北京城市绿地复合系统植物耗水规律及灌溉模型研究
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摘要
城市绿地系统作为城市生态系统的主要组成部分,在改善城市环境、调节城市气候、美化城市面貌、增加城市空间以及城市防震减灾等方面都发挥了十分重要的作用。但我国城市绿地节水理论与关键技术的基础研究严重不足,灌溉水的利用率低,用水浪费现象还比较严重和普遍,加剧了城市绿地用水与城市水资源综合利用的矛盾,在水源紧缺的我国干旱和半干旱地区这一问题显得尤为突出。
本文针对城市绿地节水问题,着眼于城市绿地乔灌草混合栽植所具备的复合特征,在普遍调查的基础上,选定了乔木+灌木+草坪、乔木+草坪、灌木+草坪和草坪共4种绿地植物的主要配置模式为研究对象,应用农林复合系统水分生态特征研究方法、Li-1600稳态气孔计、TDR(时域反射)土壤水分测定仪、自动气象站和彭曼(Penman)公式等研究方法和测定手段,通过生长季内连续的动态监测,对北京地区气候条件下城市绿地乔灌草复合系统的蒸腾耗水和土壤水分进行了综合研究。初步摸清了各配置模式下的蒸腾耗水特性和土壤水分动态,并通过模拟研究建立了城市绿地优化灌溉模型。旨在为城市绿地复合系统的配置模式、树种选择和科学灌溉提供理论依据。主要结论如下：
(1)城市绿地调查表明,北京常用的城市绿地植物种类有乔木117种,灌木77种,草本315种,藤本17种。乔灌草结构类型、乔草结构类型和乔木结构类型是北京城市绿地的主要配置类型。
(2)在生长季阴天或晴天条件下,单种配置下的灌木黄丁香蒸腾速率的日变化呈较明显的单峰型,红瑞木呈不太明显的单峰型,二者的蒸腾速率与扩散阻力和光量子密度显著相关。复合配置下,两树种的蒸腾速率日变化曲线仅略有变化,蒸腾速率与相对湿度和扩散阻力显著相关。同种条件下,参试灌木复合配置与单种配置相比,蒸腾速率降低30%-40%。
(3)在生长季阴天或晴天条件下,杜仲和紫叶李蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线。杜仲的蒸腾速率与扩散阻力、光量子密度和叶温关系显著,紫叶李的蒸腾速率与光量子密度和扩散阻力显著相关。
(4)各参试树种蒸腾速率的季节变化为：杜仲呈典型的单峰型曲线,紫叶李呈双峰型曲线。单种配置下,黄丁香与红瑞木呈单峰型曲线；复合配置下,黄丁香与红瑞木呈阶梯状下降曲线,且生长季各月的蒸腾速率均有大幅降低,复合种植条件下黄丁香的蒸腾速率比单种条件下平均降低了31.7%,红瑞木则平均降低了29.3%,显示出复合系统良好的节水效益。
(5)4种参试树种生长季不同天气条件下单位叶面积耗水量晴天最大,杜仲、紫叶李、黄丁香和红瑞木分别达到了3.00 kg.m2.d-1、5.27 kg.m-2.d-1、1.86kg.m-2.d-1和1.56 kg.m-2.d-1,而阴天差异不大。复合配置下的灌木黄丁香和红瑞木比单种配置下的日蒸腾耗水约减少50%。
(6)单一种植的草坪一个生长季内累积蒸散量为499.6mm,平均每月蒸散量为71.4mm,蒸散量主要集中在5月、7月和8月3个月份。乔灌草、乔草和灌草三种复合配置模式下的草坪蒸散量主要集中在6月、7月和10月3个月份,空气相对湿度和太阳辐射强度是主要影响因子。单一草坪在全生长季的蒸散耗水量远大于各种复合配置模式下的的草坪,耗水量相差10倍以上。从节水效益上衡量,各种配置模式下草坪蒸散量的排序为：乔灌草配置模式>乔草配置模式>灌草配置模式>草坪模式。
(7)生长季内各种配置模式下土壤水分动态变化表明：草坪土壤水分的耗水活跃层主要保持在0～20cm以上的土层范围内,随季节降水量和生长旺盛期可加深至40cm范围内。灌草配置模式下土壤水分在0～100cm土层范围内整体处于消耗状态,显示灌木+草坪以100cm以内土层水分为主要消耗层次。乔草配置模式下在0～1OOcm范围内土壤水分消耗均比较活跃,其中0～40cm土层水分变幅最大,为整个生长季节的主要持续耗水层。乔灌草配置模式下土壤水分随生长季节的推移耗水活跃层从0-40cm逐渐加深至1000～120cm,0～120cm内土层整体为植被耗水活跃层。
(8)各种配置模式下不同深度平均土壤含水量变化表明,乔灌草配置模式在lm土层内消耗的水分较多,尤其在40～100cm是土壤水分的主要消耗区；乔草配置模式主要利用0～100cm土层的土壤水分,对深层的土壤水分利用极少；灌草配置模式水分利用层在0～100cm范围内,但对深层水分有利用较好的趋势。四种配置模式0-100cm土壤含水量垂直动态变化表明：各配置模式对土壤水分的利用规律基本相似,主要利用的是120cm以上深度的土壤水分。草坪和灌草配置的0～100cm内的土壤含水量优于乔灌草和乔草配置模式。乔灌草配置模式具有最好的土壤水分含量稳定性。
(9)不同配置模式下土壤水分的季节变化表明：草坪生长季内土壤水分变幅最大,乔草配置模式次之,而灌草模式和乔灌草模式相对比较稳定。乔草配置模式的土壤含水量始终优于灌草和乔灌草模式。不同植被覆盖下土壤水分含量表现出相似的季节性动态变化规律,但由于植被覆被不同,草坪的土壤含水量最高,乔灌草配置模式的土壤水分含量在4个植被类型中最低,灌草配置模式的土壤含水量比乔灌草模式略高,乔草配置模式的土壤含水量仅次于草坪。对100cm以下深层土壤水分的利用乔灌草模式>灌草模式>乔草模式。在平水年,植被蒸散量的大小顺序为灌草配置模式>乔草配置>草坪>乔灌草配置。
