供应链契约机制的研究
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摘要
随着全球市场一体化的日益加剧,企业之间的竞争已经转变为供应链之间的竞争。供应链协调是供应链管理的首要任务之一,而供应链的契约机制成为协调的重要手段。本文围绕着供应链的契约机制,从协商机制、发货契约、多重契约、契约可行集等宏观和微观两个层面展开了研究,其目的在于加强供应链成员之间的协调,提高供应链的运作效率。主要研究工作和结论体现在以下五个方面:
(1)、提出了契约协商机制的通用过程。给出了供应链协商的定义以及协商所适用的原理方法-Sackelberg博奕,把契约协商分为集中式、分布式和混合式。针对供应链系统具有分布式、异构性的特点,借用Agent理论建立了契约协商的通用过程。当某一成员提出一种契约进行协商时,首先利用模糊聚类的方法来缩减契约协商的成员范围,其目的在于减少通信和时间开销;最后利用Zeuthen准则模型来模拟协商中的讨价还价的过程。
(2)、建立了考虑提前期的三级供应链发货契约。给出了提前期的概念及分类,并提出了发货集成度的概念,论述了发货与库存的紧密关系。在外部需求固定的假设下,提出了利用供应链成员库存相关成本,考虑供应商提前期的三级供应链发货契约-单次建立多次发货契约,根据供应链的两种主要类型,即合作方式和不合作方式,得到了使供应链库存成本最低的发货次数;并得到了与单次建立单次发货契约模式相比,能够降低成本的发货次数的范围。
(3)、建立了提高供应链整体效率的多重契约机制。给出了供应链追逐多重契约的原因,多重契约建立的前提条件以及对多重契约的形式化描述。具体分析了在批发价格契约基础上再进行收入共享契约的情况。建立了多重契约的数学模型,并在集中控制、一重契约,多重契约三种情况下,对供应链的参数和效率状况进行了分析,证明了多重契约对于供应链效率提高的积极作用。
(4)、建立了契约参数的可行集合。给出了供应链动态性和不确定性的原因。正是由于动态性和不确定性的存在,双方在制订契约时,契约参数不能只是一个精确值,而应当是一个区间,其目的在于扩大契约参数的范围,在理论上为契约协商提供了一个收敛的方法。本文给出了契约参数可行区间即可行集的定义,以及契约可行集的性质。而后,具体针对批发价格契约的两种形式-供应商管理库存和零售商管理库存,分别求得了这两种契约形式的契约参数可行集,并对它们进行了对比分析。
(5)、建立了供应链契约协商的原型系统。对Web Services的组成、工作原理、系统结构和层次关系作了简单介绍,对契约协商中的协商过程、协商语言的Web Services表示进行了阐述,并建立了原型系统的体系框架和结构。
With increasing globalization, the competition among enterprises has been the competition among supply chains. The coordination has been one of the important tasks in supply chain management. The contract mechanism is an important means of supply chain coordination. Based on supply chain contracts mechanism, the researches have developed on macro level and micro level surrounding contract mechanism, such as the negotiation mechanism, delivery contract, multiple-contract and contract feasible set. The goal is to strengthen coordination among members and improve efficiency in supply chain. The main research works and conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) The general processes of contract negotiation mechanism are founded. The negotiation is defined and the negotiation theory– Sackelberg game is expressed. Since supply chain has some special features, such as distribution, inhomogeneity, the general processes of contract negotiation mechanism are founded resort to Agent theory. Firstly, the members of range in process of negotiation are cut down using fuzzy-cluster method when one of members provides a contract to negotiate, which aims at decreasing the cost of communication and time. Secondly, the argy-bargy programs are simulated by Zeuthen models. At last, the process of negotiation is described by formalization language.
(2) The three-levels delivery contract considering lead time is founded. The concept and classification of lead time are defined. The delivery integration is put forward. The close- relationship between delivery and inventory is discussed. Based on the assumption that demand is constant, the Single-Setup-Multiple-Delivery (SSMD) model is studied. The number of deliveries, focusing on SSMD model, is discussed emphatically. In the proposed SSMD model, the lead time of raw material supplier is considered and the production of the manufacturer is affected by the lead time. The cost functions of the supply chain, consisting of the raw material supplier, the manufacturer and the buyer, are built respectively. By minimizing the cost of the supply chain, the optimal number of deliveries is obtained in non-cooperation policy and cooperation policy separately. The interval of the number of deliveries, which can save the cost, compared to the Single-Setup-Single-Delivery model, is also analyzed in non-cooperation policy and cooperation policy.
(3) The multiple-contracts which can improve supply chain’s efficiency are founded. The reasons for pursuing multiple-contracts are discussed, the pre-conditions for building multiple-contracts are described, the formulation models of multiple-contracts are founded. Based on the above discussion, revenue-sharing contract on the wholesale price contract is analyzed emphatically. Firstly, the math models of multiple-contracts are founded. Furthermore, the parameters and efficiency in three cases, centralized control, single-contract, multiple-contracts, are compared. The results validate the positive improvement for efficiency of supply chain.
(4) The feasible set of contract is founded. Because supply chain bears dynamic features and uncertainty, the contract parameters aren’t the accurate values, but an interval. The purpose is to expand the range of contract parameter and provide a convergent method of contract negotiation. Firstly, the concept of feasible set of contract is defined and the properties are discussed. Furthermore, aiming at the two types of the wholesale price contract, Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) and Retailer-Managed Inventory (RMI), the feasible set of contract is solved singly, in which the best order quantities are been as the contract parameter. The size of the feasible set of contract in VMI and RMI are compared.
