowly than our cities'economy development, that is, the economic policy with the purpose of enhancing the farmers' income did not put an effective influence to reduce the wealth disparity.
This innovation of the thesis mainly displays in the following aspects:
1. The thesis comprehensively concludes the present situation of the wealth disparity in China. And then we carry on the empirical analysis and the explanation regarding that. This article used the data to analyze the wealth disparity from area, urban-rural and profession disparity from different aspects. At last we find the primary cause of the wealth disparity in China is the urban-rural gap.
2. The thesis calculates the Gini coefficient from 1978 to 2008 through Hu Zuguang's method and examines the relations between the wealth disparity and our country's economic growth with the above result. At the same time, the thesis calculates the Theil index of different provinces in our country from 1995 to 2007. On the base of the board data, the thesis separately tests the relations between the wealth disparity and technical progress as well as the economic growth quality. Thus, we intercept our country economic development separately into three aspects:The economic growth, the economic structure and the economic growth quality. Then we carried on the examination separately through the board analysis with the quite recent data, thus we comprehensively summarize the affect that the wealth disparity put on the economic development.
3. Through the practical test, we discover that the wealth disparity has not presented the inhibitory action to our country economic growth. On the contrary, since Chinese economic reform, the wealth disparity in our country has played a positive part in economic growth and this kind of promoter action has strengthened gradually since the reform. But from the last century's beginning, the tendency of this beneficial affect weakened gradually. This indicated that the wealth disparity question divides into the economic and the social aspects to the economic growth. The wealth disparity has displayed in the economic way as an economical promoter action. But, from the social question, this disparity displays a negative effect to the people, which has weakened the enthusiasm of social production, and then affected the economic affect. Moreover, the influence of the wealth disparity in our country to the technology advancement and the economic growth quality is negative in the whole, but, looking from our country interior, it is that along with the increase of the wealth disparity, rate of technology advancement and the improvement degree of economic growth pattern are enhanced. The above already has conformed to the rule that the marginal utility diminishes progressively, but it also explains that our country developed area's technology advancement and the economic growth quality's enhancement do not have the synchronization in the economic quantity enhancement. The relatively developed local more depends on factor inputs, not technical research and innovation for economic growth.
引文
1 朱光磊：中国的贫富差距与政府控制[M],上海：上海三联书店,2002。
2 张宝明、张元福、鲁怀凤：当前贫富差距与社会稳定问题研究[J],郑州轻工业学院学报(社会科学版),2000(9)。
3 吴忠民：中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析[J],科学社会主义,2001(4)。
4吴忠民：中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析[J],科学社会主义,2001(4)
5鲍江权：准确理解共同富裕,正确认识贫富差距问题[J],思想理论教育导刊,2001(7)。
