中波红外变焦光学系统研究
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摘要
红外光学系统相对于可见系统有无可比拟的优势,变焦系统既可以在大视场时捕获目标,又可以在小视场时对目标进行详细观察。两档或多档变倍的光学系统在视场切换时会出现目标丢失,而连续变倍光学系统可以解决这个问题。随着军事需求的增加,红外变焦距光学系统获得了巨大发展。
本文总结了国内外红外变焦系统的发展现状,研究了变焦系统设计的高斯理论,包括补偿方法的研究和正组补偿、负组补偿的高斯解分析以及两种补偿方法的比较。对红外变焦系统的冷反射进行了分析,包括冷反射产生的原因以及衡量冷反射强度的两个量:YNI和I/Ibar,并给出了冷反射的校正方法。军用仪器一般应用于野外,其性能受温度影响较大,尤其是会产生离焦现象,因此必须进行无热化设计。
根据使用要求,本文采用法国256×256中波制冷探测器,用机械正组补偿方法,在专利的基础上进行编程计算,求得初始结构并设计了二十倍比变焦镜头,其F数为4 ,波长范围3.7~4.8μm ,焦距范围16.5~330mm ,视场范围±18.22°~±0.94°,总长350mm。系统在全焦距范围内,像质良好,MTF在16lp/mm时大于0.5。在优化好系统的像质后,进行了冷反射分析。同时,通过分析几种无热化设计的原理,对几种无热化设计方法进行了比较,论证了本系统适合采用机电主动式消热差。通过后固定组的微量移动在-40℃~40℃的范围内进行了消热差设计,系统在规定的温度范围内,在整个变焦过程中像质良好,像面稳定。最后,给出了凸轮曲线,曲线单调且平滑,凸轮易于加工。
Infrared system has great advantage over visible system. Zoom system not only can search target at wide field but also rack target at narrow field, it solves the problem of losing rapid moving target in a short period when the system’s field shift between dual field-of-view and multi-field-of-view. With the increasing demands in military, infrared zoom system has achieved great development.
This article summarizes both international and domestic development of infrared zoom system and analizes the Gaussian theory of zoom system, including compensation method and Gaussian solutions for positive /negative group compensation. According to this, the article made a comparison between the two compensation methods. Cold reflection of the system which has a cooling-detector should be considered. The article analizes the reason of cold reflection and gives two parameters named YNI and I/Ibar to weigh intensity of cold reflection. The article also introduces ways to correct cold reflection. Military equipment is used in field, its performance is affected by temperature, especially this will cause defocus, so athermalization design must be taken into consideration.
According to application requirements, a mid-wave optical system with a zoom range of 20:1 has been developed. The final design is a zoom system operating in 3.7~4.8μm, with a F number of 4.0, EFL of 330~16.5mm and FOV of±18.22°~±0.94. The image quality is good and the MTF at 16lp/mm in all focus position is over 0.5. The infrared zoom system was also put through narcissus analysis after the image quality was improved. Comparison between three athermalization methods demonstrates that the mechanical active athermalization method is suitable for this zoom system. By small axial mobile of the fourth lens, the image plane is stable and image quality is good in a wide temperature range of -40~40℃from narrow field to wide field. Finally, cam curve which is monotonic and smooth was given, and the curve shows that the cam is easy to process.
本文总结了国内外红外变焦系统的发展现状,研究了变焦系统设计的高斯理论,包括补偿方法的研究和正组补偿、负组补偿的高斯解分析以及两种补偿方法的比较。对红外变焦系统的冷反射进行了分析,包括冷反射产生的原因以及衡量冷反射强度的两个量:YNI和I/Ibar,并给出了冷反射的校正方法。军用仪器一般应用于野外,其性能受温度影响较大,尤其是会产生离焦现象,因此必须进行无热化设计。
根据使用要求,本文采用法国256×256中波制冷探测器,用机械正组补偿方法,在专利的基础上进行编程计算,求得初始结构并设计了二十倍比变焦镜头,其F数为4 ,波长范围3.7~4.8μm ,焦距范围16.5~330mm ,视场范围±18.22°~±0.94°,总长350mm。系统在全焦距范围内,像质良好,MTF在16lp/mm时大于0.5。在优化好系统的像质后,进行了冷反射分析。同时,通过分析几种无热化设计的原理,对几种无热化设计方法进行了比较,论证了本系统适合采用机电主动式消热差。通过后固定组的微量移动在-40℃~40℃的范围内进行了消热差设计,系统在规定的温度范围内,在整个变焦过程中像质良好,像面稳定。最后,给出了凸轮曲线,曲线单调且平滑,凸轮易于加工。
Infrared system has great advantage over visible system. Zoom system not only can search target at wide field but also rack target at narrow field, it solves the problem of losing rapid moving target in a short period when the system’s field shift between dual field-of-view and multi-field-of-view. With the increasing demands in military, infrared zoom system has achieved great development.
