面向交通监测的无线传感器网络时间同步方法研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是由部署在监测区内大量的微型传感器节点相互通信形成的一个多跳自组织分布式系统，它为解决相关交通监测问题提供一种新的理论和方法。时间同步作为面向交通监测的无线传感器网络的一项基础支撑技术，对于实现基于时分复用机制的链路层协议或路由协议、交通状态感知节点的协作感知以及网内数据融合等起着至关重要的作用。本文以面向交通监测的无线传感器网络为研究背景，针对其时间同步中的若干关键问题展开了深入研究，主要研究工作如下：
（1）针对非树状层次型网络结构中如何以较少同步报文开销实现节点间的时间同步问题，提出了一种基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑算法。该算法首先利用改进的泛洪型层探测方法构建非树状层次型结构；然后提出了基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性广播元组筛选策略；最后通过MATLAB仿真平台对比验证所提出方法的同步报文开销；实验结果表明，在相同仿真条件下，基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑构建方法在非树状层次型网络结构中的同步报文开销相比GPA、DMSP、TPSN等算法均表现出良好的能量有效性和优越性。
（2）针对树状层次型网络结构中如何以能量有效性的方式实现节点间的时间同步问题，提出了一种基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑算法。该算法首先利用已有分簇路由协议中的节点成簇方法和同层节点的邻居握手协议构建树状层次型结构；然后提出了基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性广播元组筛选策略；最后通过MATLAB仿真平台对比验证所提出方法的同步报文开销；实验结果表明，在相同仿真条件下，基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑构建方法在树状层次型网络结构中的同步报文开销相比TPSN、ERTSP、CCS、HRTS等算法均表现出良好的能量有效性和优越性。
（3）针对贪婪性同步拓扑条件下的时钟偏差估计问题，提出了一种基于高斯时延模型的WSN时间同步算法。该算法首先利用贪婪性广播元组的无线广播特性实现节点间本地时间戳的局部共享；其次根据一阶线性时钟模型建立节点间本地时间戳的相互依赖关系；然后围绕层内与层间时钟偏差的估计问题，分别设计基于高斯时延模型的层内时钟偏差估计方法和层间时钟偏差估计方法；最后通过MATLAB仿真平台对比验证所提出方法的同步精度；实验结果表明，基于高斯时延模型的WSN时间同步算法能够以较高的同步精度适用于贪婪性同步拓扑结构，同时其层内时钟偏差估计算法的同步精度相比RBS、TPSN、RTSP以及HRTS算法，分别提高22.51s、14.64、3.17和1.5；层间时钟偏差估计算法的平均同步误差低于TPSN算法，且相比TPSN算法提升5.29。
（4）针对贪婪性同步拓扑条件下低同步能耗与高同步精度的均衡问题，提出了一种基于分量解耦融合的WSN时间同步算法。该算法首先根据贪婪性同步拓扑中各类节点本地时间戳间的相互依赖关系，建立有关层内节点间时钟偏差的两种估计方式；然后利用多传感器信息的分量解耦融合计算层内节点间时钟偏差的融合值，并以最小均方误差为原则估计分量解耦过程中引入的加权参数；最后通过仿真实验分析所提出算法的有效性，实验结果表明，基于分量解耦融合的时间同步算法能够在不增加额外同步能耗的条件下进一步提高时间同步的精度，而且在同步报文开销均为40的仿真条件下，时间同步精度与TSP-GDM-IL、PBS、ERTSP、TPSN、RBS算法相比，分别提高4.02s、4.52s、7.19s、13.8s以及25.48s。
（5）构建了一种面向交通监测的无线传感器网络时间同步测试系统。该系统的设计方案首先描述了时间同步测试系统的总体结构；然后在测试系统中融入了基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓算法、基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑算法、基于高斯时延模型的WSN时间同步算法以及基于分量解耦融合的WSN时间同步算法的核心思想，实现了时间同步拓扑的构建、在线同步软件的设计以及离线同步软件的设计；最后通过设定测试场景对比分析了时间同步测试系统的同步报文开销与同步精度；实验测试结果表明，基于贪婪性广播元组的层次型同步拓扑构建方法和基于高斯时延模型的时间偏差估计能够以良好的能量有效性和较高的时间同步精度适用于WSN-TS应用场景。
通过研究面向交通监测的无线传感器网络时间同步的拓扑构建方法、时钟偏差估计策略以及同步时钟偏差融合模型，论文从能量有效性、同步精确性、同步能耗与精度的均衡性以及同步可扩展性四个方面解决了面向交通监测的WSN时间同步存在的若干关键问题。该研究成果对于实现面向交通监测的WSN时间同步应用具有重要的参考价值。
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are usually deployed in a monitoring area of a largenumber of tiny sensor nodes, which can form a multiple-hop and self-organizing distributedsystem by wireless communication. In recent years, WSNs have provided a new method tosolve some critical problems in traffic surveilliance. However, time synchronization inwireless sensor networks for traffic surveillance (WSN-TS) has played a vital role to realizelink layer or network layer protocols that are based on time division mechanism,collaboration awareness for traffic conditions and information fusion of traffic sensing data.In this paper, several key issues for time synchronization in WSN-TS are discussed further,and the main work is described as follows:
(1) An algorithm for greedy synchronization topology based on two-hop neighbors(GST-TN) is proposed to reduce synch overhead in a non tree-like hierarchical structure.Firstly, the layer discovery based on the flood mechanism is improved to build a non tree-likehierarchical structure. Then, a selection strategy for greedy broadcast tuples is proposed withthe foundation of two-hop neighbors’ adjacent information. Finally, the proposed method isverified with the same simulation conditions in MATLAB, and experimental results show thatGST-TN can achieve energy efficient in terms of sync message packets, compared to GPA,DMSP and TPSN, respectively.
