科尔沁沙地植被演替特征与土壤特性试验分析
|
摘要
本文以科尔沁沙地为研究区，共布设172个调查试验点。于2002年6月～11月间对不同地形状况不同地貌类型区进行了野外地表植被状况、植物根系发育状况、土壤层及植被根系层水分状况的实地调查试验，并采取了土壤样本，进行了土壤物理化学特性、土壤养分状况的室内实验。据此，分析出以下结果：1）科尔沁沙地土壤大多属于高危风蚀土壤，其机械组成、物理化学性质在不同地貌类型中存在着显著差异并具有规律性的变化特征。2）沙地不同地貌类型区植被演替系列共分为：①沙生、②湿生、③撂荒地、④盐生、⑤放牧、⑥天然林这6个演替系列。影响植被演替的主要因素有气候条件变化、土壤水分养分动态、区域植被分布特点、人为因素的干扰、牧压梯度等外因条件以及植物本身相互间的竞争、适者生存的内在因素。3）科尔沁沙地不同地貌类型区土壤水分的空间变异性主要受土壤性质、地表植物形态、地下植物根系分布、降水、蒸发以及地下水埋深的影响。地下水埋深较浅的固定半固定沙丘按含水率变化趋势，可将地下水面以上土壤层分为四个变化带。地下水埋深较大的固定半固定沙丘土壤含水量的总体变化趋势是由上到下逐渐增大。流动沙丘在地表下180cm深度以内，土壤水分总体变化趋势为由表层向下逐渐增加到峰值点后，向下平稳或缓慢减小，在180cm深左右有一相对较干燥的干沙层，而后又逐渐增加，呈非饱和变化增加趋势。受沙化影响的甸子地土壤纵剖面可分为4个区域。未受沙丘侵蚀的甸子地可分为三个区域，即没有表层干沙区。在地下水浅埋条件下，土壤水分的来源主要为降水补给和地下水通过毛管上升的补给水分，在地下水埋深较大的沙丘中土壤水分的主要来源为降水和凝结水补给。
This paper regards Horqin sandy land as the studying area,including totally 172 inquired experiments points.The plants condition,the roots growth condition of plants,the humidity condition of soil layer and plant roots are made on-site inspected experiments in the different geography type and different ground condition from June to November in 2002. We carried out the experiments on soil physics and chemistry characteristics and soil nutrient condition by adopting soil samples.As a result, getting the following results:1)Soil of Horqin sandy land mostly belongs to the eclipsed soil,there are the remarkable difference and regulational change about its machine constitutions, the physics and chemistry characteristics in different geography types.2)A different geography of plant evolution is divided into follows:①livings of the sand②the wet living③the wasteland④livings of the salt⑤pasturing⑥natural wood.The primary factors affecting evolution contain weather variety, soil humidity and nutrient, the characteristics of district plant,artificial factors and herd etc,besides mutually competition for the body plants and internal factors for existing. 3)Soil humidity variations for different geography soil in Horqin Sandy sand are affected primarily by soil condition, plant condition,rain,evaporate and deepth in groundwater.In the fixed sand dune and half fixed sand dune in shallow groundwater, there are four districts among the soil from the underground watertable to the soil surface.The total variety trend about soil water content is gradually augment from top to bottom ,in the fixed and the half fixed sand dune,where the groundwater of them is deep.The total variety trend in humidity from surface layer to a depth range (180cm)of research on flowing sand dune augment gradually from surface layer to summit value,then gradually decrease slowly,until reaching a relately dry sand layer, at last increase gradually and get unsaturated variety trend. According to the soil water development on the humidity ground,there are four areas.On the condition of the shallow groundwater the source of soil water are mainly rain and groundwater,however,in sand dune main source of the soil water are rain and condensening water.