This article summarizes both international and domestic development of infrared zoom system and analizes the Gaussian theory of zoom system, including compensation method and Gaussian solutions for positive /negative group compensation. According to this, the article made a comparison between the two compensation methods. Cold reflection of the system which has a cooling-detector should be considered. The article analizes the reason of cold reflection and gives two parameters named YNI and I/Ibar to weigh intensity of cold reflection. The article also introduces ways to correct cold reflection. Military equipment is used in field, its performance is affected by temperature, especially this will cause defocus, so athermalization design must be taken into consideration.
According to application requirements, a mid-wave optical system with a zoom range of 20:1 has been developed. The final design is a zoom system operating in 3.7~4.8μm, with a F number of 4.0, EFL of 330~16.5mm and FOV of±18.22°~±0.94. The image quality is good and the MTF at 16lp/mm in all focus position is over 0.5. The infrared zoom system was also put through narcissus analysis after the image quality was improved. Comparison between three athermalization methods demonstrates that the mechanical active athermalization method is suitable for this zoom system. By small axial mobile of the fourth lens, the image plane is stable and image quality is good in a wide temperature range of -40~40℃from narrow field to wide field. Finally, cam curve which is monotonic and smooth was given, and the curve shows that the cam is easy to process.
引文
1张敬贤,李玉丹,金伟其.微光与红外成像技术.北京理工大学出版社. 1994:4~8
2程珂.红外变焦系统的研究.中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所. 2005, 6
3李娟.红外变焦距光学系统的设计.西安电子科技大学硕士论文. 2007, 1
4张幼文.红外光学工程.上海科学出版社. 1982:10~18
5彭德权.海空背景长波红外大气透过率的仿真算法.红外与激光工程. 2001, 30(2):112~117
6王娟.红外成像系统的作用距离估算.电子科技大学硕士论文. 2004:22~23
7李金萍,刘自强,何月顺.一种新的热像仪作用距离表示方法.光学与光电技术, 2006,4(1):24~26.
8王兵学,张启衡,陈昌彬等.凝视型红外搜索跟踪系统的作用距离模型.光电工程. 2004,31(7):8~11.
9姜宏滨.用NETD表达的红外作用距离方程.光学与光电子技术. 2003, 1(2):40~41
10 Hagimori, Hitoshi. Zoom lens deviee. United Stated Patent. 2004
11 Jamieson TH. Thin lens theory of zoom systems. Opt.Acta. 1970, 22(4,5):207~213
12陈胜哲,陈彪.红外技术在军事上的应用.光学技术. 2006, Suppl. 32:581~583
13李林.变焦距物镜高斯光学参数的求解.北京理工大学学报.2003, 23(4): 424~427
14白玉琢.光学变焦透镜系统的设计.长春理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007,3
15 Allen Mann. Infrared Zoom Lens System for Target Detection. Optical Engineering. 1982, 21(4):786~793
16 M. Roberts. Compact Infrared Continuous Zoom Telescope. Optical Engineering. 1984, 23(2):117~121