6刘建明：对当前贫富差距的透视与思考[J],当代世界与社会主义,2001(2)。
7孙辉：当前中国社会贫富差距透视[J],攀登,2003(3)。
8王伟中：关于中国社会贫富差距的思考[J],马克思主义与现实,2004(6)。
9 2009年12月25日,中国新闻网。
16杨聪、林克等,区域优势整合——论西部经济的统筹发展[M],北京：中央民族出版社,2004
17原春琳,中国青年报[N],2009年6月5号。
18王梦奎,中国经济发展与社会和谐的政策取向[J],管理世界,2006(4)
19信息时报[N],2006-12-13。
20林毅夫、蔡防、李周：中国转型期的地区差异分析[J],经济研究,1998(6)。李实、赵人伟：中国居民收入分配再研究[J],经济研究,1999(4)。陈宗胜、周云波：再论改革发展中的收入分配——中国发生两极分化了吗[M],经济科学出版社,2002年8月。
[1]冯婧、王培.中国贫富差距扩大的原因及其对策分析[J].天府新论,2007(12)
[2]张君施.基尼系数理论在我国的适用性[J].北京工商大学学报(社会科学版),2010(3)
[3]尉建文.“U”型还是“倒U”型—贫富差距演变及成因的社会学分析[J].理论学刊,2005(6)
[4]李金良.财产性收入与贫富差距——基于城乡收入差距视角的实证研究[J].北京邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2008(3)
[5]贺蕊莉.财政调节贫富差距作用的局限性分析[J].财政研究,2005(7)
[6]张维为.从国际视角看缩小贫富差距[J].理论视点,2008(15)
[7]任碧云.从贫富差距的扩大看我国收入分配中公平与效率关系的调整[J].财经理论与实践,2004(1)
[8]赵起.从贫富差距分析最优所得税税率理论[J].安徽农业科学,2007(1)
[9]赵书山.从缩小贫富差距看维护社会稳定保障机制的建立[J].理论研究,2007(15)
[10]刘晓欣.从虚拟经济角度看国际贫富差距的原因[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(2)
[11]王培刚.当前各社会阶层对贫富差距状况的动态认知研究[J].社会科学研究,2008(6)
[12]郭彦森.当前我国的贫富差距是否超出合理范围[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(11)
[13]吕国忱、高佳.当前我国贫富差距的现状及调控对策[J].安徽农业科学,2008(11)
[14]胡连生、杨玲.当前我国贫富差距状况及解决对策[J].学术交流,2004(4)
[15]张文礼、王达梅.公共服务型政府建设与缩小贫富差距[J].甘肃社会科学,2007(6)
[16]孙辉.关于当前社会贫富差距的几点思考[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2004(1)
[17]邓海潮.关于贫富差距问题的理性思考[J].经济经纬,2004(2)
[18]刘红燕.关于缩小中国贫富差距的思考[J].经济经纬,2005(1)
[19]马戎.经济发展中的贫富差距问题——区域差异、职业差异和族群差异[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(1)
[20]王春光,警惕我国贫富差距的代际传承和趋固化问题[J].改革纵横,2006(9)
[21]胡金华,科技发展视角下的贫富差距问题与传导机制研究[J].经济研究导刊,2008(1)
[22]张道全,控制贫富差距是构建和谐社会的本质要求[J].经济问题探索,2007(9)
[23]谢强.论我国贫富差距过大的原因及应对之策[J].探索,2006(2)
[24]高静川,论我国贫富差距问题与对策[J].当代经济研究,2003(5)
[25]马广海.贫富差距背景下的社会心态简析[J].东岳论丛,2008(9)
[26]张劲松、贺小林.贫富差距对构建和谐社会的障碍及其消解[J].改革研究,2008(1)
[27]胡联合、胡鞍钢、徐绍刚.贫富差距对违法犯罪活动影响的实证分析[J].管理世界,2005(6)
[28]任碧云.贫富差距扩大条件下公平与效率关系的调整[J].中央财经大学学报,2004(1)
[29]胡联合、胡鞍钢.贫富差距是如何影响社会稳定的[J].江西社会科学,2007(9)
[30]蔡银寅、胡颖文.贫富差距问题的社会制度分析[J].经济纵横,2007(4)
[31]贾宝林.贫富差距与政府治理[J].内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003(5)
[32]张铮.浅析当代中国贫富差距问题和对策[J].经济研究导刊,2009(22)
[33]高和荣.社会学视野下的贫富差距及其社会控制[J].云南社会科学,2003(3)
[34]李军.社会转型的启动与贫富差距的扩大[J].求实,2004(5)
[35]刘祖云.调控贫富差距的理论依据与现实选择[J].社会科学研究,2003(4)
[36]首都经济贸易大学税收研究所课题组.我国促富治贫收入调节政策研究—兼论缩小我国贫富差距的主要手段是教育[J].经济与管理研究,2005(3)
[37]高祖林.我国当前社会利益差别和贫富差距的三重反思[J].江海学刊,2005(6)
[38]李军.我国贫富差距成因的社会性分析——以社会转型为背景的解析[J].甘肃社会科学,2004(3)
[39]李军、冉志.我国贫富差距的社会原因分析——以社会转型为背景的解析[J].西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004(7)
[40]周雨风.我国贫富差距加大的成因及对策建议[J].开放导报,2006(10)
[41]李军、冉志.以经济转型为背景的贫富差距成因解析及其调适[J].探索,2004(2)
[42]王莹、王志立.中印两国贫富差距比较研究[J].经济经纬,2005(6)
[43]于立、王立军、侯强.资源性贫富差距与社会稳定[J].财经问题研究,2007(10)
[44]于晓媛、韩克勇.对扩大我国中等收入阶层的思考[J].经济问题,2007(12)
[45]卢启程、李怡佳.农户收入增长影响因素及其关系研究——来自云南省的调查数据[J].经济问题探索.2007(12)
[46]王少平、欧阳志刚.我国城乡收入差距的度量及其对经济增长的效应[J].经济研究,2007(10)
[47]王亚芬、肖晓飞、高铁梅.我国收入分配差距及个人所得税调节作用的实证分析[J].财贸经济,2007(4)
[48]朱光磊.中国的贫富差距与政府控制[M].上海：上海三联书店,2002
[49]吴忠民.中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析[J].科学社会主义,2001(4)
[50]鲍江权.准确理解共同富裕,正确认识贫富差距问题[J].思想理论教育导刊,2001(7)
[51]孙辉.当前中国社会贫富差距透视[J].攀登,2003(3)
[52]刘建明.对当前贫富差距的透视与思考[J].当代世界与社会主义,2001(2)
[53]王伟中.关于中国社会贫富差距的思考[J].马克思主义与现实,2004(6)
[54]孙光普.用邓小平共同富裕思想科学认识当前的贫富差距[J].理论探讨.2004(4)
[55]李实、赵人伟.中国居民收入分配再研究[J].经济研究,1999(4)
[56]赵人伟.转型期中国的收入分配制度[J].云南大学学报,2003(6)
[57]赵人伟、李实、卡尔·李思勤.中国居民收入分配再研究——经济改革和发展中的收入分配[M].中国财政经济出版社,1999
[58]陈宗胜、刘子馨.改革发展与收入分配[M].复旦大学出版社,1999.