This paper regards Horqin sandy land as the studying area,including totally 172 inquired experiments points.The plants condition,the roots growth condition of plants,the humidity condition of soil layer and plant roots are made on-site inspected experiments in the different geography type and different ground condition from June to November in 2002. We carried out the experiments on soil physics and chemistry characteristics and soil nutrient condition by adopting soil samples.As a result, getting the following results:1)Soil of Horqin sandy land mostly belongs to the eclipsed soil,there are the remarkable difference and regulational change about its machine constitutions, the physics and chemistry characteristics in different geography types.2)A different geography of plant evolution is divided into follows:①livings of the sand②the wet living③the wasteland④livings of the salt⑤pasturing⑥natural wood.The primary factors affecting evolution contain weather variety, soil humidity and nutrient, the characteristics of district plant,artificial factors and herd etc,besides mutually competition for the body plants and internal factors for existing. 3)Soil humidity variations for different geography soil in Horqin Sandy sand are affected primarily by soil condition, plant condition,rain,evaporate and deepth in groundwater.In the fixed sand dune and half fixed sand dune in shallow groundwater, there are four districts among the soil from the underground watertable to the soil surface.The total variety trend about soil water content is gradually augment from top to bottom ,in the fixed and the half fixed sand dune,where the groundwater of them is deep.The total variety trend in humidity from surface layer to a depth range (180cm)of research on flowing sand dune augment gradually from surface layer to summit value,then gradually decrease slowly,until reaching a relately dry sand layer, at last increase gradually and get unsaturated variety trend. According to the soil water development on the humidity ground,there are four areas.On the condition of the shallow groundwater the source of soil water are mainly rain and groundwater,however,in sand dune main source of the soil water are rain and condensening water.
引文
1.马玉明.内蒙古资源大辞典.呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社，1997，249-250
2.D.希勒尔著，尉庆丰，荆家海，王益权译.土壤物理学概论.陕西人民教育出版社，1988
3.姜凤岐，曹成有，曾德慧等.科尔沁沙地生态系统退化与恢复.中国林业出版社，2002.4
4.朱振达等.中国的沙漠化及其治理.北京：科学出版社.1989，40-55
5.朱振达，王涛.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析.地理学报.1990，45（4），430-440
6.朱振达.中国的脆弱生态带与土地荒漠化.中国沙漠.1991，11（4），9-22
7.刘慎谔文集编委会.刘慎谔文集.北京：科学出版社.1985，136-144，179-228
8.R.H.Whittaker（1970）著，姚壁君译.群落与生态系统.北京：科学出版社.1977
9.李胜功，赵爱芬，常学礼.科尔沁沙地植被演替的几个问题.中国沙漠.1997.3，17（增刊1）
10.张铜会，赵哈林，古山一郎等.奈曼旗不同土壤类型特征的比较研究.中国沙漠.1998.6，18（增刊2）
11.赵哈林等.80年代科尔沁沙地沙漠化土地时空变化规律及成因分析.中国沙漠.1998.6，18（增刊2）
12.杨建峰，刘士平，张道宽等.地下水浅埋条件下土壤水动态变化规律研究.灌溉排水.2001.9(3)
13.姜凤岐等,1990.沙地灌丛的多效益评价.见:风沙干旱综合治理研究,第二集.北京:科学出版社,26-33
14.赵学男，Andren,常学礼,科尔沁沙地沙丘土壤有机质动态研究[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(增刊1):60-63
15.冯仲云,内蒙古奈曼旗中部地区沙漠化土壤养分动态分析[A].科尔沁沙地生态环境综合整治研究[C].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993.80-87
16.浦庸昌,韩大宝.固定沙地的水分状况与沙地造林[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(增刊1):34-30
17.赵学勇,张铜会,常学礼.内蒙古奈曼旗中部沙地土壤剖面特征[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(增刊1):45-47
18.康绍忠.旱地土壤水分动态模拟的初步研究[J].农业气象,1987,8(2):38-41
19.冯起,程国栋.我国沙地水分分布状况及其意义.土壤学报.1999,36(2):225-236
20.H.Φ.库利克(赵学梁译).干旱地区沙地水分状况与水分平衡.呼和浩特.内蒙古林学院出版社.1989,10-258
21.赵文智,刘志民,常学礼.奈曼沙区植被土壤水分状况研究.干旱区研究.1992,9(3):40-44
22.陈文瑞,张继贤.流动沙丘的水分状况与固沙造林.见.中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所.治沙研究(第4号).北京.科学出版社.1962.27-35
23.A.A.罗杰(傅作钧等译).土壤水分状况的研究方法.北京.中国工业出版社.1965.18-45
24.赵文智.奈曼沙区樟子松生长状况与水分关系.中国沙漠.1992,12(1).64-70
25.冯起.沙地水分的研究进展[J].中国沙漠.1993,13(2):9-13
26.冯起,高前兆.沙地土壤水分动态模拟研究[J].土壤通报.1997,28(6):254-256
27.李进,1991.差巴嘎蒿特性的初步研究.中国沙漠,11(1),50-58
28.徐斌.科尔沁沙地土壤风蚀过程及其防治措施.中国沙漠.1997，3（增刊1）
29.刘玉璋、董光荣、李长治，1992.影响土壤风蚀主要因素的风洞实验研究.中国沙漠.12(4)
30.胡孟春、刘玉璋、乌兰等.1991.科尔沁沙地土壤风蚀的风洞实验研究，中国沙漠.11（1）
31.加也里A、R，赵兴梁译，1958.论砂地造林与水分关系.北京：科学出版社.
