低压孔口式滴灌管水力学特性试验研究
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摘要
随着节能、节水意识的加强,低压滴灌系统由于其能耗低,维护简单,易于使用等优点,已成为滴灌技术发展的重要方向之一,本文采用室内试验和数学分析相结合的方法,从影响低压条孔口式滴灌管出流和水头损失的因素出发,对低压孔口式滴灌管出流及水头损失规律进行研究,为低压滴灌设计及运行管理提供理论依据,通过试验与分析得到了以下结论:
1)孔口式滴灌管,采用0.6mm孔径时制造偏差系数C v最大,1.2mm孔径的次之,0.9mm孔径的最小,孔距一定时,φ16滴灌管C v随孔径的变化幅度要大于φ12滴灌管C v的变化幅度。
2)同管径的滴灌管孔口流量随孔径的变化规律相似,孔口流量随孔径增大而增大,这种增幅随管径的增大而增大;除0.6mm孔径滴灌管在相同的工作压力时,孔距33cm的孔口流量大于孔距100cm的孔口流量,其他两种孔径的滴灌管孔口流量随孔径的变化规律表现为:孔距100cm的孔口流量大于孔距33cm的孔口流量,孔距50cm的孔口流量最小。
3)流量系数k随孔径d的增大而增大,孔距33cm、50cm的两种管径的滴灌管k与d的关系曲线基本平行,孔距100cm的滴灌管k随d的变化明显大于其它两种孔距的滴灌管。φ16滴灌管流态指数x随孔径的增大先增大后减小,φ12滴灌管流态指数x随孔径的增大先减小后增大。
4)在试验条件下,毛管内水流流态出现三种情况:层流、层紊流共存、紊流;在不同流态条件下,流态指数不同,灌水均匀度Cu随工作水头h变化规律也不尽相同:层流时不论x为何值, Cu随h的增大而增大。层紊流共存时当0.5 5)低压条件下,用达西-韦斯巴赫公式和经验公式计算的毛管总水头损失值与实测值有很大偏差,通过对试验数据回归分析,对经验公式用以工作水头为变量的参数β进行了修正,取得了较好的计算精度。
6)孔口的局部水头损失与毛管入口工作水头成线性关系,即不同组合滴灌管孔口的局部水头损失都随着毛管入口工作水头的增大而增大;同管径、同孔距,孔口小的滴灌管孔口局部损失大;同工作压力、同孔径,管径大的滴灌管孔口局部损失要小于管径小的滴灌管孔口局部损失。
With consciousness enhancement of energy and water saving, low pressure drip irrigation system which is low energy consumption, maintains simply, easy to use and other merits and becomes one of drip irrigation important development directions. This article uses the method which in integrate the experiment with the mathematical analysis, base on the influence factor to outflow rule and head losses of the orifice outlet drip irrigation laterals under low pressure condition, do research on outflow and head losses rule of the orifice outlet laterals under low pressure condition, provided the theory basis for the low pressure drip irrigation design and the operating management. Obtained following conclusion through the experiment and the analysis:
1) For orifice outlet drip irrigation laterals, manufacture coefficient C v is maximal when 0.6mm aperture, midst when 1.2mm aperture, minimal when 0.9mm aperture. When pitch is const, the scale of which C vchange with pitch inφ16 laterals is larger than that inφ12 laterals.
2) The change rule of orifice discharge along with the aperture is similar in same diameter laterals, orifice discharge increases along with aperture increases, this amplitude increases along with the laterals’diameter increases; Except that 0.6mm aperture under same working head, orifice discharge of pitch in 33cm is larger than discharge of pitch in 100cm, change rule of orifice discharge along with the aperture performance in other two kind of aperture laterals is: Orifice discharge of 100cm pitch laterals is larger than that in 33cm pitch laterals, the orifice discharge of 50cm pitch laterals is smallest.
3) Discharge coefficient k increases along with aperture d increases, curve of k and d almost parallel in laterals which pitch in 33cm、50cm , k change with the d change in laterals which pitch in 100cm are obviously larger than that in other two kind of pitch’s laterals. Flow regime exponent x increases first and then reduces after the d increases inφ16laterals, inφ12 laterals x reduces first and then increases after the d increases.
4) There are three flow regime of current in laterals under experimental condition: laminar only, laminar together with turbulent, turbulent only. The change rule of irrigation uniformity Cu and working head h is different under different flow regime and emitter discharge exponent x condition, under low pressure condition: Under laminar condition, the Cu increases along with the h increases and they are independent of x. Under laminar together with turbulence condition, Cu increases along with h increases when 0.5 5) Under experimental low pressure condition, there is great deviation between total head losses value calculated by Dacy-Weisbach formula and empirical formula and measured value. Based on the regression analysis to experiment result carry on the revision to empirical formula with the parameterβwhich related to working head, obtained the good revision effect.