[59]陈宗胜、周云波.再论改革发展中的收入分配——中国发生两极分化了吗[M].经济科学出版社,2002年8月
[60]陈宗胜.城镇居民收入差别及制约其变动的某些因素——就天津市城镇居民家户特征的影响进行一些讨论[J].经济学.2002(2)
[61]陈安平.经济持续增长与收入差距缩小：鱼与熊掌能否兼得[J].财经科学,2007(6)
[62]陈安平.论我国收入差距与经济增长的关系及其内在机制[J].开发研究,2009(4)
[63]陈安平、任薇薇.如何实现经济增长的效率和公平双目标?——基于联立方程模型的研究[J].财经研究,2010(4)
[64]陈安平.收入差距、投资与经济增长的面板协整研究[J].经济评论,2009(1)
[65]陈安平.我国收入差距与经济增长的面板协整与因果关系研究[J].经济经纬,2010(1)
[66]陈安平.中国经济增长与收入差距关系的经验研究[J].经济问题,2010(4)
[67]林毅夫、蔡昉、李周.中国转型期的地区差异分析[J].经济研究,1998(6)
[68]林毅夫、刘培林.中国的经济发展战略与地区收入差距[J].经济研究,2003(3)
[69]林毅夫、刘明兴.中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配[J].世界经济,2003(8)
[70]王小鲁、樊纲.中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素[J].经济研究,2004(1)
[71]王小鲁、樊纲.中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J].经济研究,2005(10)
[72]王小鲁.灰色收入拉大居民收入差距[J].中国改革,2007(7)
[73]陆铭、陈钊、万广华.因患寡,而患不均——中国的收入差距、投资、教育和增长的相互影响[J].经济研究,2005(12)
[74]魏杰.崛起中的磨合：中国现实经济问题[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2008.1
[75]李宝怀.关于贫富差距的负面影响及其对策[J].延安大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(6)
[76]杨聪、林克等.区域优势整合——论西部经济的统筹发展[M].北京：中央民族出版社,2004
[77]马克思.资本论(第一卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,2004
[78](美)阿瑟.奥肯著,王奔洲等译.平等与效率-重大的抉择[M].华夏出版社,1987
[79](英)尼古拉斯·巴尔著,郑秉文,穆怀中等译.福利国家经济学[M].北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2003
[80](英)阿瑟·刘易斯著,周师铭,沈伯根译.经济增长理论[M].北京：商务印书馆,2002
[81]李一鸣.解析我国现阶段的收入分配差距[J].统计与决策,2002(9)
[82]曾国安.20世纪90年代以来中国居民收入差距的变化趋势、原因、影响与调节政策[J].税务与经济,2003(3)
[83]李楠.我国收入分配制度的演进及其时收入差距变动的影响[J].江汉论坛,2005(2)
[84]范爱军、王丽丽.中国技术效率的地区差异与增长收敛[J].经济学家,2009(4)
[85]罗楚亮.城乡居民收入差距的动态演变：1988-2002年[J].财经研究,2006(9
[86]宋德勇.中国地区差距的演变趋势及原因[J].华中科技大学学报,2001(2)
[87]田士超.上海的收入差距：基于泰尔指数分解的分析[J].世界经济情况,2006(6)
[88]袁志刚.再谈收入分配中的效率与公平[J].经济改革,2006(9)
[89]李炳炎,江皓.我国现阶段居民收入差距的现状、成因及治理对策研究[J].贵州财经学院学报,2005(6)
[90]廖晓慧.现阶段居民收入差距：问题与对策[J].公共财政,2006(9)
[91]王天夫,王丰.中国城市收入分配中的集团因素：1986—1995[J].社会学研究,2005(3)
[92]颜鹏飞、王兵.技术效率、技术进步与生产率增长：基于DEA的实证分析[J].经济研究,2004(12)
[93]边燕杰、张展新.市场化与收入分配：对1988年和1995年城市住户收入调查的分析[J].中国社会科学.2002(5)
[94]马骊.基于paneldata模型的城乡居民收入差距影响因素分析——以浙江省为例[J].经济金融.2007(22)
[95]吴丽民、陈惠雄.收入与幸福指数结构方程模型构建——以浙江省小城镇为例[J].中国农村经济,2010(11)
[96]鲁元平、张克中.经济增长、亲贫式支出与国民幸福——基于中国幸福数据的实证研究[J].经济学家,2010(11)
[97]王梦奎.中国经济发展与社会和谐的政策取向[J].管理世界,2006(4)
[98]张勇格.从倒U型曲线看我国居民收入差距的长期变动趋势[J].生产力研究,2005(4)
[99]吴正俊.从库兹涅茨“倒U曲线”看我国居民收入差距走向[J].理论探讨,2007(1)
[100]王韧.中国居民收入差距的变动趋势—基于双二元动态框架的实证[J].财经研究.2006(8)
[101]Barro.R.J.2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries[J]. Journal of Economic Growth,5:5—32
[102]Kaldor. N.1957.A Model of Economic Growth[J].Economic Jourmal, Vol.67:591-624
[103]Romer. P.M.1986. Increasing Reviews and Long—Run Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, vol.94
[104]Grossman. H.A.1991.General Model of Insurrenction[J]. American Economic Review, vol.81
[105]Agion、Pand Howitt.P.1998.Endogenous Growth Theory [M].Cambridge:MIT Press Jamison.D and Gaag.J.1987.Education and Earningin the People's Republic of China[J]. Economics of Education Review, Vol6(2)
[106]Byron、Raymond P and Evelyn Q.Manaloto.1990. Returns to Education in China[J]. Economic Development and Culture Change(38)
[107]Lindert.P. and J.Williamson.1985. Growth, Equality, and History. Explorations in Economics History[J]. Vol.22(4),341—377
[108]Adelman.I and T. Cynthia.1989.Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries[M]. Stanford:Stanford U. Press
[109]Anand.S. and S.M.Ravi Kanbur.1993.The Kuznets Process and the Inequality— Development Relationship[J]. Journal of Development Economics. Vol.40(1),25—52
[110]Barro.R.J.1998. Economic Growth in a Cross-Country Empirical Study[M].Cambridge Massachusetts. England:The MIT Press
[111]Dimitri Landa, Ethan B. Kapstein.2001. Review:Inequality, Growth and Democracy[J]. World Politics, Vol.53, No.2:264-296
[112]Lisa A. Keister, Stephanie Moller.2000. Wealth inequality in the United States[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.26:63-81
[113]Richard Waller.2010. The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies: A Historical Perspective[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:117-118