32.陈世璜，1986.内蒙古草原植物根系类型.呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社
33.刘慎谔文集编委会，1985.刘慎谔文集.北京：科学出版社.136-144，179-228
34.R．H．Whittaker（1970）著，姚壁君译，1977：群落与生态系统.北京：科学出版社
35.刘瑛心等，1987.中国沙漠植物志，第二集.北京：科学出版社，168-295
36.刘新民，赵哈林.科尔沁沙地生态环境综合整治研究.兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993
37.刘新民,赵哈林,赵爱芬等.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被.北京:科学出版社,1996
38.朱震达.中国脆弱生态带与土地沙漠化.中国沙漠,1991,11(4):11-22
39.刘新民,赵哈林,赵爱芬.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被.北京:科学出版社,1996.83-84,123
40.李进,张秀伏.差巴嘎蒿特性的初步研究.中国沙漠,1991,11(1):50-58
41.H.Y.科伊达，M.A.布赫宾杰尔，英风彩译，（油印本）1983，和海大学水资源研究室
42.Clothier,B.E.,S.R.Green.Roots:the big movers of water and chem. ical in soil[J].Soil Science.1997,162(8):534-543
43.Jain S K,1980.Total phytomass,net community and system transfer function in sub-humid grasslands at Sagar(M.P.) India. Flora,170:251-260
44.Sims P L,Coupland R T,1979. Grassland Ecosystems in the World:Analysis of Grassland and Their Use.Combrige University Press.Cambrige.49-72
45.Zhao A F.1992.Root Growth in Vegetation in Degraded Rangeland in Inner Mongolia,China,Master Dissertation,Dept.of Ecol.and Envir.Res.Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Reoport (54)
46.Bloemen,G.W.:Calculation of hydraulic conductivities from texture and organic matter content, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern?hrung und Bodenkunde, 143 581-605 (1980)
47.Ghosh, R.K.: Estimation of soil-moisture characteristics from mechanical properties of soils, Soil Science, 130 60-63 (1980)
48.Gillham, R. W.: The capillary fringe and its effect of water table response, J. Hydrology, 67 307-324 (1984)
49.Gupta, S.C. and W.E. Larson: Estimating soil water characteristic from particle size distribution, organic matter percent and bulk density, Water Resources Research, 15 1633-1635 (1979)
50.Hanks, R.J. and G.L. Ashcroft: Applied soil physics, Springer-Verlog, New York (1980)
51.Klute, A.: Methods of soil analysis, Part 1,2nd ed. Agronomy 9 (1986)
52.Manrique, L.A., C.A. Jones and P.T. Dyke: Predicting soil water retention characteristics from soil
physical and chemical properties, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 22, 1847-1860 (1991)
53.Rawls, W.J., D.L. Brakensiek and K.E. Saxton: Estimation of soil water properties, Transactions of ASAE, 25 1316-1320 (1982)
54.Rawls, W.J., T.J. Gish and D.L. Brakensiek: Estimating soil water retention from soil physical properties and characteristics, In: Advances in Soil Science, Ed. Stewart, B.A. Volume 16. New York: Springer-Verlag (1991)
55.Reeve, M.J., P.D. Smith and A.J. Thomasson: The effect of density on water retention properties of field soils, Journal of Soil Science, 24, 355 – 367 (1973)
56.Richards, L.A., W.R. Gardner and G. Ogata: Physical processes determining water loss from soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20,310-314 (1956)
