不同种类冰的厚度计算原理和修正
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摘要
由冰冻引起的冰坝、冰塞及冰凌现象，不仅影响水利设施和水上交通运输的正常营运，而且严重的冰凌决堤往往威胁河流两岸人民的生命财产安全。另外近年来的温室效应引起的全球气温升高，可能导致极地冰雪的大面积融化，造成全球性的水文气象灾害。因此对冰的研究越来越引起人们的关注，对冰的研究既有工程科学问题，也有水文水资源、水文气候等自然科学问题，厚度是其中基础的参数之一。本文的主要工作就是对冰厚的测量和计算进行研究。
本文首先介绍冻冰度日法的基本原理，为后面在不同情况下应用冻冰度日法计算冰厚打下基础，然后介绍了冰厚测量的新设备—接触式磁致位移冰厚测量设备，通过对设备进行实验室和野外测试，得到该设备的精度可以满足高精度计算的需求。经过理论和测量设备的两方面准备，进而可以将冻冰度日法逐步深入地应用到实际情况之中，第一步将冻冰度日法通过修正应用于同冻冰度日法的理想条件最近似的低温实验室静水条件下冰的生长过程和南极湖冰生长过程之中，得到这两种情况下的冻冰度日法冰厚计算公式；第二步将冻冰度日法应用于海水结冰的情况，引入海冰盐度海冰生长的影响，得到符合南极海冰生长的修正的冻冰度日法冰厚计算式；然后进一步将冻冰度日法应用于水体中含有污染物硝基苯时冰的生长过程，通过引入水体中硝基苯浓度影响因子对冻冰度日法公式进行修正，得到这种情况下的冻冰度日法冰厚计算公式；最后将冻冰度日法应用于水体流动的情况下冰厚的计算，以松花江冰厚的计算为例，引入流速对冰生长的影响，得到松花江的冻冰度日法冰厚计算公式，通过对不同种类冰情况下冻冰度日法公式修正，最终得到了计算不同种类冰厚度的冻冰度日法冰厚计算通式。
Ice jam caused by frost not only affects normal operation of water conservancy buildingsand water transportation, but serious bank breach also threats life and property safety ofpeople who living along the rivers. In addition, globe warming caused by greenhouse effectsrecent years may cause ice and snow in polar region thawing, which will inflict globe marinedisasters. So ice studying is paid more attention, ice studying including engineering science,natural science like hydrographic water resources and hydrologic, in these studies icethickness is a basic parameter. So the major work of this paper is studying ice thicknessmeasuring and ice thickness calculating.
At the beginning, principle of Degree-Day method is introduces, on which theapplications are based. And then a new ice thickness measuring apparatus-contactingmagnetostrictive displacement ice thickness measuring apparatus is introduced, accordingexperiments carried out in laboratory and wild field, precision of apparatus can satisfied needsdemand of high precision calculating. After theory and apparatus preparations, Degree-Daymethod can be applied in actual conditions. Firstly, the method is applied in ice grow oflaboratory condition and Antarctic where conditions are similar with theory condition and icethickness calculating equations in these conditions can be got; Secondly, the method isapplied in sea ice growing, bring in the influence parameters of sea ice salinity changingcalculating equations in these condition can be got; and then applied the method in icegrowing in water with nitrobenzene, bring in nitrobenzene concentration the ice thicknesscalculating equation in the condition can be got; At last, the method is applied in flowingwater condition, which take Songhuajiang river as an example, influence velocity of flow toice growing is paid attention, then ice thickness calculating equations in this condition can begot. After.analyzing Degree-Day method equations in different ice type, the general form ofDegree-Day method equation can be obtained.
本文首先介绍冻冰度日法的基本原理，为后面在不同情况下应用冻冰度日法计算冰厚打下基础，然后介绍了冰厚测量的新设备—接触式磁致位移冰厚测量设备，通过对设备进行实验室和野外测试，得到该设备的精度可以满足高精度计算的需求。经过理论和测量设备的两方面准备，进而可以将冻冰度日法逐步深入地应用到实际情况之中，第一步将冻冰度日法通过修正应用于同冻冰度日法的理想条件最近似的低温实验室静水条件下冰的生长过程和南极湖冰生长过程之中，得到这两种情况下的冻冰度日法冰厚计算公式；第二步将冻冰度日法应用于海水结冰的情况，引入海冰盐度海冰生长的影响，得到符合南极海冰生长的修正的冻冰度日法冰厚计算式；然后进一步将冻冰度日法应用于水体中含有污染物硝基苯时冰的生长过程，通过引入水体中硝基苯浓度影响因子对冻冰度日法公式进行修正，得到这种情况下的冻冰度日法冰厚计算公式；最后将冻冰度日法应用于水体流动的情况下冰厚的计算，以松花江冰厚的计算为例，引入流速对冰生长的影响，得到松花江的冻冰度日法冰厚计算公式，通过对不同种类冰情况下冻冰度日法公式修正，最终得到了计算不同种类冰厚度的冻冰度日法冰厚计算通式。
Ice jam caused by frost not only affects normal operation of water conservancy buildingsand water transportation, but serious bank breach also threats life and property safety ofpeople who living along the rivers. In addition, globe warming caused by greenhouse effectsrecent years may cause ice and snow in polar region thawing, which will inflict globe marinedisasters. So ice studying is paid more attention, ice studying including engineering science,natural science like hydrographic water resources and hydrologic, in these studies icethickness is a basic parameter. So the major work of this paper is studying ice thicknessmeasuring and ice thickness calculating.
At the beginning, principle of Degree-Day method is introduces, on which theapplications are based. And then a new ice thickness measuring apparatus-contactingmagnetostrictive displacement ice thickness measuring apparatus is introduced, accordingexperiments carried out in laboratory and wild field, precision of apparatus can satisfied needsdemand of high precision calculating. After theory and apparatus preparations, Degree-Daymethod can be applied in actual conditions. Firstly, the method is applied in ice grow oflaboratory condition and Antarctic where conditions are similar with theory condition and icethickness calculating equations in these conditions can be got; Secondly, the method isapplied in sea ice growing, bring in the influence parameters of sea ice salinity changingcalculating equations in these condition can be got; and then applied the method in icegrowing in water with nitrobenzene, bring in nitrobenzene concentration the ice thicknesscalculating equation in the condition can be got; At last, the method is applied in flowingwater condition, which take Songhuajiang river as an example, influence velocity of flow toice growing is paid attention, then ice thickness calculating equations in this condition can begot. After.analyzing Degree-Day method equations in different ice type, the general form ofDegree-Day method equation can be obtained.
引文
[1] 张家宝．气候系统究竟包括哪“五圈”．新疆气象．2003，(4)：6-8．
[2] 赵炜．历史上的黄河凌汛灾害及原因．中国水利．2007，(3)：43-46．
[3] 史庆增，苏彪，刘波．海冰对海上油气工程的破坏及减灾措施．石油工程建设．2005，31(4)：19-23．
[4] 沈永平，梁红．全球冰川消融加剧使人类环境面临威胁．冰川冻土．2001，23(2)：208-211．
[5] 郭培清．全球气候视野中的南极洲．海洋世界．2007，(2)：18-71．
[6] 李志军，韩明，秦建敏，等．冰厚变化的现场监测现状和研究进展．水科学进展．2005，16(5)：753-757．
[7] Sun Bo, Deng Xinsheng, Kang Jiancheng, et al. Measurements of sea ice thickness and its subice morphology analysis using ice-penetration radar in the Arctic Ocean. Chinese Journal of Polar Science. 2003,14(1):1-11.
[8] 王野，邵秘华，谭靖．海冰厚度测量方法及仪器的研究．大连海事大学学报．2006，32(4)：113-120．
[9] Birch R, Melling H, Vaudrey K, et al. Ice-profiling sonar. Sea Technology. 2000,41(8):48-54.
[10] 崔华义．利用非线性声学测量冰厚的方法研究．海洋技术．2005，24(3)：58-60．
[11] 秦建敏，沈冰．基于冰和水导电特性的新型冰层厚度传感器．传感器技术．2004，23(9)：55-56．
[12] 卢鹏，李志军，董西路，等．基于遥感影像的北极海冰厚度和密集度分析方法．极地研究．2004，16(4)：317-323．
[13] 丁德文．工程海冰学概论．北京：海洋出版社，1999．
[14] Ma XY, Yoshihiro F.A numerical model of the river freezing process and its application to the Lena River. Hydrological Processes. 2002,16:2131-2040.
[15] 秦建敏，郗玉珠，韩明，等．基压差式水位传感器的冰层厚度自动监测系统．水文．2006，26(2)：68-70．
[16] 李志军，张占海，李广伟，等．接触式自动测量冰、雪厚度变化过程的方法．中国，X[P]，ZL03111668．2005．
[17] 王昕，程言峰，雷瑞波，等．磁致位移传感器测量冰厚的原理及应用．第十一届全国水利量测技术综合学术研讨会，郑州，2006：9-12．
[18] Hristoforou E. Magnetostrictive delay lines and their applications. Sensors and Actuators A. 1997,59:183-191.
[19] 李庆山，潘日敏，戴曙光，等．磁致伸缩位移传感器位移测量研究与实现．仪器仪表学报．2005，26(8)：50-56．
[20] 倪汉根，徐福生，金生．水库冰盖厚度及弧门自开启原因的研究．水利学报．1998，(12)：1-6．
[21] Mehnen L, Svec P, Pfutzner H, et al. Displacement sensor based on an amorphous bilayer including a magnetostrictive component, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2003,254-255:627-629.
[22] 肖建民，金龙海，谢永刚，等．寒区水库冰盖形成与消融机理分析．水利学报．2004，(6)：80-85．
[23] Shen Hongtao, P D Yapa. A unified degree-day method for river ice cover thickness simulation. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1985,12:54-62.
[24] 吴辉碇，杨国金，张方俭，等．渤海海冰设计作业条件．北京：海洋出版社，2001．
[25] Ono N. Thermal properties of sea ice. Low Temperature Science, 1968,26:329-349.
[26] Yen YC, Cheng KC, Fukusako S. Review of intrinsic thermal physical properties of snow, ice, sea ice, and frost. Proceedings 3rd International Symposium Cold Regions Heat Transfer, Fairbanks, AK, 1991:187-218.
[27] Maykut G A. The surface heat and mass balance. The geophysics of sea ice Untersteiner N, Dordrecht, 1986:395-463.
[28] 顾卫，顾松刚，史培军，等．海冰厚度的时间变化特征与海冰再生周期研究．资源科学．2003，25(3)：24-32．
[29] 程守煜，冀鸿兰．冰凌预报模糊优选神经网络BP方法．水利学报．2004，(6)：114-118．
[30] 贾兵，刘志辉，毛华生．新疆天山北坡四棵树河冰洪分析．水科学进展．2005，16(1)：121-126．
[31] 戴艳文，周绍飞，陈思宇．嫩江上游冰坝预报初探．黑龙江水专学报．2005，32(2)：41-43．
[32] 张学成，可素娟，潘启民，等．黄河冰盖厚度演变数学模型．冰川冻土．2002，24(2)：203-205．
[33] 张仁铎．空间变异理论及应用．北京：科学出版社，2005：19-20．
[34] 蔡福，于贵瑞，祝青林，等．气象要素空间化方法精度的比较研究．资源科学．2005，27(5)：173-179
[35] 李新，程国栋，卢玲．空间内插方法比较．地球科学进展．2000，15(3)：260-265．
[36] Dominique C, Pascal M. Spatial interpolation of air temperature according to atmospheric circulation patterns in southeast France. International Journal of Climatology. 1999,19:365-378.
[2] 赵炜．历史上的黄河凌汛灾害及原因．中国水利．2007，(3)：43-46．
[3] 史庆增，苏彪，刘波．海冰对海上油气工程的破坏及减灾措施．石油工程建设．2005，31(4)：19-23．
[4] 沈永平，梁红．全球冰川消融加剧使人类环境面临威胁．冰川冻土．2001，23(2)：208-211．
[5] 郭培清．全球气候视野中的南极洲．海洋世界．2007，(2)：18-71．
[6] 李志军，韩明，秦建敏，等．冰厚变化的现场监测现状和研究进展．水科学进展．2005，16(5)：753-757．
[7] Sun Bo, Deng Xinsheng, Kang Jiancheng, et al. Measurements of sea ice thickness and its subice morphology analysis using ice-penetration radar in the Arctic Ocean. Chinese Journal of Polar Science. 2003,14(1):1-11.
[8] 王野，邵秘华，谭靖．海冰厚度测量方法及仪器的研究．大连海事大学学报．2006，32(4)：113-120．
[9] Birch R, Melling H, Vaudrey K, et al. Ice-profiling sonar. Sea Technology. 2000,41(8):48-54.
[10] 崔华义．利用非线性声学测量冰厚的方法研究．海洋技术．2005，24(3)：58-60．
[11] 秦建敏，沈冰．基于冰和水导电特性的新型冰层厚度传感器．传感器技术．2004，23(9)：55-56．
[12] 卢鹏，李志军，董西路，等．基于遥感影像的北极海冰厚度和密集度分析方法．极地研究．2004，16(4)：317-323．
[13] 丁德文．工程海冰学概论．北京：海洋出版社，1999．
[14] Ma XY, Yoshihiro F.A numerical model of the river freezing process and its application to the Lena River. Hydrological Processes. 2002,16:2131-2040.
[15] 秦建敏，郗玉珠，韩明，等．基压差式水位传感器的冰层厚度自动监测系统．水文．2006，26(2)：68-70．
[16] 李志军，张占海，李广伟，等．接触式自动测量冰、雪厚度变化过程的方法．中国，X[P]，ZL03111668．2005．
[17] 王昕，程言峰，雷瑞波，等．磁致位移传感器测量冰厚的原理及应用．第十一届全国水利量测技术综合学术研讨会，郑州，2006：9-12．
[18] Hristoforou E. Magnetostrictive delay lines and their applications. Sensors and Actuators A. 1997,59:183-191.
[19] 李庆山，潘日敏，戴曙光，等．磁致伸缩位移传感器位移测量研究与实现．仪器仪表学报．2005，26(8)：50-56．
[20] 倪汉根，徐福生，金生．水库冰盖厚度及弧门自开启原因的研究．水利学报．1998，(12)：1-6．
[21] Mehnen L, Svec P, Pfutzner H, et al. Displacement sensor based on an amorphous bilayer including a magnetostrictive component, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2003,254-255:627-629.
[22] 肖建民，金龙海，谢永刚，等．寒区水库冰盖形成与消融机理分析．水利学报．2004，(6)：80-85．
[23] Shen Hongtao, P D Yapa. A unified degree-day method for river ice cover thickness simulation. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1985,12:54-62.
[24] 吴辉碇，杨国金，张方俭，等．渤海海冰设计作业条件．北京：海洋出版社，2001．
[25] Ono N. Thermal properties of sea ice. Low Temperature Science, 1968,26:329-349.
[26] Yen YC, Cheng KC, Fukusako S. Review of intrinsic thermal physical properties of snow, ice, sea ice, and frost. Proceedings 3rd International Symposium Cold Regions Heat Transfer, Fairbanks, AK, 1991:187-218.
[27] Maykut G A. The surface heat and mass balance. The geophysics of sea ice Untersteiner N, Dordrecht, 1986:395-463.
[28] 顾卫，顾松刚，史培军，等．海冰厚度的时间变化特征与海冰再生周期研究．资源科学．2003，25(3)：24-32．
[29] 程守煜，冀鸿兰．冰凌预报模糊优选神经网络BP方法．水利学报．2004，(6)：114-118．
[30] 贾兵，刘志辉，毛华生．新疆天山北坡四棵树河冰洪分析．水科学进展．2005，16(1)：121-126．
[31] 戴艳文，周绍飞，陈思宇．嫩江上游冰坝预报初探．黑龙江水专学报．2005，32(2)：41-43．
[32] 张学成，可素娟，潘启民，等．黄河冰盖厚度演变数学模型．冰川冻土．2002，24(2)：203-205．
[33] 张仁铎．空间变异理论及应用．北京：科学出版社，2005：19-20．
[34] 蔡福，于贵瑞，祝青林，等．气象要素空间化方法精度的比较研究．资源科学．2005，27(5)：173-179
[35] 李新，程国栋，卢玲．空间内插方法比较．地球科学进展．2000，15(3)：260-265．
[36] Dominique C, Pascal M. Spatial interpolation of air temperature according to atmospheric circulation patterns in southeast France. International Journal of Climatology. 1999,19:365-378.