[114]Eric Alden Smith, Samuel Bowles, Tom Hertz, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Mary K. Shenk, Michael Gurven.2010. Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and Inequality in Premodem Societies:Reply[J].Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:119-126
[115]Eric Alden Smith, Kim Hill, Frank W. Marlowe, David Nolin, Polly Wiessner, Michael Gurven, Samuel Bowles, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Tom Hertz, Adrian Bell.2010.Wealth Transmission and Inequality among Hunter-Gatherers[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No. 1:19-34
[116]Mary K. Shenk, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Jan Beise, Gregory Clark, William Irons, Donna Leonetti, Bobbi S. Low, Samuel Bowles, Tom Hertz, Adrian Bell, Patrizio Piraino.2010. Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Agriculturalists:Foundations of Agrarian Inequality[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:65-83
[117]Markus Hadler.2005.Why Do People Accept Different Income Ratios? A Multi-Level Comparison of Thirty Countries[J]. Acta Sociologica, Vol.48, No.2:131-154
[118]Koichi Kawamoto.2009. Status-Seeking Behavior, the Evolution of Income Inequality, and Growth[J].Economic Theory, Vol.39, No.2:269-289
[119]Jarmo Rusanen, Toivo Muilu, Alfred Colpaert, Arvo Naukkarinen.2001. Local and Regional Income Differences in Finland in 1989-1997:A GIS Approach[J]. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, Vol.83, No.4:205-220
[120]Glenn Firebaugh.2000. The Trend in Between-Nation Income Inequality[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.26:323-339
[121]Aghion,P.2002.Sehum Peterian Growth Theory and the Dynamics of Income Inequality[J]. Eeonomitriea,70(3):855-882
[122]Easterly,W.2007.Iequality Does Cause UnderdeveloPment:Insights from A New Instrument[J]. Journal of DeveloPment Eeonomies,84(2),755-776.
[123]Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Ila Fazzio, William Irons, Richard L. McElreath, Samuel Bowles, Adrian Bell, Tom Hertz, Leela Hazzah.2010. Pastoralism and Wealth Inequality: Revisiting an Old Question[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:35-48
[124]Krugman, Paul R.2000.Technology, Trade and Factor prices[J].Jounlal of International Economics, Vol.50:51-71
[125]Person T, G.Tabellini, A.Cuekierman, Z.Hercowitz, L.Lederman.1992.Growth, distribution, and polities[M]. Inpolitical Eeonomy, Growth, and Business Cycles, Cambridge, MA:TheMIT Press
[126]Joseph P. Dejuan, John J. Seater, Tony S. Wirjanto.2004. A Direct Test of the Permanent Income Hypothesis with an Application to the U.S. States[J].Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol.36, No.6:1091-1103
[127]William Scarth, Lei Tang.2008.An Evaluation of the Working Income Tax Benefit An Evaluation of the Working Income Tax Benefit[J]. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, Vol.34, No.1:25-36
[128]Anita A. Summers, Barbara L. Wolfe.1978. Estimating Household Income from Location Estimating Household Income from Location[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol.73, No.362:288-292
[129]Kuznets,S.1955. Eeonomic Growth and Income Inequality[J]. American Eeonomic Review.45:1-28
[130]Lecallion, Jack, Felix Paukert, Christian Morrison, Dimitri Gemiolis.1984. Income Distribution and Economic DeveloPment:Analytical Survey[N]. Geneva:lntemational Labor Office, working PaPer
[131]Lucas.R.E.1992. On Efficiency and Distribution[J].The Economic Journal. vol.102.no. 411:233-247
[132]Malcolm Pemberton, David Ulph.2001. Measuring Income and Measuring Sustainability[J]. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol.103, No.1:25-40
[133]A. Cooper Drury, Jonathan Krieckhaus, Michael Lusztig.2006. Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth[J]. International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique, Vol.27, No.2:121-13
[134]Robert J. Barro, Gary S. Becker.1989. Fertility Choice in a Model of Economic Growth[J]. Econometrica, Vol.57, No.2:481-501
[135]Richard Breen.1997. Inequality, Economic Growth and Social Mobility[J].The British Journal of Sociology, Vol.48, No.3:429-449