17 M. Jeffs. Reduced Manufacturing Sensitivity in Multi-element Lens Systems. SPIE. 2002, 4832:104~113
18 T. H. Jamieson. Thermal Effects in Optical Systems. Opt. SocAm. 1998, 38(2): 542~546
19 T. H. Jamieson. Diffraction Limited Infrared Zoom Collimator. SPIE. 1997, 3129: 131~137
20 R. L. Sinclair. High Magnification Zoom Lenses for 3-5μm Applications. SPIE. 1998, 3429:11~18
21 Allen Mann, R. B. Johnson, P. Reardon, B. Peters. Compact Infrared Zoom Lensesfor the 3-5μm Spectral Band. SPIE. 1996, 1996:181~192
22 I. A. Neil. General Purpose Zoom Lens for the Thermal Infrared. SPIE. 1984, 518:55~65
23 S. Y. Rah and S. S. Lee. Four-Spherical-Mirror Zoom Telescope Continuously Satisfying the Aplanatic Conditon. Optical Engineering. 1989, 28(9):1014~1018
24 R. B. Johson, J. B. Hadaway and T. Barleson. All-reflective four-element Zoom Telescope: Design and Analysis. SPIE. 1990, 1354:669~675
25 Allen Mann, R. B. Johnson. Design and Analysis of a Compact, Wide Field, Unobscured Zoom Mirro System. SPIE. 1997, 3129:97~107
26王鹏,赵文才,胡明勇,翁志成.折反式大口径三组元红外变焦系统的设计.光学学报. 2002, 22(5):577~581
27 Ruiyi Chen. Design of Compact IR Zoom Telescope. SPIE. 1991, 1540:717~723
28郜红云,熊涛,杨长城.中波红外连续变焦光学系统[J].光学精密工程.2005, 15(7):1038~1047
29王海涛,郭良贤.制冷型中波红外变焦镜头[J].红外技术. 2007, 29(1):8~11
30 Arthur Cox, Jonathan S. Kane. Optically Compensated Zoom Lens Design in the Infrared. SPIE. 2005, 5783:887~898
31胡家升.光学工程导论(第二版).大连理工大学出版社. 2005:700~701
32陶纯堪.变焦距光学系统设计.国防工业出版社. 1988:2~22
33 Antonin Miks, Jiri Novak, Pavel Novak. Zoom Lens Design. SPIE. 2005, 8233:1~9
34萧泽新.工程光学设计(第二版).电子工业出版社. 2008:3~4
35杨鹏.双视场折/衍中波红外变倍望远系统混合光学系统研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2008:30~31
36彭焕良.红外焦平面热成像技术的发展[J].激光与红外. 2006, 9(36):776~780
37杨正.制冷式中波红外凝视变焦光学系统研究.中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所. 2008,5
38 Lawrence M. Seherr, Harold J. Orlando, James T. Hall, et al. Narcissus considerations in Optical Designs for Infrared Staring Arrays[J]. SPIE. 1996,2864: 442~452
39 CODEV说明书. NAR-Narcissus Analysis. 23-39~23-52
40 Muhammad Nadeem Akram. Design of a dual field-of-view optical system for infrared focal-plane arrays[J]. SPIE. 2002.4647:13~23
41杨长城,李升辉.中波红外光学系统无热化设计.光学与光电技术. 2006, 4(6):28~31
42李婕,张志明,冯生荣.弹载红外光学系统被动消热技术.红外技术. 2005,27(3):196~201
43王学新,焦明印.红外光学系统无热化设计方法的研究.应用光学. 2009, 30(1):129~133
2程珂.红外变焦系统的研究.中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所. 2005, 6
3李娟.红外变焦距光学系统的设计.西安电子科技大学硕士论文. 2007, 1
4张幼文.红外光学工程.上海科学出版社. 1982:10~18
5彭德权.海空背景长波红外大气透过率的仿真算法.红外与激光工程. 2001, 30(2):112~117
6王娟.红外成像系统的作用距离估算.电子科技大学硕士论文. 2004:22~23
7李金萍,刘自强,何月顺.一种新的热像仪作用距离表示方法.光学与光电技术, 2006,4(1):24~26.
8王兵学,张启衡,陈昌彬等.凝视型红外搜索跟踪系统的作用距离模型.光电工程. 2004,31(7):8~11.
