扬子陆核古老地壳及其深熔产物花岗岩的地球化学研究
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摘要
研究前寒武纪大陆地壳的形成和演化规律,是理解大陆动力学、发展板块构造理论的重要方向之一。湖北省宜昌市三峡地区不仅出露有扬子最古老的基底,而且有大量的新元古代岩浆岩产出,是研究大陆地壳的生长和演化、花岗岩的成因与源区物质控制、新元古代岩浆活动与Rodinia超大陆裂解等科学问题最理想的天然实验室。本文利用多种分析手段,包括主量元素和微量元素分析、锆石U-Pb定年、Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素分析、矿物氧同位素分析以及最新发展起来的锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,研究了崆岭杂岩中的片麻岩、混合岩、花岗岩、变沉积岩和角闪岩,对黄陵花岗岩基中的四个岩套进行了系统的对比研究,特别是仔细解剖了晓峰镁铁质—长英质岩墙以及相关的浅成花岗岩,并对莲沱砂岩中的一百多粒碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析。结果不仅对三峡地区这些岩石的成因提供了可靠的地球化学制约,而且有助于了解扬子基底的演化和华南新元古代构造,从而为了解大陆的生长、分异和演化以及花岗岩,尤其是TTG质花岗岩的成因机制提供了新的思路。
崆岭杂岩由基底岩石加表壳岩石组成,另外有一些基性岩侵入其中。基底岩石中以TTG质岩石为主,少量为花岗质岩石。表壳岩石主要为变沉积岩,其主微量元素变化范围大,受物源组成的控制。对基底岩石中的混合岩、片麻岩和花岗岩共七个样品进行锆石U-Pb定年,得到三组不同的年龄。第一组年龄为岩浆活动时间,除一个花岗岩年龄为2.85Ga外,其余六个的年龄都在2.90～3.00Ga。第二组年龄是在混合岩和片麻岩中的继承锆石核上获得的,为3.12～3.35Ga。另外,在一个混合岩的锆石增生边上,得到了约1.98Ga的第三组年龄,代表了混合岩化的时间。对表壳岩中的两个变沉积岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,得到两个变质年龄分别为1.95Ga和1.98Ga。对一个角闪岩的锆石U-Pb定年也得到相似的1.94Ga的年龄。这些年龄与混合岩化时间接近,说明崆岭杂岩记录了一期古元古代(1.97±0.03Ga)的构造热事件,引起了扬子陆块的增生乃至克拉通化,可能与同时期的全球构造活动有关。基底岩石氧同位素组成与典型太古代TTG岩石相似,锆石δ~(18)O值大多都小于6‰,而变沉积岩氧同位素组成则显著偏高,与其原岩为沉积来源一致。对混合岩、片麻岩和花岗岩中三组不同年龄的锆石,都进行了锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。～2.9Ga的锆石颗粒的Hf同位素组成基本相似,εHf(t)值为-2.1到-5.2,对应Hf模式年龄主要分布在3.4～3.5Ga之间。对来自不同样品的13个继承核进行了锆石Hf同位素分析,其Hf同位素比值相对～2.9Ga的锆石略低,所得εHf(t)值加权平均为-1.6,对应Hf模式年龄为3.55Ga。这些数据说明扬子陆块的地壳生长至少从3.5Ga就已经开始。只对混合岩中的一个古元古代锆石增生边进行了Hf同位素分析,其εHf(t)值为-21.7。两个变沉积岩的锆石Hf同位素组成非常相似,εHf(t)值分布范围为-13.3到-1.0,加权平均值分别为-6.4和-6.5。角闪岩锆石Hf同位素比值变化范围大。崆岭杂岩中混合岩、片麻岩和花岗岩的Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素组成比较相似,计算到2.9Ga的εNd(t)值都在0左右,为-1.9～+2.6。变沉积岩的Nd同位素组成变化范围较大,与源区物质的组成不同有关。角闪岩和辉长岩计算到1.97Ga的εNd(t)值分别为-4.3和+4.4。对崆岭杂岩的研究表明,扬子地壳生长至少从3.5Ga就已经开始,经过太古代的生长之后在古元古代受到了再造。
黄陵岩基可以划分为四个岩套,分别是黄陵庙奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩岩套,三斗坪石英闪长岩—英云闪长岩岩套,大老岭二长闪长岩—二长花岗岩岩套以及由浅成花岗岩和镁铁质—长英质岩墙组成的晓峰岩套。除晓峰岩套之外,其余三个岩套中的绝大多数花岗岩都以富Na、富Sr,Y和HREE含量低,亏损Nb、Ta为特征,具有典型的TTG特征。但各岩套的主微量元素之间存在系统的差异,黄陵庙岩套相对三斗坪和大老岭岩套Sr/Y比和La/Yb比较高,而Nb/La比则较低。晓峰岩套中的两个花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为797±5Ma和799±2Ma,测得一个长英质岩墙年龄为806±12Ma,一个镁铁质岩墙年龄为806±4Ma,显然晓峰岩套中的岩墙和花岗岩都形成于800Ma左右。对黄陵庙岩套中的6个花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,得到的年龄从821Ma到800Ma,加权平均值为815±7Ma,继承核给出了古元古代到太古代的源岩年龄。