57.Saxton, K.E., W.J. Rawls, J.S. Romberger and R.I. Papendick: Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, 1031-1036 (1986)
58.Shirazi, M.A. and L. Boersma: A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48 142-147 (1984)
59.Taylor,S.T. and G.L. Ashcroft: Physical edaphology the physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils, San Francisco (1972)
60.W?sten, J.H.M. and M.Th. van Genuchten: Using texture and other soil properties to predict the unsaturated soil hydraulic Functions, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 1762-1770 (1988)
61.Q.Feng,G.D.Cheng,K.N.Endo.Water content variations and respective ecosystems of sandy land in china.Environmental Geology 40,1075-1083 (2001)
62.Ahuja, L.R., J.W. Naney and R.D. Williams: Estimating soil water characteristics from simple properties or limited data, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49 1100-1105 (1985)
63.Shirazi,M.A.,and L.Boersma.1984.A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture.Soil Sci.Am.J.48:142-147
2.D.希勒尔著，尉庆丰，荆家海，王益权译.土壤物理学概论.陕西人民教育出版社，1988
3.姜凤岐，曹成有，曾德慧等.科尔沁沙地生态系统退化与恢复.中国林业出版社，2002.4
4.朱振达等.中国的沙漠化及其治理.北京：科学出版社.1989，40-55
5.朱振达，王涛.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析.地理学报.1990，45（4），430-440
6.朱振达.中国的脆弱生态带与土地荒漠化.中国沙漠.1991，11（4），9-22
7.刘慎谔文集编委会.刘慎谔文集.北京：科学出版社.1985，136-144，179-228
8.R.H.Whittaker（1970）著，姚壁君译.群落与生态系统.北京：科学出版社.1977
9.李胜功，赵爱芬，常学礼.科尔沁沙地植被演替的几个问题.中国沙漠.1997.3，17（增刊1）
10.张铜会，赵哈林，古山一郎等.奈曼旗不同土壤类型特征的比较研究.中国沙漠.1998.6，18（增刊2）
11.赵哈林等.80年代科尔沁沙地沙漠化土地时空变化规律及成因分析.中国沙漠.1998.6，18（增刊2）
12.杨建峰，刘士平，张道宽等.地下水浅埋条件下土壤水动态变化规律研究.灌溉排水.2001.9(3)
13.姜凤岐等,1990.沙地灌丛的多效益评价.见:风沙干旱综合治理研究,第二集.北京:科学出版社,26-33
14.赵学男，Andren,常学礼,科尔沁沙地沙丘土壤有机质动态研究[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(增刊1):60-63
15.冯仲云,内蒙古奈曼旗中部地区沙漠化土壤养分动态分析[A].科尔沁沙地生态环境综合整治研究[C].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993.80-87
16.浦庸昌,韩大宝.固定沙地的水分状况与沙地造林[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(增刊1):34-30
17.赵学勇,张铜会,常学礼.内蒙古奈曼旗中部沙地土壤剖面特征[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(增刊1):45-47
18.康绍忠.旱地土壤水分动态模拟的初步研究[J].农业气象,1987,8(2):38-41
19.冯起,程国栋.我国沙地水分分布状况及其意义.土壤学报.1999,36(2):225-236
20.H.Φ.库利克(赵学梁译).干旱地区沙地水分状况与水分平衡.呼和浩特.内蒙古林学院出版社.1989,10-258
21.赵文智,刘志民,常学礼.奈曼沙区植被土壤水分状况研究.干旱区研究.1992,9(3):40-44
22.陈文瑞,张继贤.流动沙丘的水分状况与固沙造林.见.中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所.治沙研究(第4号).北京.科学出版社.1962.27-35
23.A.A.罗杰(傅作钧等译).土壤水分状况的研究方法.北京.中国工业出版社.1965.18-45
24.赵文智.奈曼沙区樟子松生长状况与水分关系.中国沙漠.1992,12(1).64-70
25.冯起.沙地水分的研究进展[J].中国沙漠.1993,13(2):9-13
26.冯起,高前兆.沙地土壤水分动态模拟研究[J].土壤通报.1997,28(6):254-256
27.李进,1991.差巴嘎蒿特性的初步研究.中国沙漠,11(1),50-58
28.徐斌.科尔沁沙地土壤风蚀过程及其防治措施.中国沙漠.1997，3（增刊1）
29.刘玉璋、董光荣、李长治，1992.影响土壤风蚀主要因素的风洞实验研究.中国沙漠.12(4)
30.胡孟春、刘玉璋、乌兰等.1991.科尔沁沙地土壤风蚀的风洞实验研究，中国沙漠.11（1）
31.加也里A、R，赵兴梁译，1958.论砂地造林与水分关系.北京：科学出版社.