(5) The primitive system of contract negotiation is founded. Firstly, the contents of Web Services are introduced, such as, the composition, theory, construction and level relationship of Web Services. Furthermore, the Web Services expression of the processes and language of negotiation are described, and the primitive framework is founded.
(1)、提出了契约协商机制的通用过程。给出了供应链协商的定义以及协商所适用的原理方法-Sackelberg博奕,把契约协商分为集中式、分布式和混合式。针对供应链系统具有分布式、异构性的特点,借用Agent理论建立了契约协商的通用过程。当某一成员提出一种契约进行协商时,首先利用模糊聚类的方法来缩减契约协商的成员范围,其目的在于减少通信和时间开销;最后利用Zeuthen准则模型来模拟协商中的讨价还价的过程。
(2)、建立了考虑提前期的三级供应链发货契约。给出了提前期的概念及分类,并提出了发货集成度的概念,论述了发货与库存的紧密关系。在外部需求固定的假设下,提出了利用供应链成员库存相关成本,考虑供应商提前期的三级供应链发货契约-单次建立多次发货契约,根据供应链的两种主要类型,即合作方式和不合作方式,得到了使供应链库存成本最低的发货次数;并得到了与单次建立单次发货契约模式相比,能够降低成本的发货次数的范围。
(3)、建立了提高供应链整体效率的多重契约机制。给出了供应链追逐多重契约的原因,多重契约建立的前提条件以及对多重契约的形式化描述。具体分析了在批发价格契约基础上再进行收入共享契约的情况。建立了多重契约的数学模型,并在集中控制、一重契约,多重契约三种情况下,对供应链的参数和效率状况进行了分析,证明了多重契约对于供应链效率提高的积极作用。
(4)、建立了契约参数的可行集合。给出了供应链动态性和不确定性的原因。正是由于动态性和不确定性的存在,双方在制订契约时,契约参数不能只是一个精确值,而应当是一个区间,其目的在于扩大契约参数的范围,在理论上为契约协商提供了一个收敛的方法。本文给出了契约参数可行区间即可行集的定义,以及契约可行集的性质。而后,具体针对批发价格契约的两种形式-供应商管理库存和零售商管理库存,分别求得了这两种契约形式的契约参数可行集,并对它们进行了对比分析。
(5)、建立了供应链契约协商的原型系统。对Web Services的组成、工作原理、系统结构和层次关系作了简单介绍,对契约协商中的协商过程、协商语言的Web Services表示进行了阐述,并建立了原型系统的体系框架和结构。
With increasing globalization, the competition among enterprises has been the competition among supply chains. The coordination has been one of the important tasks in supply chain management. The contract mechanism is an important means of supply chain coordination. Based on supply chain contracts mechanism, the researches have developed on macro level and micro level surrounding contract mechanism, such as the negotiation mechanism, delivery contract, multiple-contract and contract feasible set. The goal is to strengthen coordination among members and improve efficiency in supply chain. The main research works and conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) The general processes of contract negotiation mechanism are founded. The negotiation is defined and the negotiation theory– Sackelberg game is expressed. Since supply chain has some special features, such as distribution, inhomogeneity, the general processes of contract negotiation mechanism are founded resort to Agent theory. Firstly, the members of range in process of negotiation are cut down using fuzzy-cluster method when one of members provides a contract to negotiate, which aims at decreasing the cost of communication and time. Secondly, the argy-bargy programs are simulated by Zeuthen models. At last, the process of negotiation is described by formalization language.
(2) The three-levels delivery contract considering lead time is founded. The concept and classification of lead time are defined. The delivery integration is put forward. The close- relationship between delivery and inventory is discussed. Based on the assumption that demand is constant, the Single-Setup-Multiple-Delivery (SSMD) model is studied. The number of deliveries, focusing on SSMD model, is discussed emphatically. In the proposed SSMD model, the lead time of raw material supplier is considered and the production of the manufacturer is affected by the lead time. The cost functions of the supply chain, consisting of the raw material supplier, the manufacturer and the buyer, are built respectively. By minimizing the cost of the supply chain, the optimal number of deliveries is obtained in non-cooperation policy and cooperation policy separately. The interval of the number of deliveries, which can save the cost, compared to the Single-Setup-Single-Delivery model, is also analyzed in non-cooperation policy and cooperation policy.
(3) The multiple-contracts which can improve supply chain’s efficiency are founded. The reasons for pursuing multiple-contracts are discussed, the pre-conditions for building multiple-contracts are described, the formulation models of multiple-contracts are founded. Based on the above discussion, revenue-sharing contract on the wholesale price contract is analyzed emphatically. Firstly, the math models of multiple-contracts are founded. Furthermore, the parameters and efficiency in three cases, centralized control, single-contract, multiple-contracts, are compared. The results validate the positive improvement for efficiency of supply chain.
(4) The feasible set of contract is founded. Because supply chain bears dynamic features and uncertainty, the contract parameters aren’t the accurate values, but an interval. The purpose is to expand the range of contract parameter and provide a convergent method of contract negotiation. Firstly, the concept of feasible set of contract is defined and the properties are discussed. Furthermore, aiming at the two types of the wholesale price contract, Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) and Retailer-Managed Inventory (RMI), the feasible set of contract is solved singly, in which the best order quantities are been as the contract parameter. The size of the feasible set of contract in VMI and RMI are compared.
(5) The primitive system of contract negotiation is founded. Firstly, the contents of Web Services are introduced, such as, the composition, theory, construction and level relationship of Web Services. Furthermore, the Web Services expression of the processes and language of negotiation are described, and the primitive framework is founded.
引文
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