考虑温度效应的岩石动力学行为研究
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摘要
针对深部岩体工程、核废料存储以及地热开发利用等重大工程实际需要,开展岩石在温度作用下的动态力学特性研究具有十分重要的意义。本文利用自行研制的温压耦合下动力扰动试验系统,对不同温度和预应力耦合作用下岩石开展了动态力学特性的试验研究以及不同高温作用冷却后岩石的动态压缩、拉伸和断裂性能测试,并在此基础上进行了相关的实验和理论研究。主要内容和结论性成果如下：
(1)自行研制了能模拟岩石遭受高温高应力及动力扰动状态下的加载试验系统。并针对岩石类脆性材料的特性,讨论了一系列脉冲整形技术,如去波头法、入射波整形法、异形冲头法等试验技术；分析了高温下岩石试样与波导杆接触时热传递对数据结果影响,并讨论了SHPB试验中几个常见的问题,如应力平衡及均匀化、摩擦效应和波的弥散及热传导问题。
(2)在大量试验的基础上,实时再现观察和研究了不同温度作用及轴向预应力下砂岩的动态特性,得到了砂岩动态强度随温度和轴向预应力的变化规律。基于机械模型和损伤模型,建立了温压耦合与动力扰动下岩石的本构模型,分析了不同温度下砂岩能量耗散与轴向静压的关系,指出轴向静压与能量吸收率之间存在一个最优值,且温度变化影响能量吸收率。
(3)本文通过系统的试验和研究获得了不同温度对砂岩密度、纵波波速、峰值强度、破坏模式、块度分布的影响规律：砂岩的平均密度和弹性模量随温度升高下降；纵波波速也随温度升高降低,且降低的幅度随着作用温度的升高而增大；动态峰值强度随着温度的增加而降低,而400℃～600℃范围内降低幅度较小,800℃后影响程度尤为显著；通过动态破裂过程高速摄影图片可知试样沿加载方向呈径向裂纹破坏。
(4)系统分析比较了高温后砂岩在静、动载荷加载下的破坏模式、峰值强度和峰值应变的差异,并从微观角度探讨温度对岩石力学性质的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,静载荷时岩石破坏模式表现为劈裂破坏和剪切破坏并伴随着脆性断裂,而动载荷作用时岩石破坏模式表现拉伸破坏；静动载荷作用下的峰值强度随着温度的升高而明显降低,且基本呈线性关系,静载荷作用下,平均峰值强度从126.37MPa降到64.76MPa,降低幅度为48.8%,动载荷作用时,平均峰值强度从176.3MPa降到83.1MPa,降低幅度达到了52.9%；而静动载荷作用下的峰值应变都随着温度的升高而增大。温度引起的热应力和微结构的变化导致砂岩力学性质发生改变,以及不同加载方式引起岩样内部孔隙扩展和微裂纹的生成方式不同,导致其抵抗外力变形的能力存在差异。
(5)采用巴西圆盘(Brazilian Disc, BD)和半圆盘(Semi-Circular Bending, SCB)加载方法研究了不同高温处理后Laurentian花岗岩动态拉伸特性,并用有限元分析方法验证准静态条件下半圆盘拉伸强度计算公式应用于动态试验中的可行性。试验结果表明：温度作用对花岗岩试样物理性质如密度、热膨胀系数和超声波速有一定的影响；动态拉伸强度与加载率呈线性关系增长,且加热温度越高,拉伸强度降低；试样在拉伸破坏过程中,两端沿着主加载方向出现“X”形状的裂纹。
(6)通过SHPB加载带预置裂纹的半圆盘三点弯试样,测量高温处理后花岗岩动态I型断裂韧度。在大量试验结果的基础上,得到结论：花岗岩动态断裂韧度几乎都随着加载率线性增长,却随着温度升高而降低；从电镜扫描仪(SEM)图片观察试样内部微观结构变化,超过250℃时,可以清楚的看到热作用诱导微裂纹扩展,这是导致岩石断裂韧度下降的主要因素。
It becomes more and more important to study and understand the dynamic mechanical properties of rocks under temperature condition to meet the increasing demands of deep mining, nuclear waste disposal and development and utilization of geothermal. For rocks with different temperatures and pre-stress state, the dynamic experiments were conducted by using an innovative testing system. And the rock dynamic properties of compression, tensile and fracture after thermal treatment were measured using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Some theoretical researches were also carried on in this study. The main contents and conclusive results are as follows:
(1) An innovative testing system was constructed for tests of rock with coupling temperature and pre-stress under dynamic loading. Pulse shaping techniques were discussed for rock brittle material, such as, removing wave head, the incident pulse shaping technique and special-shaped striker. The effect of thermal transfer to the experimental results was analyzed when sample touch with elastic bar under temperature loads. Several common problems in SHPB test were discussed, for instance, dynamic force balance, friction effect and thermal transferring.
(2) The dynamic properties of sandstone under different temperatures and pre-stress were observed and studied. The dynamic strength relationship of temperature and pre-stress was obtained. Based on present mechanical and damage model, dynamic constitutive model of rocks under coupling with temperature and pre-stress were built. The influence of temperature on pre-stress and energy dissipation of sandstone was analyzed, the results shows that the rate of energy absorption changes with rise of temperature.