三斗坪岩套的两个英云闪长岩给出了相似的两组年龄,分别为803±11Ma和919±15Ma,810±15Ma和911±14Ma,前者为三斗坪岩套的结晶年龄,后者可能反映了格林威尔期造山运动的影响。大老岭岩套的一个英云闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年结果为817±22Ma。因此,黄陵岩基各岩套都是在800～820Ma期间形成的。单矿物氧同位素分析表明,黄陵花岗岩基绝大多数样品具有与典型的Ⅰ型花岗岩相似的氧同位素组成,岩墙侵入花岗岩时,只发生了有限的小规模的高温水岩反应。黄陵岩基四个岩套的Sr同位素组成总体上比较相似,Sr同位素初始比值为0.705～0.708。各岩套Nd同位素比值变化范围较大,晓峰岩套εNd(t)值为-6.4到-10.4,黄陵庙岩套εNd(t)值为-9.3到-21.3,三斗坪岩套εNd(t)值为-2.1到-9.2,一个大老岭英云闪长岩的εNd(t)值为-4.4。锆石Hf同位素分析显示,晓峰岩套εHf(t)值-8.3～-12.9,三斗坪岩套εHf(t)值为-10.5～-13.1,一个大老岭英云闪长岩εHf(t)值为-6.1。黄陵庙岩套中新元古代锆石和古老的继承锆石具有截然不同的Hf同位素组成,新元古代锆石的εHf(t)值为-10.3～-24.1,继承核的Hf同位素比值虽然受到新元古代岩浆活动的扰动,仍然显著偏低,最低的继承核εHf(t)值与崆岭杂岩中的太古代岩石相似。这些结果说明,黄陵岩基是由古老地壳在800～820Ma期间遭受深熔作用形成的,这些古老地壳包括下覆于崆岭TTG之下的太古代岩石和古元古代角闪岩,太古代岩石熔融深度较深,残留相中含石榴石,而古元古代岩石熔融深度相对较浅,残留相主要为角闪石。黄陵岩基的源区物质为太古代和古元古代地壳,说明它不可能是与地幔柱或者洋壳俯冲有关的岩浆活动的产物,而更有可能与板块裂谷假说所陈述的古造山带构造垮塌有关。这对TTG岩石的成因、Ⅰ型花岗岩的形成以及陆壳成分的演化都有着重要的意义。
莲沱组砂岩不整合覆盖于黄陵岩基之上,沉积时代约为750Ma。对来自其中的106粒碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb定年,并选取其中的39粒锆石进行了Lu-Hf同位素分析。根据U-Pb年龄,这些锆石可以分为四组,分别为＞3.0Ga,约2.95Ga,约1.95Ga以及820-750Ma。其中3.8Ga的锆石代表了扬子最古老的地壳残片,其εHf(t)值为-0.8,模式年龄为4.0Ga。约3.3Ga的锆石具有+4.2的εHf(t)值,暗示了新生地壳的生长。所有锆石都具有太古代的Hf模式年龄,主要峰期在3.2～3.6Ga,可能代表了重要的地壳生长时间。约2.95Ga,约1.95Ga和820-750Ma的锆石都具有负的εHf(t)值和太古代模式年龄,反映了太古代物质在不同期次的幕式再造。最年轻的锆石U-Pb年龄约750Ma,与莲沱组沉积时代一致,反映了裂谷盆地中表壳物质的迅速再循环,可能与Rodinia超大陆的裂解有关。
Investigation of the growth and evolution of Precambrian crust is a key to understanding of continental dynamics and developing of the plate tectonic theory.The Kongling Complex, which is the oldest basement of the Yangtze Block,and the Neoproterozoic Huangling Batholith are located in the Three Gorge area,Yichang,Hubei Province.In this thesis,a detailed study of major and trace element analyses,zircon U-Pb dating,Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope analyses,mineral Oxygen isotope analyses and newly-developed zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses was carried out for different rocks from the Kongling Complex,the Huangling Batholith and the Liantuo Formation.The results not only place geochemical constraints on the genesis of these rocks,but also provide insight into the Yangtze basement evolution and the Neoproterozoic geodynamics of South China.Our study is of great implications for the continental crust growth,differentiation and evolution,and petrogenetic mechanism of granites(especially TTG rocks).