(2) An algorithm for greedy synchronization topology based on one-hop neighbors(GST-ON) is put forward to synchronize the nodes in a tree-like hierarchical structure withless sync message overhead. Firstly, a tree-like hierarchical structure, in which any nodesexcept the root node must have the unique father node, is constructed by the ClusteringRouting Protocols (CRPs) and the Neighbors Handshake Protocol (NHP). Then, a selectionstrategy for greedy broadcast tuples is proposed with the foundation of single-hop neighbors’adjacent information. Finally, the proposed method is verified in MATLAB, and theexperimental results have shown that GST-ON can achieve good effectiveness in terms ofsync packets, compared to TPSN, ERTSP, CCS and HRTS, respectively.
(3) A WSN time synchronization algorithm based on Gaussian delay model is brought forward to estimate clock deviations between any two nodes in a greedy synchronizationtopology (GST). Firstly, local timestamps are shared by the broadcast communication ofgreedy broadcast tuples. Secondly, the clock interdependency in a greedy synchronizationtopology is set up due to the linear clock model with the first order. Then, the clockdeviations of the nodes whether they are all in a greedy broadcast tuple (inside the layer) ornot (outside the layer), are calculated based on the Gaussian delay model. Finally, theproposed method is verified in MATLAB, and the experimental results have shown that theproposed algorithm can achieve good sync accuracy. Moreover, the synch accuracy of clockdeviations that are inside the layer is improved by22.51s,22.51,14.64and1.5,compared to RBS, TPSN, RTSP and HRTS, respectively. And the synch error of clockdeviations that are outside the layer is less by5.29, which is compared to TPSNalgorithm.
(4) A WSN clock synchronization algorithm based on component decoupling fusion(CSA-CDF) is proposed to optimize the compatibility of higher sync accuracy and lowersync overhead in a greedy synchronization topology. Firstly, the clock deviations of the nodesinside the layer are estimated by two different ways, which are based on the interdependentrelationship of local timestamps. Then, the clock deviations of the nodes inside layer areoptimized by using the component decoupling fusion. And the weighted parameters in thecomponent decoupling fusion are derived by the principle of minimum mean square error.Finally, the experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm can improve theprecision of time synchronization without the additional synch packets consumption.Moreover, with the sync packets of40, the synchronization accuracy of the proposedalgorithm is improved by4.02,4.52,7.19,13.8and25.48, compared toTSP-GDM-IL, PBS, ERTSP, TPSN and RBS, respectively.
(5) A time synchronization test system is designed to verify or improve clocksynchronization algorithms that will be executed in WSN-TS. Firstly, the overall structure ofthe time synchronization test system is described. Then, the time synchronization topology,the online and offline synchronization software are realized based on the ideas of GST-TN,GST-ON, TSP-GDM and TSP-CDF. Finally, synch message overhead and synch accuracy areobtained and analyzed in a representative traffic surveillance scenario. The experimental results have shown that the greedy synchronization topology is energy efficient, and thesynchronization method based on the Gaussian delay model can achieve high synch accuracyin our test scenario.