[136]Nathan J. Ashby, Russell S. Sobel.2008. Income Inequality and Economic Freedom in the U.S. States[J]. Public Choice, Vol.134, No.3/4:329-346
[137]Raja Kali, Javier Reyes.2007.The Architecture of Globalization:A Network Approach to International Economic Integration[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.38, No.4, International Expansion of Emerging Market Businesses:595-620
[138]Nazrul Islam.2004. New Growth Theories:What Is in There for Developing Countries?[J]. The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol.38, No.1:171-212
[139]Piketty T.1997. The Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution and the Interest Rate With Credit Rationing[J]. Review of Eeonomic Studies,vol.64:173-189
[140]Mohsen Fardmanesh.1991. Economic Growth and Alternative Deficit-Reducing Tax Increases and Expenditure Cuts:A Cross-Sectional Study[J]. Public Choice, Vol.69, No. 2:223-231
[141]Jakob de Haan, Clemens L. J. Siermann.1998. Further Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth[J]. Public Choice, Vol.95, No.3/4:363-380
[142]Parfait M. Eloundou-Enyegue, Julie Davanzo.2003. Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality, Cameroon,1987-95[J]. Population Studies, Vol.57, No.2:183-197
[143]Ping Li.2009. The Duality of Crony Corruption in Economic Transition:Toward an Integrated Framework Peter[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.85, No.1:41-55
[144]Christopher D. Carroll, Karen E. Dynan, Spencer D. Krane.2003. Unemployment Risk and Precautionary Wealth:Evidence from Households'Balance Sheets[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.85, No.3:586-604
[145]Robert J. Lampman.1959. Changes in the Share of Wealth Held by Top Wealth-Holders, 1922-1956[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.41, No.4:379-392
[146]David A. Hennessy.2009.The Production Effects of Agricultural Income Support Policies under Uncertainty [J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.80, No.1:46-57
[147]Eric Alden Smith, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Samuel Bowles, Michael Gurven, Tom Hertz, Mary K. Shenk.2010. Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies:Conclusions[J].Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:85-94
[148]Seymour Spilerman.2000. Wealth and Stratification Processes[J].Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.26:497-524
[149]Christian Gollier.2001. Wealth Inequality and Asset Pricing[J].The Review of Economic Studies, Vol.68, No.1:181-203
[150]Sala-ti-Martin.2002.The Distributing Rised of Global Income Inequality[J]. NBER Working Paper WB
2 张宝明、张元福、鲁怀凤：当前贫富差距与社会稳定问题研究[J],郑州轻工业学院学报(社会科学版),2000(9)。
3 吴忠民：中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析[J],科学社会主义,2001(4)。
4吴忠民：中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析[J],科学社会主义,2001(4)
5鲍江权：准确理解共同富裕,正确认识贫富差距问题[J],思想理论教育导刊,2001(7)。
6刘建明：对当前贫富差距的透视与思考[J],当代世界与社会主义,2001(2)。
7孙辉：当前中国社会贫富差距透视[J],攀登,2003(3)。
8王伟中：关于中国社会贫富差距的思考[J],马克思主义与现实,2004(6)。
9 2009年12月25日,中国新闻网。
16杨聪、林克等,区域优势整合——论西部经济的统筹发展[M],北京：中央民族出版社,2004
17原春琳,中国青年报[N],2009年6月5号。
18王梦奎,中国经济发展与社会和谐的政策取向[J],管理世界,2006(4)
19信息时报[N],2006-12-13。
20林毅夫、蔡防、李周：中国转型期的地区差异分析[J],经济研究,1998(6)。李实、赵人伟：中国居民收入分配再研究[J],经济研究,1999(4)。陈宗胜、周云波：再论改革发展中的收入分配——中国发生两极分化了吗[M],经济科学出版社,2002年8月。
[1]冯婧、王培.中国贫富差距扩大的原因及其对策分析[J].天府新论,2007(12)
[2]张君施.基尼系数理论在我国的适用性[J].北京工商大学学报(社会科学版),2010(3)
[3]尉建文.“U”型还是“倒U”型—贫富差距演变及成因的社会学分析[J].理论学刊,2005(6)
[4]李金良.财产性收入与贫富差距——基于城乡收入差距视角的实证研究[J].北京邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2008(3)
[5]贺蕊莉.财政调节贫富差距作用的局限性分析[J].财政研究,2005(7)
[6]张维为.从国际视角看缩小贫富差距[J].理论视点,2008(15)
[7]任碧云.从贫富差距的扩大看我国收入分配中公平与效率关系的调整[J].财经理论与实践,2004(1)
[8]赵起.从贫富差距分析最优所得税税率理论[J].安徽农业科学,2007(1)
[9]赵书山.从缩小贫富差距看维护社会稳定保障机制的建立[J].理论研究,2007(15)
[10]刘晓欣.从虚拟经济角度看国际贫富差距的原因[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(2)
[11]王培刚.当前各社会阶层对贫富差距状况的动态认知研究[J].社会科学研究,2008(6)
[12]郭彦森.当前我国的贫富差距是否超出合理范围[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(11)
[13]吕国忱、高佳.当前我国贫富差距的现状及调控对策[J].安徽农业科学,2008(11)