9姜宏滨.用NETD表达的红外作用距离方程.光学与光电子技术. 2003, 1(2):40~41
10 Hagimori, Hitoshi. Zoom lens deviee. United Stated Patent. 2004
11 Jamieson TH. Thin lens theory of zoom systems. Opt.Acta. 1970, 22(4,5):207~213
12陈胜哲,陈彪.红外技术在军事上的应用.光学技术. 2006, Suppl. 32:581~583
13李林.变焦距物镜高斯光学参数的求解.北京理工大学学报.2003, 23(4): 424~427
14白玉琢.光学变焦透镜系统的设计.长春理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007,3
15 Allen Mann. Infrared Zoom Lens System for Target Detection. Optical Engineering. 1982, 21(4):786~793
16 M. Roberts. Compact Infrared Continuous Zoom Telescope. Optical Engineering. 1984, 23(2):117~121
17 M. Jeffs. Reduced Manufacturing Sensitivity in Multi-element Lens Systems. SPIE. 2002, 4832:104~113
18 T. H. Jamieson. Thermal Effects in Optical Systems. Opt. SocAm. 1998, 38(2): 542~546
19 T. H. Jamieson. Diffraction Limited Infrared Zoom Collimator. SPIE. 1997, 3129: 131~137
20 R. L. Sinclair. High Magnification Zoom Lenses for 3-5μm Applications. SPIE. 1998, 3429:11~18
21 Allen Mann, R. B. Johnson, P. Reardon, B. Peters. Compact Infrared Zoom Lensesfor the 3-5μm Spectral Band. SPIE. 1996, 1996:181~192
22 I. A. Neil. General Purpose Zoom Lens for the Thermal Infrared. SPIE. 1984, 518:55~65
23 S. Y. Rah and S. S. Lee. Four-Spherical-Mirror Zoom Telescope Continuously Satisfying the Aplanatic Conditon. Optical Engineering. 1989, 28(9):1014~1018
24 R. B. Johson, J. B. Hadaway and T. Barleson. All-reflective four-element Zoom Telescope: Design and Analysis. SPIE. 1990, 1354:669~675
25 Allen Mann, R. B. Johnson. Design and Analysis of a Compact, Wide Field, Unobscured Zoom Mirro System. SPIE. 1997, 3129:97~107
26王鹏,赵文才,胡明勇,翁志成.折反式大口径三组元红外变焦系统的设计.光学学报. 2002, 22(5):577~581
27 Ruiyi Chen. Design of Compact IR Zoom Telescope. SPIE. 1991, 1540:717~723
28郜红云,熊涛,杨长城.中波红外连续变焦光学系统[J].光学精密工程.2005, 15(7):1038~1047
29王海涛,郭良贤.制冷型中波红外变焦镜头[J].红外技术. 2007, 29(1):8~11
30 Arthur Cox, Jonathan S. Kane. Optically Compensated Zoom Lens Design in the Infrared. SPIE. 2005, 5783:887~898
31胡家升.光学工程导论(第二版).大连理工大学出版社. 2005:700~701
32陶纯堪.变焦距光学系统设计.国防工业出版社. 1988:2~22
33 Antonin Miks, Jiri Novak, Pavel Novak. Zoom Lens Design. SPIE. 2005, 8233:1~9
34萧泽新.工程光学设计(第二版).电子工业出版社. 2008:3~4
35杨鹏.双视场折/衍中波红外变倍望远系统混合光学系统研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2008:30~31
36彭焕良.红外焦平面热成像技术的发展[J].激光与红外. 2006, 9(36):776~780
37杨正.制冷式中波红外凝视变焦光学系统研究.中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所. 2008,5
38 Lawrence M. Seherr, Harold J. Orlando, James T. Hall, et al. Narcissus considerations in Optical Designs for Infrared Staring Arrays[J]. SPIE. 1996,2864: 442~452
39 CODEV说明书. NAR-Narcissus Analysis. 23-39~23-52
40 Muhammad Nadeem Akram. Design of a dual field-of-view optical system for infrared focal-plane arrays[J]. SPIE. 2002.4647:13~23
41杨长城,李升辉.中波红外光学系统无热化设计.光学与光电技术. 2006, 4(6):28~31
42李婕,张志明,冯生荣.弹载红外光学系统被动消热技术.红外技术. 2005,27(3):196~201
43王学新,焦明印.红外光学系统无热化设计方法的研究.应用光学. 2009, 30(1):129~133