The Kongling Complex consists of basement rocks,supracrustal rocks and some marie rocks occurring as lenses,boudins or layers.The basement rocks are mainly TTG rocks with minor granites.The chemical compositions of metsedimentary rocks varied significantly and are controlled by the source materials.Three groups of ages are obtained from zircon U-Pb dating on seven basement rocks,including migmatites,gneisses and granites.The first group represents the time of magmatic activity at 2.90-3.00 Ga except one granite with an age of 2.85 Ga.The second group is obtained on the inherited cores of some migmatites and gneisses, ranging from 3.12 Ga to 3.35 Ga.The third group at about 1.98 Ga represent the time of migmatization,which is obtained on the zircon overgrowth of a migmatite.Zircon U-Pb dating is carried out for two metasedimentary rocks of the Kongling Complex,yielding two metamorphic ages of 1.95 Ga and 1.98 Ga.A similar age of 1.94 Ga is obtained by zircon U-Pb dating on an amphibolite.These ages are close to the time of migmatization,indicating an episode of tectonothermal event at 1.97±0.03 Ga,consistent with contemporaneous global events.It is this event that causes accretion of the Yangtze continental nucleus even cratonization.The O isotope compositions of basement rocks are similar to typical Archean TTG rocks,with most zirconδ~(18)O values lower than 6‰.The O isotopic ratios for the metasedimentary rocks are obviously higher,consistent with its sedimentary sources.Zircon Lu-Hf isotopes are measured for the three groups of zircons from migmatites,gneisses and granites.The～2.9 Ga grains from different rocks have similar Hf isotope compositions,with ε_(Hf)(t)values of-2.1 to -5.2 and Hf model ages of 3.4-3.5 Ga.The Hf isotopic ratios obtained on 13 inherited cores are lower than the～2.9 Ga grains.The weighted mean of theirε_(Hf)(t) values is -1.6 and corresponding Hf model age is 3.55 Ga.The Hf isotopic data suggests that the growth of Yangtze continental crust had begun as early as 3.5 Ga.Hf isotopic analysis was carried out for one Paleoproterozoic zircon overgrowth rim,yielding anε_(Hf)(t)value of-21.7. Zircons from the two metasedimentary rocks have similar Hf isotope compositions,ε_(Hf)(t) values ranging from -13.3 to -1.0 and weighted mean values being -6.4 and -6.5, respectively.The amphibolite has a wide range of Hf isotopic ratios,reflecting the effect of metamorphism.The migmatites,gneisses and granites of the Kongling Complex have similar Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope compositions.Theε_(Nd)(t)values calculated to 2.9 Ga are all around zero,from -1.9 to +2.6.The Nd isotopic ratios of the metasedimentary rocks varied greatly and are controlled by the source materials.The amphibolite and gabbro haveε_(Nd)(t)values(t= 1.97 Ga)of-4.3 and +4.4,respectively.The study on the Kongling Complex suggests that the initial growth of.Yangtze continental crust started no later than 3.5 Ga and suffered reworking in the Paleoproterozoic after the growth in the Archean.