In summary, the dissertation has solved some key problems of clock synch in WSN-TSfrom four aspects, that is, energy efficiency, synch accuracy, balance between energyconsumption and synch accuracy, and synch extensibility, by studying synch topologyconstruction algorithms, clock deviations estimation strategy, and fusion model of clockdeviations. The study results for realizing the time synchronization of WSN-TS is ofimportant reference value.
（1）针对非树状层次型网络结构中如何以较少同步报文开销实现节点间的时间同步问题，提出了一种基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑算法。该算法首先利用改进的泛洪型层探测方法构建非树状层次型结构；然后提出了基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性广播元组筛选策略；最后通过MATLAB仿真平台对比验证所提出方法的同步报文开销；实验结果表明，在相同仿真条件下，基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑构建方法在非树状层次型网络结构中的同步报文开销相比GPA、DMSP、TPSN等算法均表现出良好的能量有效性和优越性。
（2）针对树状层次型网络结构中如何以能量有效性的方式实现节点间的时间同步问题，提出了一种基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑算法。该算法首先利用已有分簇路由协议中的节点成簇方法和同层节点的邻居握手协议构建树状层次型结构；然后提出了基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性广播元组筛选策略；最后通过MATLAB仿真平台对比验证所提出方法的同步报文开销；实验结果表明，在相同仿真条件下，基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑构建方法在树状层次型网络结构中的同步报文开销相比TPSN、ERTSP、CCS、HRTS等算法均表现出良好的能量有效性和优越性。
（3）针对贪婪性同步拓扑条件下的时钟偏差估计问题，提出了一种基于高斯时延模型的WSN时间同步算法。该算法首先利用贪婪性广播元组的无线广播特性实现节点间本地时间戳的局部共享；其次根据一阶线性时钟模型建立节点间本地时间戳的相互依赖关系；然后围绕层内与层间时钟偏差的估计问题，分别设计基于高斯时延模型的层内时钟偏差估计方法和层间时钟偏差估计方法；最后通过MATLAB仿真平台对比验证所提出方法的同步精度；实验结果表明，基于高斯时延模型的WSN时间同步算法能够以较高的同步精度适用于贪婪性同步拓扑结构，同时其层内时钟偏差估计算法的同步精度相比RBS、TPSN、RTSP以及HRTS算法，分别提高22.51s、14.64、3.17和1.5；层间时钟偏差估计算法的平均同步误差低于TPSN算法，且相比TPSN算法提升5.29。
（4）针对贪婪性同步拓扑条件下低同步能耗与高同步精度的均衡问题，提出了一种基于分量解耦融合的WSN时间同步算法。该算法首先根据贪婪性同步拓扑中各类节点本地时间戳间的相互依赖关系，建立有关层内节点间时钟偏差的两种估计方式；然后利用多传感器信息的分量解耦融合计算层内节点间时钟偏差的融合值，并以最小均方误差为原则估计分量解耦过程中引入的加权参数；最后通过仿真实验分析所提出算法的有效性，实验结果表明，基于分量解耦融合的时间同步算法能够在不增加额外同步能耗的条件下进一步提高时间同步的精度，而且在同步报文开销均为40的仿真条件下，时间同步精度与TSP-GDM-IL、PBS、ERTSP、TPSN、RBS算法相比，分别提高4.02s、4.52s、7.19s、13.8s以及25.48s。
（5）构建了一种面向交通监测的无线传感器网络时间同步测试系统。该系统的设计方案首先描述了时间同步测试系统的总体结构；然后在测试系统中融入了基于两跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓算法、基于单跳邻居信息的贪婪性同步拓扑算法、基于高斯时延模型的WSN时间同步算法以及基于分量解耦融合的WSN时间同步算法的核心思想，实现了时间同步拓扑的构建、在线同步软件的设计以及离线同步软件的设计；最后通过设定测试场景对比分析了时间同步测试系统的同步报文开销与同步精度；实验测试结果表明，基于贪婪性广播元组的层次型同步拓扑构建方法和基于高斯时延模型的时间偏差估计能够以良好的能量有效性和较高的时间同步精度适用于WSN-TS应用场景。
通过研究面向交通监测的无线传感器网络时间同步的拓扑构建方法、时钟偏差估计策略以及同步时钟偏差融合模型，论文从能量有效性、同步精确性、同步能耗与精度的均衡性以及同步可扩展性四个方面解决了面向交通监测的WSN时间同步存在的若干关键问题。该研究成果对于实现面向交通监测的WSN时间同步应用具有重要的参考价值。
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are usually deployed in a monitoring area of a largenumber of tiny sensor nodes, which can form a multiple-hop and self-organizing distributedsystem by wireless communication. In recent years, WSNs have provided a new method tosolve some critical problems in traffic surveilliance. However, time synchronization inwireless sensor networks for traffic surveillance (WSN-TS) has played a vital role to realizelink layer or network layer protocols that are based on time division mechanism,collaboration awareness for traffic conditions and information fusion of traffic sensing data.In this paper, several key issues for time synchronization in WSN-TS are discussed further,and the main work is described as follows:
(1) An algorithm for greedy synchronization topology based on two-hop neighbors(GST-TN) is proposed to reduce synch overhead in a non tree-like hierarchical structure.Firstly, the layer discovery based on the flood mechanism is improved to build a non tree-likehierarchical structure. Then, a selection strategy for greedy broadcast tuples is proposed withthe foundation of two-hop neighbors’ adjacent information. Finally, the proposed method isverified with the same simulation conditions in MATLAB, and experimental results show thatGST-TN can achieve energy efficient in terms of sync message packets, compared to GPA,DMSP and TPSN, respectively.