[14]胡连生、杨玲.当前我国贫富差距状况及解决对策[J].学术交流,2004(4)
[15]张文礼、王达梅.公共服务型政府建设与缩小贫富差距[J].甘肃社会科学,2007(6)
[16]孙辉.关于当前社会贫富差距的几点思考[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2004(1)
[17]邓海潮.关于贫富差距问题的理性思考[J].经济经纬,2004(2)
[18]刘红燕.关于缩小中国贫富差距的思考[J].经济经纬,2005(1)
[19]马戎.经济发展中的贫富差距问题——区域差异、职业差异和族群差异[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(1)
[20]王春光,警惕我国贫富差距的代际传承和趋固化问题[J].改革纵横,2006(9)
[21]胡金华,科技发展视角下的贫富差距问题与传导机制研究[J].经济研究导刊,2008(1)
[22]张道全,控制贫富差距是构建和谐社会的本质要求[J].经济问题探索,2007(9)
[23]谢强.论我国贫富差距过大的原因及应对之策[J].探索,2006(2)
[24]高静川,论我国贫富差距问题与对策[J].当代经济研究,2003(5)
[25]马广海.贫富差距背景下的社会心态简析[J].东岳论丛,2008(9)
[26]张劲松、贺小林.贫富差距对构建和谐社会的障碍及其消解[J].改革研究,2008(1)
[27]胡联合、胡鞍钢、徐绍刚.贫富差距对违法犯罪活动影响的实证分析[J].管理世界,2005(6)
[28]任碧云.贫富差距扩大条件下公平与效率关系的调整[J].中央财经大学学报,2004(1)
[29]胡联合、胡鞍钢.贫富差距是如何影响社会稳定的[J].江西社会科学,2007(9)
[30]蔡银寅、胡颖文.贫富差距问题的社会制度分析[J].经济纵横,2007(4)
[31]贾宝林.贫富差距与政府治理[J].内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003(5)
[32]张铮.浅析当代中国贫富差距问题和对策[J].经济研究导刊,2009(22)
[33]高和荣.社会学视野下的贫富差距及其社会控制[J].云南社会科学,2003(3)
[34]李军.社会转型的启动与贫富差距的扩大[J].求实,2004(5)
[35]刘祖云.调控贫富差距的理论依据与现实选择[J].社会科学研究,2003(4)
[36]首都经济贸易大学税收研究所课题组.我国促富治贫收入调节政策研究—兼论缩小我国贫富差距的主要手段是教育[J].经济与管理研究,2005(3)
[37]高祖林.我国当前社会利益差别和贫富差距的三重反思[J].江海学刊,2005(6)
[38]李军.我国贫富差距成因的社会性分析——以社会转型为背景的解析[J].甘肃社会科学,2004(3)
[39]李军、冉志.我国贫富差距的社会原因分析——以社会转型为背景的解析[J].西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004(7)
[40]周雨风.我国贫富差距加大的成因及对策建议[J].开放导报,2006(10)
[41]李军、冉志.以经济转型为背景的贫富差距成因解析及其调适[J].探索,2004(2)
[42]王莹、王志立.中印两国贫富差距比较研究[J].经济经纬,2005(6)
[43]于立、王立军、侯强.资源性贫富差距与社会稳定[J].财经问题研究,2007(10)
[44]于晓媛、韩克勇.对扩大我国中等收入阶层的思考[J].经济问题,2007(12)
[45]卢启程、李怡佳.农户收入增长影响因素及其关系研究——来自云南省的调查数据[J].经济问题探索.2007(12)
[46]王少平、欧阳志刚.我国城乡收入差距的度量及其对经济增长的效应[J].经济研究,2007(10)
[47]王亚芬、肖晓飞、高铁梅.我国收入分配差距及个人所得税调节作用的实证分析[J].财贸经济,2007(4)
[48]朱光磊.中国的贫富差距与政府控制[M].上海：上海三联书店,2002
[49]吴忠民.中国现阶段贫富差距扩大问题分析[J].科学社会主义,2001(4)
[50]鲍江权.准确理解共同富裕,正确认识贫富差距问题[J].思想理论教育导刊,2001(7)
[51]孙辉.当前中国社会贫富差距透视[J].攀登,2003(3)
[52]刘建明.对当前贫富差距的透视与思考[J].当代世界与社会主义,2001(2)
[53]王伟中.关于中国社会贫富差距的思考[J].马克思主义与现实,2004(6)
[54]孙光普.用邓小平共同富裕思想科学认识当前的贫富差距[J].理论探讨.2004(4)
[55]李实、赵人伟.中国居民收入分配再研究[J].经济研究,1999(4)
[56]赵人伟.转型期中国的收入分配制度[J].云南大学学报,2003(6)
[57]赵人伟、李实、卡尔·李思勤.中国居民收入分配再研究——经济改革和发展中的收入分配[M].中国财政经济出版社,1999
[58]陈宗胜、刘子馨.改革发展与收入分配[M].复旦大学出版社,1999.
[59]陈宗胜、周云波.再论改革发展中的收入分配——中国发生两极分化了吗[M].经济科学出版社,2002年8月
[60]陈宗胜.城镇居民收入差别及制约其变动的某些因素——就天津市城镇居民家户特征的影响进行一些讨论[J].经济学.2002(2)
[61]陈安平.经济持续增长与收入差距缩小：鱼与熊掌能否兼得[J].财经科学,2007(6)
[62]陈安平.论我国收入差距与经济增长的关系及其内在机制[J].开发研究,2009(4)
[63]陈安平、任薇薇.如何实现经济增长的效率和公平双目标?——基于联立方程模型的研究[J].财经研究,2010(4)
[64]陈安平.收入差距、投资与经济增长的面板协整研究[J].经济评论,2009(1)
[65]陈安平.我国收入差距与经济增长的面板协整与因果关系研究[J].经济经纬,2010(1)
[66]陈安平.中国经济增长与收入差距关系的经验研究[J].经济问题,2010(4)
[67]林毅夫、蔡昉、李周.中国转型期的地区差异分析[J].经济研究,1998(6)
[68]林毅夫、刘培林.中国的经济发展战略与地区收入差距[J].经济研究,2003(3)
[69]林毅夫、刘明兴.中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配[J].世界经济,2003(8)
[70]王小鲁、樊纲.中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素[J].经济研究,2004(1)
[71]王小鲁、樊纲.中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J].经济研究,2005(10)
[72]王小鲁.灰色收入拉大居民收入差距[J].中国改革,2007(7)
[73]陆铭、陈钊、万广华.因患寡,而患不均——中国的收入差距、投资、教育和增长的相互影响[J].经济研究,2005(12)
[74]魏杰.崛起中的磨合：中国现实经济问题[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2008.1
[75]李宝怀.关于贫富差距的负面影响及其对策[J].延安大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(6)
[76]杨聪、林克等.区域优势整合——论西部经济的统筹发展[M].北京：中央民族出版社,2004
[77]马克思.资本论(第一卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,2004
[78](美)阿瑟.奥肯著,王奔洲等译.平等与效率-重大的抉择[M].华夏出版社,1987
[79](英)尼古拉斯·巴尔著,郑秉文,穆怀中等译.福利国家经济学[M].北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2003
[80](英)阿瑟·刘易斯著,周师铭,沈伯根译.经济增长理论[M].北京：商务印书馆,2002
[81]李一鸣.解析我国现阶段的收入分配差距[J].统计与决策,2002(9)
[82]曾国安.20世纪90年代以来中国居民收入差距的变化趋势、原因、影响与调节政策[J].税务与经济,2003(3)
[83]李楠.我国收入分配制度的演进及其时收入差距变动的影响[J].江汉论坛,2005(2)
[84]范爱军、王丽丽.中国技术效率的地区差异与增长收敛[J].经济学家,2009(4)
[85]罗楚亮.城乡居民收入差距的动态演变：1988-2002年[J].财经研究,2006(9
[86]宋德勇.中国地区差距的演变趋势及原因[J].华中科技大学学报,2001(2)
[87]田士超.上海的收入差距：基于泰尔指数分解的分析[J].世界经济情况,2006(6)
[88]袁志刚.再谈收入分配中的效率与公平[J].经济改革,2006(9)
[89]李炳炎,江皓.我国现阶段居民收入差距的现状、成因及治理对策研究[J].贵州财经学院学报,2005(6)
[90]廖晓慧.现阶段居民收入差距：问题与对策[J].公共财政,2006(9)
[91]王天夫,王丰.中国城市收入分配中的集团因素：1986—1995[J].社会学研究,2005(3)