6) the relationship between orifice’s local head losses and working head of laterals entrance is linear, orifice’s local head losses in different laterals increases along with working head increases; The same aperture and pitch, head losses of smaller orifice is bigger, the same working head and aperture, head losses of bigger lateral diameter is smaller than that in caliber small laterals.
1)孔口式滴灌管,采用0.6mm孔径时制造偏差系数C v最大,1.2mm孔径的次之,0.9mm孔径的最小,孔距一定时,φ16滴灌管C v随孔径的变化幅度要大于φ12滴灌管C v的变化幅度。
2)同管径的滴灌管孔口流量随孔径的变化规律相似,孔口流量随孔径增大而增大,这种增幅随管径的增大而增大;除0.6mm孔径滴灌管在相同的工作压力时,孔距33cm的孔口流量大于孔距100cm的孔口流量,其他两种孔径的滴灌管孔口流量随孔径的变化规律表现为:孔距100cm的孔口流量大于孔距33cm的孔口流量,孔距50cm的孔口流量最小。
3)流量系数k随孔径d的增大而增大,孔距33cm、50cm的两种管径的滴灌管k与d的关系曲线基本平行,孔距100cm的滴灌管k随d的变化明显大于其它两种孔距的滴灌管。φ16滴灌管流态指数x随孔径的增大先增大后减小,φ12滴灌管流态指数x随孔径的增大先减小后增大。
4)在试验条件下,毛管内水流流态出现三种情况:层流、层紊流共存、紊流;在不同流态条件下,流态指数不同,灌水均匀度Cu随工作水头h变化规律也不尽相同:层流时不论x为何值, Cu随h的增大而增大。层紊流共存时当0.5
6)孔口的局部水头损失与毛管入口工作水头成线性关系,即不同组合滴灌管孔口的局部水头损失都随着毛管入口工作水头的增大而增大;同管径、同孔距,孔口小的滴灌管孔口局部损失大;同工作压力、同孔径,管径大的滴灌管孔口局部损失要小于管径小的滴灌管孔口局部损失。
With consciousness enhancement of energy and water saving, low pressure drip irrigation system which is low energy consumption, maintains simply, easy to use and other merits and becomes one of drip irrigation important development directions. This article uses the method which in integrate the experiment with the mathematical analysis, base on the influence factor to outflow rule and head losses of the orifice outlet drip irrigation laterals under low pressure condition, do research on outflow and head losses rule of the orifice outlet laterals under low pressure condition, provided the theory basis for the low pressure drip irrigation design and the operating management. Obtained following conclusion through the experiment and the analysis:
1) For orifice outlet drip irrigation laterals, manufacture coefficient C v is maximal when 0.6mm aperture, midst when 1.2mm aperture, minimal when 0.9mm aperture. When pitch is const, the scale of which C vchange with pitch inφ16 laterals is larger than that inφ12 laterals.
2) The change rule of orifice discharge along with the aperture is similar in same diameter laterals, orifice discharge increases along with aperture increases, this amplitude increases along with the laterals’diameter increases; Except that 0.6mm aperture under same working head, orifice discharge of pitch in 33cm is larger than discharge of pitch in 100cm, change rule of orifice discharge along with the aperture performance in other two kind of aperture laterals is: Orifice discharge of 100cm pitch laterals is larger than that in 33cm pitch laterals, the orifice discharge of 50cm pitch laterals is smallest.
3) Discharge coefficient k increases along with aperture d increases, curve of k and d almost parallel in laterals which pitch in 33cm、50cm , k change with the d change in laterals which pitch in 100cm are obviously larger than that in other two kind of pitch’s laterals. Flow regime exponent x increases first and then reduces after the d increases inφ16laterals, inφ12 laterals x reduces first and then increases after the d increases.
4) There are three flow regime of current in laterals under experimental condition: laminar only, laminar together with turbulent, turbulent only. The change rule of irrigation uniformity Cu and working head h is different under different flow regime and emitter discharge exponent x condition, under low pressure condition: Under laminar condition, the Cu increases along with the h increases and they are independent of x. Under laminar together with turbulence condition, Cu increases along with h increases when 0.5
6) the relationship between orifice’s local head losses and working head of laterals entrance is linear, orifice’s local head losses in different laterals increases along with working head increases; The same aperture and pitch, head losses of smaller orifice is bigger, the same working head and aperture, head losses of bigger lateral diameter is smaller than that in caliber small laterals.
引文
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