(10)本模拟研究采用气压修正的彭曼(Penman)综合法计算了实验区2004年逐月参考作物蒸散量,结果表明一年内5-8月内参考作物蒸散量的变化较为剧烈,呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,最大值出现在7月。在此基础上计算不同配置的作物系数,结合降雨和灌溉效率等因子,建立了不同配置模式下的月灌溉管理模型。经验证和初步应用证明,模型推导的理论灌溉量较能反映实际的灌溉用水量,具有较好的可操作性和科学性。
Urban green space system, as a main urban ecosystem component, plays a very important role in improving the urban environment, regulating urban climate, beautifying the urban landscape, increasing the urban space, taking precautions against earthquakes and reducing disaster. Conflicts between the consumption of water in green space and the comprehensive utilization of urban water resources are exacerbated due to the lack of the basic research in theory and key technology of water saving of urban green space, the low utilization rate of irrigation water, the serious and widespread waste of water, and the case is especially true in the arid and semi-arid regions of China where the water resources are generally scarce.
Aimed at solving the water saving problem of urban green space, a comprehensive study on the evapotranspiration water consumption and soil moisture in the complex system of tree, shrub and grass in urban area was conducted, with four main plant configuration modes of trees+shrubs+grass, trees+grass, shrubs+grass and grass as the research objects according to their compound characteristics, using research methods (Continuous Dynamic Monitoring in Growing Season, Penman Formula, etc.) and instruments (Li-1600 Steady State Porometer, TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry), Soil Moisture Meter, Automatic Weather Stations) for water ecological characteristics of agroforestry systems. The water consumption characteristics and soil moisture dynamics for the four plant configuration modes were determined and urban green space irrigation model by simulation based on water consumption characteristics of the urban green space were established and optimized. It will provide a theoretical basis for the configuration mode, species selection and scientific irrigation for the urban green space complex system. The main conclusions are as follows:
1, Investigation on types of urban green space showed that, the most common used plants were trees (117 species), bushes (77 species), herbaceous plants (315 species), vines (17 species). The major community-structures of plants were trees-bushes-herbs, trees-bushes, and trees only.