The Huangling Batholith is subdivided into four rock suites,namely the Huanglingmiao trondhjemite-granodiorite suite,the Sandouping quartz diorite-tonalite suite,the Dalaoling monzodiorite-monzogranite suite,and the Xiaofeng composite suite including mafic-felsic dykes and associated epigranite.Except the Xiaofeng Suite,most rocks from the other three suites are characterized by high Na and Sr,low Y and HREE,depletion of Nb,Ta,similar to typical TTG rocks.However,different rock suites show systematical differences in chemical compositions.The Huanglingmiao suite has higher Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios,but lower Nb/La ratios than the Sandouping and Dalaoling suite.Two granites of the Xiaofeng suite have zircon U-Pb age of 797±5 Ma and 799±2 Ma,respectively.Two dykes,felsic and mafic in composition,have ages of 806±12 Ma and 806±4 Ma,respectively.Thus all rocks in the Xiaofeng Suite formed simultaneously at about 800 Ma.Zircon U-Pb dating on six granites from the Huanglingmiao suite,yielding ages from 821 Ma to 800 Ma,with a weighted mean of 815±7 Ma,and Paleoproterozoic to Archean ages on the inherited cores which constrains the ages of source rocks.Two Sandouping tonalites both gave two groups of ages,803±11 Ma and 919±15 Ma,810±15 Ma and 911±14 Ma.The younger age represents the crystallization age of the Sandouping Suite,whereas the older age reflects the possible influence of Grenvillian orogen.A Dalaoling tonalite show a zircon U-Pb age of 817±22 Ma.Therefore, four rock suites of the Huangling Batholith are formed in the period of 800-820 Ma.Mineral O isotope analyses show that most rocks from the Huangling Batholith have O isotope compositions similar to typical I-type granite and only small-scaled high-temperature water-rock interactions happened during the intrusion of dykes into the granitoids.Four suites of the Huangling Batholith generally have similar Sr isotope compositions with initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.705-0.708.ε_(Nd)(t)values for each rock suite are,-6.4 to -10.4 for the Xiaofeng suite,-9.3 to -21.3 for the Huangling suite,-2.1 to -9.2 for the Sandouping suite, and -4.4 for a Dalaoling tonalite.Zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses gaveε_(Hf)(t)values of -8.3～-12.9 for the Xiaofeng suite,-10.5～-13.1 for the Sandouping suite,and -6.1 for the Dalaoling tonalite.The Neoproterozoic co-magmatic zircons and ancient inherited cores have contrasting Hf isotopic compositions,withε_(Hf)(t)values of-10.3～-24.1 for co-magmatic zircons and significantly lower Hf isotopic ratios for the inherited cores in spite of the alteration by Neoproterozoic magmatism.The lowestε_(Hf)(t)values are similar to Archean rocks of the Kongling Complex.These suggest that the Huangling Batholith is the anatexis product of ancient crust at 800-820 Ma.The ancient crust includes the Archean rocks underlying Kongling TTGs and Paleoproterozoic amphibolites.The Archean rocks were molten at great depth with garnet in the residual and the melting depth of Paleoproterozoic rocks was relatively shallower with amphibole as a major residual phase.The source materials of the Huangling Batholith are Archean and Paleoproterozoic crusts,suggesting that it was not the product of mantle plume or oceanic crust subduction,but connected with ancient orogen tectonic collapse as stated in the plate-rift hypothesis.This has significant implications for TTG petrogenesis,I-type granite origin and continental crust evolution.
