大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦距系统研究
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摘要
随着红外成像技术的发展，红外变焦距系统被广泛应用于制导、监控、红外前视及目标探测和跟踪等领域。与切换式变焦距系统相比，连续变焦距系统具有在视场转换过程中不丢失目标的优点，能较好的实现大视场搜索目标和小视场分辨目标的功能。近年来国内外在这方面均展开了大量的研究工作，其中增大变倍比、减轻系统重量、降低系统复杂程度一直以来都是红外变焦距系统研究的热点。此外，在某些特殊领域，不仅要求系统具有大变倍比，还要求其长焦焦距较长，使系统能对较远的目标进行观测，这使得系统整体设计难度较大。目前国内外所报道研制的中波红外连续变焦距系统均不同时具备变倍比大和长焦焦距长的特点。基于此，本论文开展了大变倍比长焦距透射式中波红外连续变焦距光学系统的设计与仿真研究。即综合光学材料、元件加工、机械结构、系统装调等各项技术的要求和约束，完成满足实际工程应用的大变倍比长焦距透射式中波红外连续变焦距系统的光学设计和研制；同时为了降低系统复杂程度，开展了折衍混合式大变倍比长焦距中波红外变焦距系统的设计和仿真研究；为保证系统获得较好的成像质量，对折射式变焦系统进行了杂散光分析。
针对大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦距系统，本文主要开展了以下研究工作：
一、红外连续变焦距系统方案研究：研究大变倍比长焦距红外连续变焦光学系统的光学结构形式以及相应的技术方法，重点比较各种结构形式的优缺点和技术的可行性。
二、折射式红外连续变焦系统优化设计与仿真：对国内外红外连续变焦镜头专利、文献资料进行调研；利用光学设计软件进行大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦距的设计和仿真；采用新的非球面表达方程，有效的减少表征非球面所需的有效数字，非球面系数能直接反映各项对系统成像质量的影响，使得对非球面系数进行公差分析成为可能；对系统的元件公差敏感度和系统运动组元升角进行控制，使系统具有较高的预期像质和较好的的工程可实现性；采用独立的温度和距离调焦元件，使系统具有较强的环境适应性。
三、折衍混合式红外连续变焦系统优化设计与仿真：利用衍射光学元件具有任意位相调制和负色散的特性，在中波红外变焦距系统中引入衍射元件（参数与折射式相同），进行大变倍比长焦距折衍混合中波红外变焦距系统的设计与仿真；同时对衍射元件的可加工性进行了评估。
四、折射式红外连续变焦系统杂散光分析：根据系统机械设计和光学设计结果，建立系统杂散光分析模型；在此基础上对系统进行杂光分析，分析系统主要的杂光传输路径；分析结果对改进系统机械设计提供了有益的指导，对进一步提高系统成像质量提供了有效的保证。
最终研究结果表明：论文所设计的大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦系统完全能够满足实际工程应用的需要；折衍混合式变焦系统能同时具有变倍比大、长焦焦距长、系统复杂程度低等特点。
With the development of infrared imaging technology, infrared zoom system hasbeen widely used in guidance, monitoring, infrared forward-looking, target detectionand tracking fields. Compared with switch zoom system, Continuous zoom systemhas the advantage of not missing target in field of view during the switching process,which makes it is easy to realize the function of search target in large field view anddistinguish target in small field view. A lot of research work has been launched in thisfield both at home and abroad. And increasing the zoom ratio, reducing the systemweight and complexity is still the hot spot. In addition, in some special fields, thesystem should not only have a large zoom ratio but also required to have a long focallength, then it can observe target in large distance more easy, which makes it is moredifficult to design the system. At present, the MWIR zoom system reported at homeand abroad does not have the characteristics of large zoom ratio and long focal lengthat telephoto end at the same time. Based on this, the paper carried out the design andsimulation research of large zoom ratio long focal length MWIR continuous zoomoptical system. that is to integrated the requirements of optical materials，opticalcomponents,elements processing, mechanical structure and system alignment. Andwe develop a large zoom ratio of long focal length MWIR zoom system to meet thepractical application. Meanwhile, in order to reduce the complexity of the system, wecarried out the design of hybrid diffractive-refractive MWIR zoom system; then we carried out a stray light analysis of the refractive zoom lens system to further improveits image quality.
For the Research of large zoom ratio long focal length MWIR Zoom OpticalSystem, this paper carried out the following research work:
Firstly, research of infrared continuous zoom system program: research theoptical structure and corresponding techniques of large zoom ratio infrared continuouszoom optical system, analysis the advantages and disadvantages of the variousstructural forms and the feasibility of technology.
Secondly, design and simulation of the refractive infrared continuous zoomoptical system: conduct research of infrared continuous zoom lens patent and paper athome and abroad; use the optical design software to design and simulation the largezoom ratio and long focal length MWIR zoom system; use new asphericfunction,then the significant digit to characterize the aspheric surface will be reducedextremely,Ashperic coefficient can directly reflect its impact on image quality, whichmakes it is possible to tolerance analysis of aspheric coefficient; control thecomponent tolerance sensitivity and the cam angle of moveable group, which ensurethe system can be realized in practice and have a better as-built image quality. Useindependent temperature and distance focusing element, the system can has strongenvironment adaptability.