32.陈世璜，1986.内蒙古草原植物根系类型.呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社
33.刘慎谔文集编委会，1985.刘慎谔文集.北京：科学出版社.136-144，179-228
34.R．H．Whittaker（1970）著，姚壁君译，1977：群落与生态系统.北京：科学出版社
35.刘瑛心等，1987.中国沙漠植物志，第二集.北京：科学出版社，168-295
36.刘新民，赵哈林.科尔沁沙地生态环境综合整治研究.兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993
37.刘新民,赵哈林,赵爱芬等.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被.北京:科学出版社,1996
38.朱震达.中国脆弱生态带与土地沙漠化.中国沙漠,1991,11(4):11-22
39.刘新民,赵哈林,赵爱芬.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被.北京:科学出版社,1996.83-84,123
40.李进,张秀伏.差巴嘎蒿特性的初步研究.中国沙漠,1991,11(1):50-58
41.H.Y.科伊达，M.A.布赫宾杰尔，英风彩译，（油印本）1983，和海大学水资源研究室
42.Clothier,B.E.,S.R.Green.Roots:the big movers of water and chem. ical in soil[J].Soil Science.1997,162(8):534-543
43.Jain S K,1980.Total phytomass,net community and system transfer function in sub-humid grasslands at Sagar(M.P.) India. Flora,170:251-260
44.Sims P L,Coupland R T,1979. Grassland Ecosystems in the World:Analysis of Grassland and Their Use.Combrige University Press.Cambrige.49-72
45.Zhao A F.1992.Root Growth in Vegetation in Degraded Rangeland in Inner Mongolia,China,Master Dissertation,Dept.of Ecol.and Envir.Res.Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Reoport (54)
46.Bloemen,G.W.:Calculation of hydraulic conductivities from texture and organic matter content, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern?hrung und Bodenkunde, 143 581-605 (1980)
47.Ghosh, R.K.: Estimation of soil-moisture characteristics from mechanical properties of soils, Soil Science, 130 60-63 (1980)
48.Gillham, R. W.: The capillary fringe and its effect of water table response, J. Hydrology, 67 307-324 (1984)
49.Gupta, S.C. and W.E. Larson: Estimating soil water characteristic from particle size distribution, organic matter percent and bulk density, Water Resources Research, 15 1633-1635 (1979)
50.Hanks, R.J. and G.L. Ashcroft: Applied soil physics, Springer-Verlog, New York (1980)
51.Klute, A.: Methods of soil analysis, Part 1,2nd ed. Agronomy 9 (1986)
52.Manrique, L.A., C.A. Jones and P.T. Dyke: Predicting soil water retention characteristics from soil
physical and chemical properties, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 22, 1847-1860 (1991)
53.Rawls, W.J., D.L. Brakensiek and K.E. Saxton: Estimation of soil water properties, Transactions of ASAE, 25 1316-1320 (1982)
54.Rawls, W.J., T.J. Gish and D.L. Brakensiek: Estimating soil water retention from soil physical properties and characteristics, In: Advances in Soil Science, Ed. Stewart, B.A. Volume 16. New York: Springer-Verlag (1991)
55.Reeve, M.J., P.D. Smith and A.J. Thomasson: The effect of density on water retention properties of field soils, Journal of Soil Science, 24, 355 – 367 (1973)
56.Richards, L.A., W.R. Gardner and G. Ogata: Physical processes determining water loss from soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20,310-314 (1956)
57.Saxton, K.E., W.J. Rawls, J.S. Romberger and R.I. Papendick: Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, 1031-1036 (1986)
58.Shirazi, M.A. and L. Boersma: A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48 142-147 (1984)
59.Taylor,S.T. and G.L. Ashcroft: Physical edaphology the physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils, San Francisco (1972)
60.W?sten, J.H.M. and M.Th. van Genuchten: Using texture and other soil properties to predict the unsaturated soil hydraulic Functions, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 1762-1770 (1988)
61.Q.Feng,G.D.Cheng,K.N.Endo.Water content variations and respective ecosystems of sandy land in china.Environmental Geology 40,1075-1083 (2001)
62.Ahuja, L.R., J.W. Naney and R.D. Williams: Estimating soil water characteristics from simple properties or limited data, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49 1100-1105 (1985)
63.Shirazi,M.A.,and L.Boersma.1984.A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture.Soil Sci.Am.J.48:142-147