The Liantuo Formation with deposition time at about 750 Ma,unconformably overlies on the Huangling Batholith.Zircon U-Pb dating was carried out for 106 detrital zircons from a Liantuo sandstone,39 grains of which were further analyzed for their Lu-Hf isotopes.Four populations of ages are recognized,namely＞3.0Ga,～2.95Ga,～1.95 Ga and 820-750 Ma.The 3.8 Ga zircon with anε_(Hf)(t)value of -0.8 and a model age of 4.0 Ga represents the oldest crustal relict in the Yangtze Block.The 3.3 Ga zircons have positiveε_(Hf)(t)values as high as 4.2,providing compelling evidence for growth of juvenile crust.All the zircons have Archean Hf model ages,with prominent peaks at 3.2 to 3.6 Ga,indicating an important period of crustal growth.The other three zircon populations at～2.95 Ga,～1.95 Ga and 820-750 Ma have negativeε_(Hf)(t)values and consistent Archean Hf model ages,suggesting multi-stage episodic reworking of Archean crust.The youngest age is～750 Ma,close to the deposition time of the Liantuo Formation,indicating rapid recycling of supracrustal materials in a rift basin,possibly associated with breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.
崆岭杂岩由基底岩石加表壳岩石组成,另外有一些基性岩侵入其中。基底岩石中以TTG质岩石为主,少量为花岗质岩石。表壳岩石主要为变沉积岩,其主微量元素变化范围大,受物源组成的控制。对基底岩石中的混合岩、片麻岩和花岗岩共七个样品进行锆石U-Pb定年,得到三组不同的年龄。第一组年龄为岩浆活动时间,除一个花岗岩年龄为2.85Ga外,其余六个的年龄都在2.90～3.00Ga。第二组年龄是在混合岩和片麻岩中的继承锆石核上获得的,为3.12～3.35Ga。另外,在一个混合岩的锆石增生边上,得到了约1.98Ga的第三组年龄,代表了混合岩化的时间。对表壳岩中的两个变沉积岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,得到两个变质年龄分别为1.95Ga和1.98Ga。对一个角闪岩的锆石U-Pb定年也得到相似的1.94Ga的年龄。这些年龄与混合岩化时间接近,说明崆岭杂岩记录了一期古元古代(1.97±0.03Ga)的构造热事件,引起了扬子陆块的增生乃至克拉通化,可能与同时期的全球构造活动有关。基底岩石氧同位素组成与典型太古代TTG岩石相似,锆石δ~(18)O值大多都小于6‰,而变沉积岩氧同位素组成则显著偏高,与其原岩为沉积来源一致。对混合岩、片麻岩和花岗岩中三组不同年龄的锆石,都进行了锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。～2.9Ga的锆石颗粒的Hf同位素组成基本相似,εHf(t)值为-2.1到-5.2,对应Hf模式年龄主要分布在3.4～3.5Ga之间。对来自不同样品的13个继承核进行了锆石Hf同位素分析,其Hf同位素比值相对～2.9Ga的锆石略低,所得εHf(t)值加权平均为-1.6,对应Hf模式年龄为3.55Ga。这些数据说明扬子陆块的地壳生长至少从3.5Ga就已经开始。只对混合岩中的一个古元古代锆石增生边进行了Hf同位素分析,其εHf(t)值为-21.7。两个变沉积岩的锆石Hf同位素组成非常相似,εHf(t)值分布范围为-13.3到-1.0,加权平均值分别为-6.4和-6.5。角闪岩锆石Hf同位素比值变化范围大。崆岭杂岩中混合岩、片麻岩和花岗岩的Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素组成比较相似,计算到2.9Ga的εNd(t)值都在0左右,为-1.9～+2.6。变沉积岩的Nd同位素组成变化范围较大,与源区物质的组成不同有关。角闪岩和辉长岩计算到1.97Ga的εNd(t)值分别为-4.3和+4.4。对崆岭杂岩的研究表明,扬子地壳生长至少从3.5Ga就已经开始,经过太古代的生长之后在古元古代受到了再造。