(2) An algorithm for greedy synchronization topology based on one-hop neighbors(GST-ON) is put forward to synchronize the nodes in a tree-like hierarchical structure withless sync message overhead. Firstly, a tree-like hierarchical structure, in which any nodesexcept the root node must have the unique father node, is constructed by the ClusteringRouting Protocols (CRPs) and the Neighbors Handshake Protocol (NHP). Then, a selectionstrategy for greedy broadcast tuples is proposed with the foundation of single-hop neighbors’adjacent information. Finally, the proposed method is verified in MATLAB, and theexperimental results have shown that GST-ON can achieve good effectiveness in terms ofsync packets, compared to TPSN, ERTSP, CCS and HRTS, respectively.
(3) A WSN time synchronization algorithm based on Gaussian delay model is brought forward to estimate clock deviations between any two nodes in a greedy synchronizationtopology (GST). Firstly, local timestamps are shared by the broadcast communication ofgreedy broadcast tuples. Secondly, the clock interdependency in a greedy synchronizationtopology is set up due to the linear clock model with the first order. Then, the clockdeviations of the nodes whether they are all in a greedy broadcast tuple (inside the layer) ornot (outside the layer), are calculated based on the Gaussian delay model. Finally, theproposed method is verified in MATLAB, and the experimental results have shown that theproposed algorithm can achieve good sync accuracy. Moreover, the synch accuracy of clockdeviations that are inside the layer is improved by22.51s,22.51,14.64and1.5,compared to RBS, TPSN, RTSP and HRTS, respectively. And the synch error of clockdeviations that are outside the layer is less by5.29, which is compared to TPSNalgorithm.
(4) A WSN clock synchronization algorithm based on component decoupling fusion(CSA-CDF) is proposed to optimize the compatibility of higher sync accuracy and lowersync overhead in a greedy synchronization topology. Firstly, the clock deviations of the nodesinside the layer are estimated by two different ways, which are based on the interdependentrelationship of local timestamps. Then, the clock deviations of the nodes inside layer areoptimized by using the component decoupling fusion. And the weighted parameters in thecomponent decoupling fusion are derived by the principle of minimum mean square error.Finally, the experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm can improve theprecision of time synchronization without the additional synch packets consumption.Moreover, with the sync packets of40, the synchronization accuracy of the proposedalgorithm is improved by4.02,4.52,7.19,13.8and25.48, compared toTSP-GDM-IL, PBS, ERTSP, TPSN and RBS, respectively.
(5) A time synchronization test system is designed to verify or improve clocksynchronization algorithms that will be executed in WSN-TS. Firstly, the overall structure ofthe time synchronization test system is described. Then, the time synchronization topology,the online and offline synchronization software are realized based on the ideas of GST-TN,GST-ON, TSP-GDM and TSP-CDF. Finally, synch message overhead and synch accuracy areobtained and analyzed in a representative traffic surveillance scenario. The experimental results have shown that the greedy synchronization topology is energy efficient, and thesynchronization method based on the Gaussian delay model can achieve high synch accuracyin our test scenario.
In summary, the dissertation has solved some key problems of clock synch in WSN-TSfrom four aspects, that is, energy efficiency, synch accuracy, balance between energyconsumption and synch accuracy, and synch extensibility, by studying synch topologyconstruction algorithms, clock deviations estimation strategy, and fusion model of clockdeviations. The study results for realizing the time synchronization of WSN-TS is ofimportant reference value.
引文
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