Thirdly, design and simulation of the hybrid diffractive-refractive infraredcontinuous zoom system: the diffractive optical elements have the characteristics ofarbitrary phase modulation and negative dispersion，we use it in MWIR zoom system,then we conduct the design and simulation the large zoom ratio and long focal lengthhybrid diffractive-refractive MWIR zoom system; At the same time we assess theworkability of diffractive elements;
Fourth, stray light analysis of refractive infrared continuous zoom system:According to the results of mechanical and optical system design, we establish thestray light analysis model; conduct the research of stray light analysis based on thismodel, analysis the main stray light paths, the analysis result provides a useful guide to improve the mechanical system design and an effective guarantee to furtherimprove the image quality.
The final study results show that: the large zoom ratio long focal length MWIRzoom system we designed can satisfy the requirements of practical application,thehybrid diffractive-refractive MWIR zoom system have the characteristics of highzoom ratio, long focal length and simple structure at the same time.
针对大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦距系统，本文主要开展了以下研究工作：
一、红外连续变焦距系统方案研究：研究大变倍比长焦距红外连续变焦光学系统的光学结构形式以及相应的技术方法，重点比较各种结构形式的优缺点和技术的可行性。
二、折射式红外连续变焦系统优化设计与仿真：对国内外红外连续变焦镜头专利、文献资料进行调研；利用光学设计软件进行大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦距的设计和仿真；采用新的非球面表达方程，有效的减少表征非球面所需的有效数字，非球面系数能直接反映各项对系统成像质量的影响，使得对非球面系数进行公差分析成为可能；对系统的元件公差敏感度和系统运动组元升角进行控制，使系统具有较高的预期像质和较好的的工程可实现性；采用独立的温度和距离调焦元件，使系统具有较强的环境适应性。
三、折衍混合式红外连续变焦系统优化设计与仿真：利用衍射光学元件具有任意位相调制和负色散的特性，在中波红外变焦距系统中引入衍射元件（参数与折射式相同），进行大变倍比长焦距折衍混合中波红外变焦距系统的设计与仿真；同时对衍射元件的可加工性进行了评估。
四、折射式红外连续变焦系统杂散光分析：根据系统机械设计和光学设计结果，建立系统杂散光分析模型；在此基础上对系统进行杂光分析，分析系统主要的杂光传输路径；分析结果对改进系统机械设计提供了有益的指导，对进一步提高系统成像质量提供了有效的保证。
最终研究结果表明：论文所设计的大变倍比长焦距中波红外连续变焦系统完全能够满足实际工程应用的需要；折衍混合式变焦系统能同时具有变倍比大、长焦焦距长、系统复杂程度低等特点。
With the development of infrared imaging technology, infrared zoom system hasbeen widely used in guidance, monitoring, infrared forward-looking, target detectionand tracking fields. Compared with switch zoom system, Continuous zoom systemhas the advantage of not missing target in field of view during the switching process,which makes it is easy to realize the function of search target in large field view anddistinguish target in small field view. A lot of research work has been launched in thisfield both at home and abroad. And increasing the zoom ratio, reducing the systemweight and complexity is still the hot spot. In addition, in some special fields, thesystem should not only have a large zoom ratio but also required to have a long focallength, then it can observe target in large distance more easy, which makes it is moredifficult to design the system. At present, the MWIR zoom system reported at homeand abroad does not have the characteristics of large zoom ratio and long focal lengthat telephoto end at the same time. Based on this, the paper carried out the design andsimulation research of large zoom ratio long focal length MWIR continuous zoomoptical system. that is to integrated the requirements of optical materials，opticalcomponents,elements processing, mechanical structure and system alignment. Andwe develop a large zoom ratio of long focal length MWIR zoom system to meet thepractical application. Meanwhile, in order to reduce the complexity of the system, wecarried out the design of hybrid diffractive-refractive MWIR zoom system; then we carried out a stray light analysis of the refractive zoom lens system to further improveits image quality.
For the Research of large zoom ratio long focal length MWIR Zoom OpticalSystem, this paper carried out the following research work:
Firstly, research of infrared continuous zoom system program: research theoptical structure and corresponding techniques of large zoom ratio infrared continuouszoom optical system, analysis the advantages and disadvantages of the variousstructural forms and the feasibility of technology.
Secondly, design and simulation of the refractive infrared continuous zoomoptical system: conduct research of infrared continuous zoom lens patent and paper athome and abroad; use the optical design software to design and simulation the largezoom ratio and long focal length MWIR zoom system; use new asphericfunction,then the significant digit to characterize the aspheric surface will be reducedextremely,Ashperic coefficient can directly reflect its impact on image quality, whichmakes it is possible to tolerance analysis of aspheric coefficient; control thecomponent tolerance sensitivity and the cam angle of moveable group, which ensurethe system can be realized in practice and have a better as-built image quality. Useindependent temperature and distance focusing element, the system can has strongenvironment adaptability.
Thirdly, design and simulation of the hybrid diffractive-refractive infraredcontinuous zoom system: the diffractive optical elements have the characteristics ofarbitrary phase modulation and negative dispersion，we use it in MWIR zoom system,then we conduct the design and simulation the large zoom ratio and long focal lengthhybrid diffractive-refractive MWIR zoom system; At the same time we assess theworkability of diffractive elements;
Fourth, stray light analysis of refractive infrared continuous zoom system:According to the results of mechanical and optical system design, we establish thestray light analysis model; conduct the research of stray light analysis based on thismodel, analysis the main stray light paths, the analysis result provides a useful guide to improve the mechanical system design and an effective guarantee to furtherimprove the image quality.
The final study results show that: the large zoom ratio long focal length MWIRzoom system we designed can satisfy the requirements of practical application,thehybrid diffractive-refractive MWIR zoom system have the characteristics of highzoom ratio, long focal length and simple structure at the same time.
引文
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