[92]颜鹏飞、王兵.技术效率、技术进步与生产率增长：基于DEA的实证分析[J].经济研究,2004(12)
[93]边燕杰、张展新.市场化与收入分配：对1988年和1995年城市住户收入调查的分析[J].中国社会科学.2002(5)
[94]马骊.基于paneldata模型的城乡居民收入差距影响因素分析——以浙江省为例[J].经济金融.2007(22)
[95]吴丽民、陈惠雄.收入与幸福指数结构方程模型构建——以浙江省小城镇为例[J].中国农村经济,2010(11)
[96]鲁元平、张克中.经济增长、亲贫式支出与国民幸福——基于中国幸福数据的实证研究[J].经济学家,2010(11)
[97]王梦奎.中国经济发展与社会和谐的政策取向[J].管理世界,2006(4)
[98]张勇格.从倒U型曲线看我国居民收入差距的长期变动趋势[J].生产力研究,2005(4)
[99]吴正俊.从库兹涅茨“倒U曲线”看我国居民收入差距走向[J].理论探讨,2007(1)
[100]王韧.中国居民收入差距的变动趋势—基于双二元动态框架的实证[J].财经研究.2006(8)
[101]Barro.R.J.2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries[J]. Journal of Economic Growth,5:5—32
[102]Kaldor. N.1957.A Model of Economic Growth[J].Economic Jourmal, Vol.67:591-624
[103]Romer. P.M.1986. Increasing Reviews and Long—Run Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, vol.94
[104]Grossman. H.A.1991.General Model of Insurrenction[J]. American Economic Review, vol.81
[105]Agion、Pand Howitt.P.1998.Endogenous Growth Theory [M].Cambridge:MIT Press Jamison.D and Gaag.J.1987.Education and Earningin the People's Republic of China[J]. Economics of Education Review, Vol6(2)
[106]Byron、Raymond P and Evelyn Q.Manaloto.1990. Returns to Education in China[J]. Economic Development and Culture Change(38)
[107]Lindert.P. and J.Williamson.1985. Growth, Equality, and History. Explorations in Economics History[J]. Vol.22(4),341—377
[108]Adelman.I and T. Cynthia.1989.Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries[M]. Stanford:Stanford U. Press
[109]Anand.S. and S.M.Ravi Kanbur.1993.The Kuznets Process and the Inequality— Development Relationship[J]. Journal of Development Economics. Vol.40(1),25—52
[110]Barro.R.J.1998. Economic Growth in a Cross-Country Empirical Study[M].Cambridge Massachusetts. England:The MIT Press
[111]Dimitri Landa, Ethan B. Kapstein.2001. Review:Inequality, Growth and Democracy[J]. World Politics, Vol.53, No.2:264-296
[112]Lisa A. Keister, Stephanie Moller.2000. Wealth inequality in the United States[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.26:63-81
[113]Richard Waller.2010. The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies: A Historical Perspective[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:117-118
[114]Eric Alden Smith, Samuel Bowles, Tom Hertz, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Mary K. Shenk, Michael Gurven.2010. Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and Inequality in Premodem Societies:Reply[J].Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:119-126
[115]Eric Alden Smith, Kim Hill, Frank W. Marlowe, David Nolin, Polly Wiessner, Michael Gurven, Samuel Bowles, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Tom Hertz, Adrian Bell.2010.Wealth Transmission and Inequality among Hunter-Gatherers[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No. 1:19-34
[116]Mary K. Shenk, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Jan Beise, Gregory Clark, William Irons, Donna Leonetti, Bobbi S. Low, Samuel Bowles, Tom Hertz, Adrian Bell, Patrizio Piraino.2010. Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Agriculturalists:Foundations of Agrarian Inequality[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:65-83
[117]Markus Hadler.2005.Why Do People Accept Different Income Ratios? A Multi-Level Comparison of Thirty Countries[J]. Acta Sociologica, Vol.48, No.2:131-154
[118]Koichi Kawamoto.2009. Status-Seeking Behavior, the Evolution of Income Inequality, and Growth[J].Economic Theory, Vol.39, No.2:269-289
[119]Jarmo Rusanen, Toivo Muilu, Alfred Colpaert, Arvo Naukkarinen.2001. Local and Regional Income Differences in Finland in 1989-1997:A GIS Approach[J]. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, Vol.83, No.4:205-220
[120]Glenn Firebaugh.2000. The Trend in Between-Nation Income Inequality[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.26:323-339
[121]Aghion,P.2002.Sehum Peterian Growth Theory and the Dynamics of Income Inequality[J]. Eeonomitriea,70(3):855-882
[122]Easterly,W.2007.Iequality Does Cause UnderdeveloPment:Insights from A New Instrument[J]. Journal of DeveloPment Eeonomies,84(2),755-776.