黄陵岩基可以划分为四个岩套,分别是黄陵庙奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩岩套,三斗坪石英闪长岩—英云闪长岩岩套,大老岭二长闪长岩—二长花岗岩岩套以及由浅成花岗岩和镁铁质—长英质岩墙组成的晓峰岩套。除晓峰岩套之外,其余三个岩套中的绝大多数花岗岩都以富Na、富Sr,Y和HREE含量低,亏损Nb、Ta为特征,具有典型的TTG特征。但各岩套的主微量元素之间存在系统的差异,黄陵庙岩套相对三斗坪和大老岭岩套Sr/Y比和La/Yb比较高,而Nb/La比则较低。晓峰岩套中的两个花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为797±5Ma和799±2Ma,测得一个长英质岩墙年龄为806±12Ma,一个镁铁质岩墙年龄为806±4Ma,显然晓峰岩套中的岩墙和花岗岩都形成于800Ma左右。对黄陵庙岩套中的6个花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,得到的年龄从821Ma到800Ma,加权平均值为815±7Ma,继承核给出了古元古代到太古代的源岩年龄。三斗坪岩套的两个英云闪长岩给出了相似的两组年龄,分别为803±11Ma和919±15Ma,810±15Ma和911±14Ma,前者为三斗坪岩套的结晶年龄,后者可能反映了格林威尔期造山运动的影响。大老岭岩套的一个英云闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年结果为817±22Ma。因此,黄陵岩基各岩套都是在800～820Ma期间形成的。单矿物氧同位素分析表明,黄陵花岗岩基绝大多数样品具有与典型的Ⅰ型花岗岩相似的氧同位素组成,岩墙侵入花岗岩时,只发生了有限的小规模的高温水岩反应。黄陵岩基四个岩套的Sr同位素组成总体上比较相似,Sr同位素初始比值为0.705～0.708。各岩套Nd同位素比值变化范围较大,晓峰岩套εNd(t)值为-6.4到-10.4,黄陵庙岩套εNd(t)值为-9.3到-21.3,三斗坪岩套εNd(t)值为-2.1到-9.2,一个大老岭英云闪长岩的εNd(t)值为-4.4。锆石Hf同位素分析显示,晓峰岩套εHf(t)值-8.3～-12.9,三斗坪岩套εHf(t)值为-10.5～-13.1,一个大老岭英云闪长岩εHf(t)值为-6.1。黄陵庙岩套中新元古代锆石和古老的继承锆石具有截然不同的Hf同位素组成,新元古代锆石的εHf(t)值为-10.3～-24.1,继承核的Hf同位素比值虽然受到新元古代岩浆活动的扰动,仍然显著偏低,最低的继承核εHf(t)值与崆岭杂岩中的太古代岩石相似。这些结果说明,黄陵岩基是由古老地壳在800～820Ma期间遭受深熔作用形成的,这些古老地壳包括下覆于崆岭TTG之下的太古代岩石和古元古代角闪岩,太古代岩石熔融深度较深,残留相中含石榴石,而古元古代岩石熔融深度相对较浅,残留相主要为角闪石。黄陵岩基的源区物质为太古代和古元古代地壳,说明它不可能是与地幔柱或者洋壳俯冲有关的岩浆活动的产物,而更有可能与板块裂谷假说所陈述的古造山带构造垮塌有关。这对TTG岩石的成因、Ⅰ型花岗岩的形成以及陆壳成分的演化都有着重要的意义。
莲沱组砂岩不整合覆盖于黄陵岩基之上,沉积时代约为750Ma。对来自其中的106粒碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb定年,并选取其中的39粒锆石进行了Lu-Hf同位素分析。根据U-Pb年龄,这些锆石可以分为四组,分别为＞3.0Ga,约2.95Ga,约1.95Ga以及820-750Ma。其中3.8Ga的锆石代表了扬子最古老的地壳残片,其εHf(t)值为-0.8,模式年龄为4.0Ga。约3.3Ga的锆石具有+4.2的εHf(t)值,暗示了新生地壳的生长。所有锆石都具有太古代的Hf模式年龄,主要峰期在3.2～3.6Ga,可能代表了重要的地壳生长时间。约2.95Ga,约1.95Ga和820-750Ma的锆石都具有负的εHf(t)值和太古代模式年龄,反映了太古代物质在不同期次的幕式再造。最年轻的锆石U-Pb年龄约750Ma,与莲沱组沉积时代一致,反映了裂谷盆地中表壳物质的迅速再循环,可能与Rodinia超大陆的裂解有关。
Investigation of the growth and evolution of Precambrian crust is a key to understanding of continental dynamics and developing of the plate tectonic theory.The Kongling Complex, which is the oldest basement of the Yangtze Block,and the Neoproterozoic Huangling Batholith are located in the Three Gorge area,Yichang,Hubei Province.In this thesis,a detailed study of major and trace element analyses,zircon U-Pb dating,Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope analyses,mineral Oxygen isotope analyses and newly-developed zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses was carried out for different rocks from the Kongling Complex,the Huangling Batholith and the Liantuo Formation.The results not only place geochemical constraints on the genesis of these rocks,but also provide insight into the Yangtze basement evolution and the Neoproterozoic geodynamics of South China.Our study is of great implications for the continental crust growth,differentiation and evolution,and petrogenetic mechanism of granites(especially TTG rocks).
The Kongling Complex consists of basement rocks,supracrustal rocks and some marie rocks occurring as lenses,boudins or layers.The basement rocks are mainly TTG rocks with minor granites.The chemical compositions of metsedimentary rocks varied significantly and are controlled by the source materials.Three groups of ages are obtained from zircon U-Pb dating on seven basement rocks,including migmatites,gneisses and granites.The first group represents the time of magmatic activity at 2.90-3.00 Ga except one granite with an age of 2.85 Ga.The second group is obtained on the inherited cores of some migmatites and gneisses, ranging from 3.12 Ga to 3.35 Ga.The third group at about 1.98 Ga represent the time of migmatization,which is obtained on the zircon overgrowth of a migmatite.Zircon U-Pb dating is carried out for two metasedimentary rocks of the Kongling Complex,yielding two metamorphic ages of 1.95 Ga and 1.98 Ga.A similar age of 1.94 Ga is obtained by zircon U-Pb dating on an amphibolite.These ages are close to the time of migmatization,indicating an episode of tectonothermal event at 1.97±0.03 Ga,consistent with contemporaneous global events.It is this event that causes accretion of the Yangtze continental nucleus even cratonization.The O isotope compositions of basement rocks are similar to typical Archean TTG rocks,with most zirconδ~(18)O values lower than 6‰.The O isotopic ratios for the metasedimentary rocks are obviously higher,consistent with its sedimentary sources.Zircon Lu-Hf isotopes are measured for the three groups of zircons from migmatites,gneisses and granites.The～2.9 Ga grains from different rocks have similar Hf isotope compositions,with ε_(Hf)(t)values of-2.1 to -5.2 and Hf model ages of 3.4-3.5 Ga.The Hf isotopic ratios obtained on 13 inherited cores are lower than the～2.9 Ga grains.The weighted mean of theirε_(Hf)(t) values is -1.6 and corresponding Hf model age is 3.55 Ga.The Hf isotopic data suggests that the growth of Yangtze continental crust had begun as early as 3.5 Ga.Hf isotopic analysis was carried out for one Paleoproterozoic zircon overgrowth rim,yielding anε_(Hf)(t)value of-21.7. Zircons from the two metasedimentary rocks have similar Hf isotope compositions,ε_(Hf)(t) values ranging from -13.3 to -1.0 and weighted mean values being -6.4 and -6.5, respectively.The amphibolite has a wide range of Hf isotopic ratios,reflecting the effect of metamorphism.The migmatites,gneisses and granites of the Kongling Complex have similar Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope compositions.Theε_(Nd)(t)values calculated to 2.9 Ga are all around zero,from -1.9 to +2.6.The Nd isotopic ratios of the metasedimentary rocks varied greatly and are controlled by the source materials.The amphibolite and gabbro haveε_(Nd)(t)values(t= 1.97 Ga)of-4.3 and +4.4,respectively.The study on the Kongling Complex suggests that the initial growth of.Yangtze continental crust started no later than 3.5 Ga and suffered reworking in the Paleoproterozoic after the growth in the Archean.
The Huangling Batholith is subdivided into four rock suites,namely the Huanglingmiao trondhjemite-granodiorite suite,the Sandouping quartz diorite-tonalite suite,the Dalaoling monzodiorite-monzogranite suite,and the Xiaofeng composite suite including mafic-felsic dykes and associated epigranite.Except the Xiaofeng Suite,most rocks from the other three suites are characterized by high Na and Sr,low Y and HREE,depletion of Nb,Ta,similar to typical TTG rocks.However,different rock suites show systematical differences in chemical compositions.The Huanglingmiao suite has higher Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios,but lower Nb/La ratios than the Sandouping and Dalaoling suite.Two granites of the Xiaofeng suite have zircon U-Pb age of 797±5 Ma and 799±2 Ma,respectively.Two dykes,felsic and mafic in composition,have ages of 806±12 Ma and 806±4 Ma,respectively.Thus all rocks in the Xiaofeng Suite formed simultaneously at about 800 Ma.Zircon U-Pb dating on six granites from the Huanglingmiao suite,yielding ages from 821 Ma to 800 Ma,with a weighted mean of 815±7 Ma,and Paleoproterozoic to Archean ages on the inherited cores which constrains the ages of source rocks.Two Sandouping tonalites both gave two groups of ages,803±11 Ma and 919±15 Ma,810±15 Ma and 911±14 Ma.The younger age represents the crystallization age of the Sandouping Suite,whereas the older age reflects the possible influence of Grenvillian orogen.A Dalaoling tonalite show a zircon U-Pb age of 817±22 Ma.Therefore, four rock suites of the Huangling Batholith are formed in the period of 800-820 Ma.Mineral O isotope analyses show that most rocks from the Huangling Batholith have O isotope compositions similar to typical I-type granite and only small-scaled high-temperature water-rock interactions happened during the intrusion of dykes into the granitoids.Four suites of the Huangling Batholith generally have similar Sr isotope compositions with initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.705-0.708.ε_(Nd)(t)values for each rock suite are,-6.4 to -10.4 for the Xiaofeng suite,-9.3 to -21.3 for the Huangling suite,-2.1 to -9.2 for the Sandouping suite, and -4.4 for a Dalaoling tonalite.Zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses gaveε_(Hf)(t)values of -8.3～-12.9 for the Xiaofeng suite,-10.5～-13.1 for the Sandouping suite,and -6.1 for the Dalaoling tonalite.The Neoproterozoic co-magmatic zircons and ancient inherited cores have contrasting Hf isotopic compositions,withε_(Hf)(t)values of-10.3～-24.1 for co-magmatic zircons and significantly lower Hf isotopic ratios for the inherited cores in spite of the alteration by Neoproterozoic magmatism.The lowestε_(Hf)(t)values are similar to Archean rocks of the Kongling Complex.These suggest that the Huangling Batholith is the anatexis product of ancient crust at 800-820 Ma.The ancient crust includes the Archean rocks underlying Kongling TTGs and Paleoproterozoic amphibolites.The Archean rocks were molten at great depth with garnet in the residual and the melting depth of Paleoproterozoic rocks was relatively shallower with amphibole as a major residual phase.The source materials of the Huangling Batholith are Archean and Paleoproterozoic crusts,suggesting that it was not the product of mantle plume or oceanic crust subduction,but connected with ancient orogen tectonic collapse as stated in the plate-rift hypothesis.This has significant implications for TTG petrogenesis,I-type granite origin and continental crust evolution.
The Liantuo Formation with deposition time at about 750 Ma,unconformably overlies on the Huangling Batholith.Zircon U-Pb dating was carried out for 106 detrital zircons from a Liantuo sandstone,39 grains of which were further analyzed for their Lu-Hf isotopes.Four populations of ages are recognized,namely＞3.0Ga,～2.95Ga,～1.95 Ga and 820-750 Ma.The 3.8 Ga zircon with anε_(Hf)(t)value of -0.8 and a model age of 4.0 Ga represents the oldest crustal relict in the Yangtze Block.The 3.3 Ga zircons have positiveε_(Hf)(t)values as high as 4.2,providing compelling evidence for growth of juvenile crust.All the zircons have Archean Hf model ages,with prominent peaks at 3.2 to 3.6 Ga,indicating an important period of crustal growth.The other three zircon populations at～2.95 Ga,～1.95 Ga and 820-750 Ma have negativeε_(Hf)(t)values and consistent Archean Hf model ages,suggesting multi-stage episodic reworking of Archean crust.The youngest age is～750 Ma,close to the deposition time of the Liantuo Formation,indicating rapid recycling of supracrustal materials in a rift basin,possibly associated with breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.
引文
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