2, Under single shrub configurations, diurnal changes for the transpiration rate of Yellow Clove showed an obvious single peak, while transpiration rate of Swida alba showed a less clear pattern of single peak and obvious pattern of double peaks, respectively in cloudy and sunny days in the growing season. The transpiration rate was significantly correlated with diffusion resistance and photon density. Under complex configurations, there is a slight variation in the curves for the transpiration rates of two species and the transpiration rates were significantly correlated with relative humidity and the diffusion resistance. Under the same conditions, the transpiration rates of the complex shrub configuration were lower 30% to 40% than those for the single configuration of shrub species.
3, Diurnal changes for the transpiration rates of Eucommia ulmoides and Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii showed a single peak, respectively in cloudy and sunny days in the growing season. The transpiration rates of Eucommia ulmoides were significantly correlated with the diffusion resistance, photon density and leaf temperature, and that of Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii with photon density and diffusion resistance.
4, Sseasonal changes of the transpiration rate for the species tested showed that for Eucommia ulmoides a single-peak curve and Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii a bimodal curve. Under the single shrub configurations, Yellow Clove and Swida alba were basically consistent, showing a single-peak curve. Under the combined configurations, Yellow Clove and Swida alba showed a ladder-like decline, the transpiration rates for each month of the growing season decreased significantly, the transpiration rates for Yellow Clove under the complex shrub configurations dropped by an average of 31.7% compared with those under the single configurations, and 29.3% for Swida alba, showing there was a good water-saving potential for complex systems.
5, The transpiration water consumptions per unit area of leaf for four species tested in sunny days were largest under different weather conditions of the growing season. Those were 3.00 kg.m-2.d-1、5.27 kg.m-2.d-1、1.86 kg.m-2.d-1 and 1.56 kg.m-2.d-1 for Eucommia ulmoides, Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii, Yellow Clove and Swida alba, respectively. Daily transpiration water consumptions for Yellow Clove and Swida alba under the complex configurations less about 50% compared with those under the single configurations.
6, Under single grass configurations, cumulative evapotranspiration of a growing season being 499.6 mm, the average monthly evapotranspiration 71.4 mm, with evapotranspiration concentrated in May, July and August. Under complex configurations, the grass evapotranspiration for trees+shrubs+grass, trees+grass and shrubs+grass concentrated in June, July and October, and air relative humidity and solar radiation were the major factors influencing the grass evapotranspiration. The grass evapotranspirations under the single grass configurations in the whole growing season were much larger than those under the complex configurations by over 10 times. From the point of water-saving effectiveness, the descending order is as follows:trees+shrubs+grass, trees+grass, shrubs+grass and grass.
7, Dynamic changes of soil moisture during the growing season under the different configurations indicated that:the active soil layers of water consumption were mainly the soil layers of 0-20cm below the soil surface, and might extend to the soil layers of 0-40cm below the soil surface varied with seasonal rainfall and growing season for grass. The active soil layers of water consumption were the soil layers 0-100cm below the soil surface for the shrubs+grass configuration, and 0-100cm below the soil surface for the trees+grass configurations but maximum amplitude of water consumption was in the soil layers of 0-40cm below the soil surface. Under the trees+shrubs+grass configurations, the active soil layers of water consumption tended to deepen gradually from 0-40cm to 100-120cm below the soil surface varied with the growing season. Overall, the active soil layers of water consumption were the soil layers of 0-120cm below the soil surface.
8, Average soil moisture at different depths for a variety of configuration mode showed that for the configuration modes of trees+shrubs+grass more water was consumed in the soil of 1 m below the soil surface and the major consumption areas were restricted to the soil of 40-100cm below the soil surface; The soil moisture of 0-100cm below the soil surface was mainly used for the trees+grass configurations and few deep soil moisture was used; The main soil layers of water consumption ranged in 0-100cm below the soil surface for the shrubs+grass configurations and deep layer water tended to be utilized better. The vertical dynamics of soil moisture 0-100cm below the soil surface for four configuration modes showed that the use of soil moisture for each configuration was similar and the soil moisture 0-120cm below the soil surface was mainly utilized. The soil moisture for the grass and shrubs+grass configurations was higher than that for the trees+shrubs+grass and trees+grass configurations and the trees+shrubs+grass configuration mode has the best stability of the soil moisture content.
9, The seasonal changes of soil moisture for different configuration modes showed that:the amplitude of grass soil moisture during the growing season was the largest, followed by that for the trees+grass configuration mode, and the soil moisture for shrubs+grass and trees+shrubs+grass configuration modes were relatively stable. The soil moisture for the trees+grass was always better than that for shrubs+grass and trees+shrubs+grass configuration modes. The soil moisture under different type vegetation showed a similar seasonal dynamic change. Of the four vegetation types, the soil moisture content ofgrass was the highest and that for trees+shrubs+grass configuration the lowest. The soil moisture content for the shrubs+grass configuration was higher than that for the trees+shrubs+grass configuration and that for the trees+grass was only lower than that for the grass. The utilization of deep soil water 100 cm below the soil surface was in the order of trees+shrubs+grass> shrubs+grass> trees+grass. In the year with average precipitation, vegetation evapotranspiration was in sequence order:shrubs+grass> trees+grass> grass> trees+shrubs+grass.
10, The monthly evapotranspirations of reference crops in the experimental area in 2004 were calculated, using the Penman integrated method with modified atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the evapotranspiration of reference crops changed dramatically from May to August within one year, increased first and then decreased, and reached to the maximum in July. The monthly irrigation management models for the different plant configurations were established based on the crop coefficient of different configurations calculated in combination with factors such as precipitation and irrigation efficiency. After validation and preliminary application, theoretical irrigation amount derived from the models could reflect the actual irrigation water and the monthly irrigation management models were operational and scientific.
本文针对城市绿地节水问题,着眼于城市绿地乔灌草混合栽植所具备的复合特征,在普遍调查的基础上,选定了乔木+灌木+草坪、乔木+草坪、灌木+草坪和草坪共4种绿地植物的主要配置模式为研究对象,应用农林复合系统水分生态特征研究方法、Li-1600稳态气孔计、TDR(时域反射)土壤水分测定仪、自动气象站和彭曼(Penman)公式等研究方法和测定手段,通过生长季内连续的动态监测,对北京地区气候条件下城市绿地乔灌草复合系统的蒸腾耗水和土壤水分进行了综合研究。初步摸清了各配置模式下的蒸腾耗水特性和土壤水分动态,并通过模拟研究建立了城市绿地优化灌溉模型。旨在为城市绿地复合系统的配置模式、树种选择和科学灌溉提供理论依据。主要结论如下：
(1)城市绿地调查表明,北京常用的城市绿地植物种类有乔木117种,灌木77种,草本315种,藤本17种。乔灌草结构类型、乔草结构类型和乔木结构类型是北京城市绿地的主要配置类型。
(2)在生长季阴天或晴天条件下,单种配置下的灌木黄丁香蒸腾速率的日变化呈较明显的单峰型,红瑞木呈不太明显的单峰型,二者的蒸腾速率与扩散阻力和光量子密度显著相关。复合配置下,两树种的蒸腾速率日变化曲线仅略有变化,蒸腾速率与相对湿度和扩散阻力显著相关。同种条件下,参试灌木复合配置与单种配置相比,蒸腾速率降低30%-40%。
(3)在生长季阴天或晴天条件下,杜仲和紫叶李蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线。杜仲的蒸腾速率与扩散阻力、光量子密度和叶温关系显著,紫叶李的蒸腾速率与光量子密度和扩散阻力显著相关。
(4)各参试树种蒸腾速率的季节变化为：杜仲呈典型的单峰型曲线,紫叶李呈双峰型曲线。单种配置下,黄丁香与红瑞木呈单峰型曲线；复合配置下,黄丁香与红瑞木呈阶梯状下降曲线,且生长季各月的蒸腾速率均有大幅降低,复合种植条件下黄丁香的蒸腾速率比单种条件下平均降低了31.7%,红瑞木则平均降低了29.3%,显示出复合系统良好的节水效益。
(5)4种参试树种生长季不同天气条件下单位叶面积耗水量晴天最大,杜仲、紫叶李、黄丁香和红瑞木分别达到了3.00 kg.m2.d-1、5.27 kg.m-2.d-1、1.86kg.m-2.d-1和1.56 kg.m-2.d-1,而阴天差异不大。复合配置下的灌木黄丁香和红瑞木比单种配置下的日蒸腾耗水约减少50%。
(6)单一种植的草坪一个生长季内累积蒸散量为499.6mm,平均每月蒸散量为71.4mm,蒸散量主要集中在5月、7月和8月3个月份。乔灌草、乔草和灌草三种复合配置模式下的草坪蒸散量主要集中在6月、7月和10月3个月份,空气相对湿度和太阳辐射强度是主要影响因子。单一草坪在全生长季的蒸散耗水量远大于各种复合配置模式下的的草坪,耗水量相差10倍以上。从节水效益上衡量,各种配置模式下草坪蒸散量的排序为：乔灌草配置模式>乔草配置模式>灌草配置模式>草坪模式。
(7)生长季内各种配置模式下土壤水分动态变化表明：草坪土壤水分的耗水活跃层主要保持在0～20cm以上的土层范围内,随季节降水量和生长旺盛期可加深至40cm范围内。灌草配置模式下土壤水分在0～100cm土层范围内整体处于消耗状态,显示灌木+草坪以100cm以内土层水分为主要消耗层次。乔草配置模式下在0～1OOcm范围内土壤水分消耗均比较活跃,其中0～40cm土层水分变幅最大,为整个生长季节的主要持续耗水层。乔灌草配置模式下土壤水分随生长季节的推移耗水活跃层从0-40cm逐渐加深至1000～120cm,0～120cm内土层整体为植被耗水活跃层。
(8)各种配置模式下不同深度平均土壤含水量变化表明,乔灌草配置模式在lm土层内消耗的水分较多,尤其在40～100cm是土壤水分的主要消耗区；乔草配置模式主要利用0～100cm土层的土壤水分,对深层的土壤水分利用极少；灌草配置模式水分利用层在0～100cm范围内,但对深层水分有利用较好的趋势。四种配置模式0-100cm土壤含水量垂直动态变化表明：各配置模式对土壤水分的利用规律基本相似,主要利用的是120cm以上深度的土壤水分。草坪和灌草配置的0～100cm内的土壤含水量优于乔灌草和乔草配置模式。乔灌草配置模式具有最好的土壤水分含量稳定性。
(9)不同配置模式下土壤水分的季节变化表明：草坪生长季内土壤水分变幅最大,乔草配置模式次之,而灌草模式和乔灌草模式相对比较稳定。乔草配置模式的土壤含水量始终优于灌草和乔灌草模式。不同植被覆盖下土壤水分含量表现出相似的季节性动态变化规律,但由于植被覆被不同,草坪的土壤含水量最高,乔灌草配置模式的土壤水分含量在4个植被类型中最低,灌草配置模式的土壤含水量比乔灌草模式略高,乔草配置模式的土壤含水量仅次于草坪。对100cm以下深层土壤水分的利用乔灌草模式>灌草模式>乔草模式。在平水年,植被蒸散量的大小顺序为灌草配置模式>乔草配置>草坪>乔灌草配置。
(10)本模拟研究采用气压修正的彭曼(Penman)综合法计算了实验区2004年逐月参考作物蒸散量,结果表明一年内5-8月内参考作物蒸散量的变化较为剧烈,呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,最大值出现在7月。在此基础上计算不同配置的作物系数,结合降雨和灌溉效率等因子,建立了不同配置模式下的月灌溉管理模型。经验证和初步应用证明,模型推导的理论灌溉量较能反映实际的灌溉用水量,具有较好的可操作性和科学性。
Urban green space system, as a main urban ecosystem component, plays a very important role in improving the urban environment, regulating urban climate, beautifying the urban landscape, increasing the urban space, taking precautions against earthquakes and reducing disaster. Conflicts between the consumption of water in green space and the comprehensive utilization of urban water resources are exacerbated due to the lack of the basic research in theory and key technology of water saving of urban green space, the low utilization rate of irrigation water, the serious and widespread waste of water, and the case is especially true in the arid and semi-arid regions of China where the water resources are generally scarce.
Aimed at solving the water saving problem of urban green space, a comprehensive study on the evapotranspiration water consumption and soil moisture in the complex system of tree, shrub and grass in urban area was conducted, with four main plant configuration modes of trees+shrubs+grass, trees+grass, shrubs+grass and grass as the research objects according to their compound characteristics, using research methods (Continuous Dynamic Monitoring in Growing Season, Penman Formula, etc.) and instruments (Li-1600 Steady State Porometer, TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry), Soil Moisture Meter, Automatic Weather Stations) for water ecological characteristics of agroforestry systems. The water consumption characteristics and soil moisture dynamics for the four plant configuration modes were determined and urban green space irrigation model by simulation based on water consumption characteristics of the urban green space were established and optimized. It will provide a theoretical basis for the configuration mode, species selection and scientific irrigation for the urban green space complex system. The main conclusions are as follows:
1, Investigation on types of urban green space showed that, the most common used plants were trees (117 species), bushes (77 species), herbaceous plants (315 species), vines (17 species). The major community-structures of plants were trees-bushes-herbs, trees-bushes, and trees only.
2, Under single shrub configurations, diurnal changes for the transpiration rate of Yellow Clove showed an obvious single peak, while transpiration rate of Swida alba showed a less clear pattern of single peak and obvious pattern of double peaks, respectively in cloudy and sunny days in the growing season. The transpiration rate was significantly correlated with diffusion resistance and photon density. Under complex configurations, there is a slight variation in the curves for the transpiration rates of two species and the transpiration rates were significantly correlated with relative humidity and the diffusion resistance. Under the same conditions, the transpiration rates of the complex shrub configuration were lower 30% to 40% than those for the single configuration of shrub species.
3, Diurnal changes for the transpiration rates of Eucommia ulmoides and Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii showed a single peak, respectively in cloudy and sunny days in the growing season. The transpiration rates of Eucommia ulmoides were significantly correlated with the diffusion resistance, photon density and leaf temperature, and that of Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii with photon density and diffusion resistance.
4, Sseasonal changes of the transpiration rate for the species tested showed that for Eucommia ulmoides a single-peak curve and Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii a bimodal curve. Under the single shrub configurations, Yellow Clove and Swida alba were basically consistent, showing a single-peak curve. Under the combined configurations, Yellow Clove and Swida alba showed a ladder-like decline, the transpiration rates for each month of the growing season decreased significantly, the transpiration rates for Yellow Clove under the complex shrub configurations dropped by an average of 31.7% compared with those under the single configurations, and 29.3% for Swida alba, showing there was a good water-saving potential for complex systems.
5, The transpiration water consumptions per unit area of leaf for four species tested in sunny days were largest under different weather conditions of the growing season. Those were 3.00 kg.m-2.d-1、5.27 kg.m-2.d-1、1.86 kg.m-2.d-1 and 1.56 kg.m-2.d-1 for Eucommia ulmoides, Prunus ceraifera cv. Pissardii, Yellow Clove and Swida alba, respectively. Daily transpiration water consumptions for Yellow Clove and Swida alba under the complex configurations less about 50% compared with those under the single configurations.
6, Under single grass configurations, cumulative evapotranspiration of a growing season being 499.6 mm, the average monthly evapotranspiration 71.4 mm, with evapotranspiration concentrated in May, July and August. Under complex configurations, the grass evapotranspiration for trees+shrubs+grass, trees+grass and shrubs+grass concentrated in June, July and October, and air relative humidity and solar radiation were the major factors influencing the grass evapotranspiration. The grass evapotranspirations under the single grass configurations in the whole growing season were much larger than those under the complex configurations by over 10 times. From the point of water-saving effectiveness, the descending order is as follows:trees+shrubs+grass, trees+grass, shrubs+grass and grass.
7, Dynamic changes of soil moisture during the growing season under the different configurations indicated that:the active soil layers of water consumption were mainly the soil layers of 0-20cm below the soil surface, and might extend to the soil layers of 0-40cm below the soil surface varied with seasonal rainfall and growing season for grass. The active soil layers of water consumption were the soil layers 0-100cm below the soil surface for the shrubs+grass configuration, and 0-100cm below the soil surface for the trees+grass configurations but maximum amplitude of water consumption was in the soil layers of 0-40cm below the soil surface. Under the trees+shrubs+grass configurations, the active soil layers of water consumption tended to deepen gradually from 0-40cm to 100-120cm below the soil surface varied with the growing season. Overall, the active soil layers of water consumption were the soil layers of 0-120cm below the soil surface.
8, Average soil moisture at different depths for a variety of configuration mode showed that for the configuration modes of trees+shrubs+grass more water was consumed in the soil of 1 m below the soil surface and the major consumption areas were restricted to the soil of 40-100cm below the soil surface; The soil moisture of 0-100cm below the soil surface was mainly used for the trees+grass configurations and few deep soil moisture was used; The main soil layers of water consumption ranged in 0-100cm below the soil surface for the shrubs+grass configurations and deep layer water tended to be utilized better. The vertical dynamics of soil moisture 0-100cm below the soil surface for four configuration modes showed that the use of soil moisture for each configuration was similar and the soil moisture 0-120cm below the soil surface was mainly utilized. The soil moisture for the grass and shrubs+grass configurations was higher than that for the trees+shrubs+grass and trees+grass configurations and the trees+shrubs+grass configuration mode has the best stability of the soil moisture content.
9, The seasonal changes of soil moisture for different configuration modes showed that:the amplitude of grass soil moisture during the growing season was the largest, followed by that for the trees+grass configuration mode, and the soil moisture for shrubs+grass and trees+shrubs+grass configuration modes were relatively stable. The soil moisture for the trees+grass was always better than that for shrubs+grass and trees+shrubs+grass configuration modes. The soil moisture under different type vegetation showed a similar seasonal dynamic change. Of the four vegetation types, the soil moisture content ofgrass was the highest and that for trees+shrubs+grass configuration the lowest. The soil moisture content for the shrubs+grass configuration was higher than that for the trees+shrubs+grass configuration and that for the trees+grass was only lower than that for the grass. The utilization of deep soil water 100 cm below the soil surface was in the order of trees+shrubs+grass> shrubs+grass> trees+grass. In the year with average precipitation, vegetation evapotranspiration was in sequence order:shrubs+grass> trees+grass> grass> trees+shrubs+grass.
10, The monthly evapotranspirations of reference crops in the experimental area in 2004 were calculated, using the Penman integrated method with modified atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the evapotranspiration of reference crops changed dramatically from May to August within one year, increased first and then decreased, and reached to the maximum in July. The monthly irrigation management models for the different plant configurations were established based on the crop coefficient of different configurations calculated in combination with factors such as precipitation and irrigation efficiency. After validation and preliminary application, theoretical irrigation amount derived from the models could reflect the actual irrigation water and the monthly irrigation management models were operational and scientific.
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