[123]Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Ila Fazzio, William Irons, Richard L. McElreath, Samuel Bowles, Adrian Bell, Tom Hertz, Leela Hazzah.2010. Pastoralism and Wealth Inequality: Revisiting an Old Question[J]. Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:35-48
[124]Krugman, Paul R.2000.Technology, Trade and Factor prices[J].Jounlal of International Economics, Vol.50:51-71
[125]Person T, G.Tabellini, A.Cuekierman, Z.Hercowitz, L.Lederman.1992.Growth, distribution, and polities[M]. Inpolitical Eeonomy, Growth, and Business Cycles, Cambridge, MA:TheMIT Press
[126]Joseph P. Dejuan, John J. Seater, Tony S. Wirjanto.2004. A Direct Test of the Permanent Income Hypothesis with an Application to the U.S. States[J].Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol.36, No.6:1091-1103
[127]William Scarth, Lei Tang.2008.An Evaluation of the Working Income Tax Benefit An Evaluation of the Working Income Tax Benefit[J]. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, Vol.34, No.1:25-36
[128]Anita A. Summers, Barbara L. Wolfe.1978. Estimating Household Income from Location Estimating Household Income from Location[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol.73, No.362:288-292
[129]Kuznets,S.1955. Eeonomic Growth and Income Inequality[J]. American Eeonomic Review.45:1-28
[130]Lecallion, Jack, Felix Paukert, Christian Morrison, Dimitri Gemiolis.1984. Income Distribution and Economic DeveloPment:Analytical Survey[N]. Geneva:lntemational Labor Office, working PaPer
[131]Lucas.R.E.1992. On Efficiency and Distribution[J].The Economic Journal. vol.102.no. 411:233-247
[132]Malcolm Pemberton, David Ulph.2001. Measuring Income and Measuring Sustainability[J]. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol.103, No.1:25-40
[133]A. Cooper Drury, Jonathan Krieckhaus, Michael Lusztig.2006. Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth[J]. International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique, Vol.27, No.2:121-13
[134]Robert J. Barro, Gary S. Becker.1989. Fertility Choice in a Model of Economic Growth[J]. Econometrica, Vol.57, No.2:481-501
[135]Richard Breen.1997. Inequality, Economic Growth and Social Mobility[J].The British Journal of Sociology, Vol.48, No.3:429-449
[136]Nathan J. Ashby, Russell S. Sobel.2008. Income Inequality and Economic Freedom in the U.S. States[J]. Public Choice, Vol.134, No.3/4:329-346
[137]Raja Kali, Javier Reyes.2007.The Architecture of Globalization:A Network Approach to International Economic Integration[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.38, No.4, International Expansion of Emerging Market Businesses:595-620
[138]Nazrul Islam.2004. New Growth Theories:What Is in There for Developing Countries?[J]. The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol.38, No.1:171-212
[139]Piketty T.1997. The Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution and the Interest Rate With Credit Rationing[J]. Review of Eeonomic Studies,vol.64:173-189
[140]Mohsen Fardmanesh.1991. Economic Growth and Alternative Deficit-Reducing Tax Increases and Expenditure Cuts:A Cross-Sectional Study[J]. Public Choice, Vol.69, No. 2:223-231
[141]Jakob de Haan, Clemens L. J. Siermann.1998. Further Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth[J]. Public Choice, Vol.95, No.3/4:363-380
[142]Parfait M. Eloundou-Enyegue, Julie Davanzo.2003. Economic Downturns and Schooling Inequality, Cameroon,1987-95[J]. Population Studies, Vol.57, No.2:183-197
[143]Ping Li.2009. The Duality of Crony Corruption in Economic Transition:Toward an Integrated Framework Peter[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.85, No.1:41-55
[144]Christopher D. Carroll, Karen E. Dynan, Spencer D. Krane.2003. Unemployment Risk and Precautionary Wealth:Evidence from Households'Balance Sheets[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.85, No.3:586-604
[145]Robert J. Lampman.1959. Changes in the Share of Wealth Held by Top Wealth-Holders, 1922-1956[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.41, No.4:379-392
[146]David A. Hennessy.2009.The Production Effects of Agricultural Income Support Policies under Uncertainty [J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.80, No.1:46-57
[147]Eric Alden Smith, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Samuel Bowles, Michael Gurven, Tom Hertz, Mary K. Shenk.2010. Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies:Conclusions[J].Current Anthropology, Vol.51, No.1:85-94
[148]Seymour Spilerman.2000. Wealth and Stratification Processes[J].Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.26:497-524
[149]Christian Gollier.2001. Wealth Inequality and Asset Pricing[J].The Review of Economic Studies, Vol.68, No.1:181-203
[150]Sala-ti-Martin.2002.The Distributing Rised of Global Income Inequality[J]. NBER Working Paper WB
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |