我国资源型城市转型协调研究
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摘要
经济发展与资源禀赋有着密切联系，资源是决定区域产业结构的基本要素。资源的类型、数量、质量及时空组合特征决定了一定时期的区域发展方向。资源型城市依靠其投入要素优势，曾获得飞速的发展。然而在全球强调科学发展的今天，各种矛盾使资源型城市的竞争力急剧下降，在新一轮世界经济格局变迁和我国发展战略调整的过程中，大多数资源型城市开始主动或被动地实施转型。但是由于长期的路径依赖，资源型城市在转型中遇到了困境。到底是经济落后还是体制障碍、是缺乏资金还是补偿不充分成为理论探讨的焦点。目前的理论分析主要集中对现有实践探索的总结。
本文通过文献阅读和理论分析，归纳资源型城市的发展特征、发展趋势、发展障碍，比较中外同类城市，探索资源型城市经济转型的有效策略。分别应用经济增长理论、竞争力理论和公共管理理论分析我国资源型城市转型的本质、外部压力、内部动力和各主体之间利益冲突的协调。研究中应用到了计量经济、因子分析和多维博弈等分析工具。论文从我国资源型城市转型的本质出发，首先通过资源型城市与非资源型城市的竞争力比较总结了我国资源型城市的外部压力，其次，将资源型城市视为开放的系统，构建可量化指标，用计量模型分析我国资源型城市中的内部动力，再次，分析我国资源型城市转型过程中各主体的利益矛盾，提出我国资源型城市转型中起主导作用的行为力量，从而构建资源型城市转型的政策框架，探索资源型城市转型的加速机制。
全文共分为七章，简介如下：第一章，回顾国内外资源型城市转型研究提出本文的研究假说。第二章，以资源型城市的基本界定为基础提出论文研究对象，指出以“不可再生的自然资源”为主要资源的城市在于对资源产业高度依赖带来的发展瓶颈，从而提出资源型城市必须实现对以资源输入决定的产业进行结构调整。从国内外实践来看，虽然转型模式没有固定的标准，但一般而言，根据主导产业演进路径，产业空间扩展方式，资源型城市转型主要采取延伸产业链与发展替代产业的两种转型方式。第三章，首先指出资源型城市转型需要实现与内部结构因素协调和与外部环境协调。论文承认在各国经济发展初期自然资源对经济增长是存在正向的关系，也指出资源型城市对自然资源的依赖会形成不利于经济可持续发展的自我障碍。通过分析替代资源的基本转型途径，资源的替代来自于技术的引入。提出我国资源型城市外部压力、内部动力和行为协调共同构成的协调转型机制框架。本章借助倪鹏飞(2008)的竞争力指数比较分析了我国资源型城市转型的外部压力。第四章，从资源型城市产业转型动力角度，考察技术进步、市场化程度、对外开放程度、城市化水平、教育水平、基础设施水平等因素对产业转型的影响。通过对31个典型资源型城市的实证分析提出了我国资源型城市转型的内部动力。第五章，分析了资源型城市转型中的各行为主体及其利益目标，通过对困境突破的分析提出政府的主力地位和制度创新的路径。结论的政策含义在于，对成长期的资源型城市，政府应增大产业维持的成本，增加产业转移的收益。对成熟期的资源型城市，因为对资源的依赖将无法持续，转型动力足，政府只需构建规范的市场机制、做好转型的社会保障等工作以积极配合。对衰退期的资源型城市，地方政府的资金也有限，首要任务是环境治理。第六章，以攀枝花为例，对攀枝花的转型压力和动力进行分析，并就政府协调的改进方向提出了政策建议。第七章，为全文总结和研究展望。
Resource endowment and economic development is closely related to resources is to determine the basic elements of the regional industrial structure. Resource type, quantity, quality and characteristics of space-time combination of a certain period of time determine the direction of regional development. Resource-based cities to rely on elements of its investment advantages have access to rapid development. However, stressed that the scientific development in the world today, a variety of resource-based conflicts so that the competitiveness of cities are falling sharply, and in the new round of changes in the world economy and China's development strategy adjustment process, the majority of resource-based cities began to implement active or passive transition. However, due to long-term path-dependent, resource-based cities in the transition of the difficulties encountered. Economic backwardness in the end is still institutional barriers, lack of funding is still inadequate compensation has become the focus of theories. Theoretical Analysis of the current main focus on practice and exploration of existing summary.
In this paper, theoretical analysis of literature to read and summarize the development of resource-based characteristics of the city, trends, obstacles to development, a similar comparison of Chinese and foreign cities, explore the resource-based cities with economies in transition, an effective strategy. Growth, respectively, the application of the theoretical analysis of the competitiveness of resource-based nature of urban transformation, power and difficulties, and measures adopted analysis, factor analysis and multi-dimensional evaluation and decision-making game. From China's resource-based nature of the transition from city to city as a resource-based open system, revealed in China's resource-based cities of the resource-based enterprises in the transition of power and the plight of actors from the microscopic point of view the main city of the internal and external the main conflicts of interest, the transformation of China's resource-based cities play a leading role in the conduct of forces, build a resource-based policy framework for urban transformation, to explore resource-based mechanisms to accelerate the transformation of the city.
ChapterⅠ, recalled both at home and abroad resources study of cities in transition research hypothesis of this article. ChapterⅡin order to resource-based cities of the thesis put forward the basic definition of the object of study, pointing out that the "non-renewable natural resources" as the main resources of the city is highly dependent on resource industries, has led to alienation of urban functions, the population growth rate slowed down. It pointed out that the resource-based cities lies in the realization of the main resources for the importation of a decision by the industrial restructuring. Practice from both at home and abroad, although there is no fixed mode of the standard, but in general, according to the evolution of the path leading industries, industrial space for the expansion of the way, resource-based cities in transition to take an extension of industry chain mainly with the development of alternative industries in the way of two transformations. ChapterⅢ, first of all define the concept of natural resources, recognition of the natural resources on economic growth is the existence of positive relations, but also pointed out that the resource-based cities will rely on natural resources is not conducive to the formation of self-sustainable economic development barriers, that is, "Resource curse. " Of resources through the analysis of alternative resource-based cities of the basic approach to the transition of resources from alternative technologies introduced, and analytical resources of our city's success in transition need internal motivation and external pressure with the help of the joint technical support role. ChapterⅣ, with evaluation of the competitiveness of enterprises and urban competitiveness assessment of the theoretical methods, resource-based cities on the hardship of transition, as reflected in technology, capital, management and human resources to replace the degree of resources and institutional capacity-driven environment, the strength of the 8 ( industrial strength, technology in education, financial strength, the Government has the strength, the degree of openness, infrastructure and environmental conditions) to a comprehensive comparison of different resource-based cities in transition difficulties. The results of a comparative analysis of the plight of the transition to the direction to improvement. ChapterⅤ, an analysis of resource-based cities in transition in the interests of various actors and their goals, break through the analysis of the plight of the Government's main position and the path of system innovation. Conclusion is that the policy implications of the long-term resource-based cities, the Government should increase the cost of maintaining the industry to increase the transfer of industry revenue. On the maturity of the resource-based cities, because the resource will not be able to rely on a sustained, adequate power transition, the Government can regulate the market mechanism to build and do a good job in transition, such as social security in order to actively cooperate with the work. Of the recession of the resource-based cities, local government funds are limited, priority is environmental governance. ChapterⅥto Panzhihua for example, to verify the role of policy instruments, through the analysis of the current transformation of Panzhihua policy industrial policy, resource policy, employment policy and IT personnel to evaluate the policy and direction for improvement put forward policy recommendations. ChapterⅦfor the full text of the summary and research prospects.
本文通过文献阅读和理论分析，归纳资源型城市的发展特征、发展趋势、发展障碍，比较中外同类城市，探索资源型城市经济转型的有效策略。分别应用经济增长理论、竞争力理论和公共管理理论分析我国资源型城市转型的本质、外部压力、内部动力和各主体之间利益冲突的协调。研究中应用到了计量经济、因子分析和多维博弈等分析工具。论文从我国资源型城市转型的本质出发，首先通过资源型城市与非资源型城市的竞争力比较总结了我国资源型城市的外部压力，其次，将资源型城市视为开放的系统，构建可量化指标，用计量模型分析我国资源型城市中的内部动力，再次，分析我国资源型城市转型过程中各主体的利益矛盾，提出我国资源型城市转型中起主导作用的行为力量，从而构建资源型城市转型的政策框架，探索资源型城市转型的加速机制。
全文共分为七章，简介如下：第一章，回顾国内外资源型城市转型研究提出本文的研究假说。第二章，以资源型城市的基本界定为基础提出论文研究对象，指出以“不可再生的自然资源”为主要资源的城市在于对资源产业高度依赖带来的发展瓶颈，从而提出资源型城市必须实现对以资源输入决定的产业进行结构调整。从国内外实践来看，虽然转型模式没有固定的标准，但一般而言，根据主导产业演进路径，产业空间扩展方式，资源型城市转型主要采取延伸产业链与发展替代产业的两种转型方式。第三章，首先指出资源型城市转型需要实现与内部结构因素协调和与外部环境协调。论文承认在各国经济发展初期自然资源对经济增长是存在正向的关系，也指出资源型城市对自然资源的依赖会形成不利于经济可持续发展的自我障碍。通过分析替代资源的基本转型途径，资源的替代来自于技术的引入。提出我国资源型城市外部压力、内部动力和行为协调共同构成的协调转型机制框架。本章借助倪鹏飞(2008)的竞争力指数比较分析了我国资源型城市转型的外部压力。第四章，从资源型城市产业转型动力角度，考察技术进步、市场化程度、对外开放程度、城市化水平、教育水平、基础设施水平等因素对产业转型的影响。通过对31个典型资源型城市的实证分析提出了我国资源型城市转型的内部动力。第五章，分析了资源型城市转型中的各行为主体及其利益目标，通过对困境突破的分析提出政府的主力地位和制度创新的路径。结论的政策含义在于，对成长期的资源型城市，政府应增大产业维持的成本，增加产业转移的收益。对成熟期的资源型城市，因为对资源的依赖将无法持续，转型动力足，政府只需构建规范的市场机制、做好转型的社会保障等工作以积极配合。对衰退期的资源型城市，地方政府的资金也有限，首要任务是环境治理。第六章，以攀枝花为例，对攀枝花的转型压力和动力进行分析，并就政府协调的改进方向提出了政策建议。第七章，为全文总结和研究展望。
Resource endowment and economic development is closely related to resources is to determine the basic elements of the regional industrial structure. Resource type, quantity, quality and characteristics of space-time combination of a certain period of time determine the direction of regional development. Resource-based cities to rely on elements of its investment advantages have access to rapid development. However, stressed that the scientific development in the world today, a variety of resource-based conflicts so that the competitiveness of cities are falling sharply, and in the new round of changes in the world economy and China's development strategy adjustment process, the majority of resource-based cities began to implement active or passive transition. However, due to long-term path-dependent, resource-based cities in the transition of the difficulties encountered. Economic backwardness in the end is still institutional barriers, lack of funding is still inadequate compensation has become the focus of theories. Theoretical Analysis of the current main focus on practice and exploration of existing summary.
In this paper, theoretical analysis of literature to read and summarize the development of resource-based characteristics of the city, trends, obstacles to development, a similar comparison of Chinese and foreign cities, explore the resource-based cities with economies in transition, an effective strategy. Growth, respectively, the application of the theoretical analysis of the competitiveness of resource-based nature of urban transformation, power and difficulties, and measures adopted analysis, factor analysis and multi-dimensional evaluation and decision-making game. From China's resource-based nature of the transition from city to city as a resource-based open system, revealed in China's resource-based cities of the resource-based enterprises in the transition of power and the plight of actors from the microscopic point of view the main city of the internal and external the main conflicts of interest, the transformation of China's resource-based cities play a leading role in the conduct of forces, build a resource-based policy framework for urban transformation, to explore resource-based mechanisms to accelerate the transformation of the city.
ChapterⅠ, recalled both at home and abroad resources study of cities in transition research hypothesis of this article. ChapterⅡin order to resource-based cities of the thesis put forward the basic definition of the object of study, pointing out that the "non-renewable natural resources" as the main resources of the city is highly dependent on resource industries, has led to alienation of urban functions, the population growth rate slowed down. It pointed out that the resource-based cities lies in the realization of the main resources for the importation of a decision by the industrial restructuring. Practice from both at home and abroad, although there is no fixed mode of the standard, but in general, according to the evolution of the path leading industries, industrial space for the expansion of the way, resource-based cities in transition to take an extension of industry chain mainly with the development of alternative industries in the way of two transformations. ChapterⅢ, first of all define the concept of natural resources, recognition of the natural resources on economic growth is the existence of positive relations, but also pointed out that the resource-based cities will rely on natural resources is not conducive to the formation of self-sustainable economic development barriers, that is, "Resource curse. " Of resources through the analysis of alternative resource-based cities of the basic approach to the transition of resources from alternative technologies introduced, and analytical resources of our city's success in transition need internal motivation and external pressure with the help of the joint technical support role. ChapterⅣ, with evaluation of the competitiveness of enterprises and urban competitiveness assessment of the theoretical methods, resource-based cities on the hardship of transition, as reflected in technology, capital, management and human resources to replace the degree of resources and institutional capacity-driven environment, the strength of the 8 ( industrial strength, technology in education, financial strength, the Government has the strength, the degree of openness, infrastructure and environmental conditions) to a comprehensive comparison of different resource-based cities in transition difficulties. The results of a comparative analysis of the plight of the transition to the direction to improvement. ChapterⅤ, an analysis of resource-based cities in transition in the interests of various actors and their goals, break through the analysis of the plight of the Government's main position and the path of system innovation. Conclusion is that the policy implications of the long-term resource-based cities, the Government should increase the cost of maintaining the industry to increase the transfer of industry revenue. On the maturity of the resource-based cities, because the resource will not be able to rely on a sustained, adequate power transition, the Government can regulate the market mechanism to build and do a good job in transition, such as social security in order to actively cooperate with the work. Of the recession of the resource-based cities, local government funds are limited, priority is environmental governance. ChapterⅥto Panzhihua for example, to verify the role of policy instruments, through the analysis of the current transformation of Panzhihua policy industrial policy, resource policy, employment policy and IT personnel to evaluate the policy and direction for improvement put forward policy recommendations. ChapterⅦfor the full text of the summary and research prospects.
引文
①刘云刚．中国资源型城市的发展机制及其调控对策研究，东北师范大学博士学位论文，2002年，p18．
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