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我国商业银行开展表外业务研究
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摘要
从西方发达国家商业银行的发展历程来看,商业银行从传统存贷业务向表外业务扩散是一种趋势、一种规律。目前,西方国家商业银行表外业务收入在银行收入中所占比例一般达到30%—70%,在银行收益中也占有越来越重要的比重,而国内商业银行则远低于这一水平。开展表外业务不但可以为银行带来丰厚收益,还可以提高银行的社会化服务水平。因此,大力发展表外业务是我国商业银行发展的必然选择。
     与西方国家相比,我国商业银行表外业务的发展尚处在初级阶段,许多商业银行对表外业务的理解还停留在无风险类的中间业务。尽管不少银行也开办了担保和类似的或有负债业务,但因对表外业务的重视不够,这类业务的规模和业务范围以及质量,与西方国家银行相比,还不能同日而语,存在着巨大的差距。在担保业务中,我国银行开办了商业信用证、银行承兑汇票、少量的担保和备用信用证;与利率或汇率有关的或有项目因受到金融当局的严格限制,除了国际贸易及外债收支因防范汇率、利率风险需要可以做远期和互换交易外,其他衍生产品还未实现零的突破。从总体上看,我国商业银行表外业务的规模及其对银行收入的影响都是微不足道的。
     本文第一部分针对商业银行表外业务进行了总体的介绍,包括含义、特点以及发展的原因,并阐述了商业银行发展表外业务的影响与现实意义;
     第二部分分析了我国商业银行表外业务的创新实践和发展现状中存在的问题,以及导致其发展速度缓慢、业务水平低、创利少等问题产生的主客观原因;
     第三部分着重介绍了在我国现行金融体制与监管下,我国商业银行应着力发展的两类表外业务:备用信用证业务和资产证券化业务,并分别对这两项业务的操作与实践意义进行了分析;
     第四部分,在我国加入世贸组织的背景下,讨论我国商业银行利用表外业务的战略战术,以及采取哪些有力措施使其成为银行新的利润增长点,并促进我国银行业提高服务质量和档次,进行业务创新和参与国际竞争。
Looking back to the development of commercial banks in the west developed countries, we can see the trend to move the major focus from the traditional On-Balance Sheet business (credit and deposit) to Off-Balance Sheet operations. Since the margins available for many types of conventional On-Balance Sheet business have been diminishing, while at the same time supervisors have acted to restore and strengthen bank's capital adequacy. Banks have to retain their traditional customers base and to boost fee income from sources, which in many countries are (so far at least) largely or wholly free capital requirements. The Off-Balance Sheet operations are taking more and more proportions in bank's total incomes, and with rapid growing ever since. The Off-Balance Sheet activity cannot only increase the income and fees, but also improve the service level of banking. So there is no choice that we have to pay great attention to the Off-Balance Sheet activity in our domestic bank system.
    With the development of the economy globalization and the intense international competition, China's financial industry is merging into the international economy. Chinese banks are also being influenced by international economy and capitals while utilizing its resources. Since the middle of 1980s, financial innovations have given an impetus to the Off-Balance Sheet activity. However, there is little developing in this area because of less recognition. So there is a large gap between our domestic banks and foreign banks. Domestic banks have made some fee oriented business, such as Letter of Credit, underwrite drafts and standby L/Cs or L/Gs. We have no sophisticated innovations except some Forward Foreign Exchange Transaction, Interchange or Swap to avoid the interest exposure and exchange rate exposure in international trade and settlement. In general, our domestic bank's Off-Balance Sheet operations is weak both in scale and ratio in
    
    
    the whole income cake.
    This paper is divided into four parts.
    The first part gives an overall introduction of the Off- Balance Sheet operation, including its meaning, features and influences.
    The second part analyzes the slow development of Off-Balance Sheet operation in our domestic banks and the reasons on external and subjective sides.
    The third part pays much attention on two kinds of Off- Balance Sheet operations: Stand-by Letter of Credit and Asset Securitization.
    The last part given in the background of China's entry into the WTO, discusses what should we do to increase our Off-Balance Sheet businesses and improve the portion in the whole income cake. It is necessary to create some new techniques to attract more customers and raise the service level and quality; otherwise there would be no room for us in the international banking competition.
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