(3) The mechanical properties of sandstone specimens such as density, longitudinal wave velocity, peak dynamic strength are studied under dynamic compression loading after being heated to different temperatures(25℃～800℃). Though the experimental results are discrete, the general law is obvious. The results show that, with the increasing temperature, the specimen density, the longitudinal wave velocity and the peak strength all gradually decrease, and the decreased magnitude of the longitudinal wave velocity has been increased when the temperature is over200℃. And the temperature changes from400℃to600℃, the peak strength of rock had less decreased magnitude, and decreases sharply when the temperature is over800℃. With the increasing temperature, the size of rock fragments becomes smaller. Through high-speed photography, dynamic failure process of rock has been expressed. It is obtained that radial cracks are distributed round specimens along the loading direction, the failure mode of rock is not representative at initial loading, but the final failure mode of rock is obtained through the stress wave multiple reflection.
(4) The difference of rock failure mode, peak strength and peak strain after high temperature under static and dynamic loading are analyzed and compared systematically. The effects of temperature on rock mechanical properties are investigated from microcosmic point of view. The results show that the mechanical properties of rock dynamic and static have difference evidently. With the increasing temperature, the failure mode of rock exhibit splitting failure with brittle fracture under static loading while the rock failure mode is tensile fracture under dynamic loading. The peak strength decreased evidently with the increasing temperature in a nearly linear way under static and dynamic loading. The average peak strength decreased from126.37MPa to64.76MPa in an extent of48.8%under static loading, as well as from176.3MPa to83.1MPa in an extent of52.9%under dynamic loading. The peak strain increased with the increasing temperature under static and dynamic loading. Thermal stress and variation of microstructure induce different the mechanical properties of sandstone due to the effects of temperature, and different methods of internal pore expansion and formation of microcracks due to different loading method, which result in difference of the resistance of deformation.
(5) The dynamic tensile properties of Laurentian granite after various high temperatures treatment were studied using Brazilian Disc (BD) and Semi-Circular bending (SCB) testing methods and the feasibility of applying the quasi-static tensile strength formula of Semi-Circular sample for dynamic test was analyzed based on finite element method. The test results show that the physical properties of specimen such as density, thermal expansion coefficient and ultrasonic wave velocity were influenced by temperature. The dynamic tensile strength increases linearly with the rise of loading rate and decreases with increasing treatment temperature. The sample appears cracks with the shape of "X" along the loading direction during dynamic tensile test.
(6) The dynamic fracture test of Laurentian granite after thermal treatment were carried on using the semi-circular three point bending specimens with pre-crack. The results shows that the dynamic fracture toughness of granite specimens increases linear with the rate of loading, but the higher treatment temperature, the smaller dynamic fracture toughness. The influence of temperature on inner structure of granite was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Beyond250℃, crack propagation induced by thermal effect is more distinct, which is the main reason for the decrease of fracture toughness.
(1)自行研制了能模拟岩石遭受高温高应力及动力扰动状态下的加载试验系统。并针对岩石类脆性材料的特性,讨论了一系列脉冲整形技术,如去波头法、入射波整形法、异形冲头法等试验技术；分析了高温下岩石试样与波导杆接触时热传递对数据结果影响,并讨论了SHPB试验中几个常见的问题,如应力平衡及均匀化、摩擦效应和波的弥散及热传导问题。
(2)在大量试验的基础上,实时再现观察和研究了不同温度作用及轴向预应力下砂岩的动态特性,得到了砂岩动态强度随温度和轴向预应力的变化规律。基于机械模型和损伤模型,建立了温压耦合与动力扰动下岩石的本构模型,分析了不同温度下砂岩能量耗散与轴向静压的关系,指出轴向静压与能量吸收率之间存在一个最优值,且温度变化影响能量吸收率。
(3)本文通过系统的试验和研究获得了不同温度对砂岩密度、纵波波速、峰值强度、破坏模式、块度分布的影响规律：砂岩的平均密度和弹性模量随温度升高下降；纵波波速也随温度升高降低,且降低的幅度随着作用温度的升高而增大；动态峰值强度随着温度的增加而降低,而400℃～600℃范围内降低幅度较小,800℃后影响程度尤为显著；通过动态破裂过程高速摄影图片可知试样沿加载方向呈径向裂纹破坏。
(4)系统分析比较了高温后砂岩在静、动载荷加载下的破坏模式、峰值强度和峰值应变的差异,并从微观角度探讨温度对岩石力学性质的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,静载荷时岩石破坏模式表现为劈裂破坏和剪切破坏并伴随着脆性断裂,而动载荷作用时岩石破坏模式表现拉伸破坏；静动载荷作用下的峰值强度随着温度的升高而明显降低,且基本呈线性关系,静载荷作用下,平均峰值强度从126.37MPa降到64.76MPa,降低幅度为48.8%,动载荷作用时,平均峰值强度从176.3MPa降到83.1MPa,降低幅度达到了52.9%；而静动载荷作用下的峰值应变都随着温度的升高而增大。温度引起的热应力和微结构的变化导致砂岩力学性质发生改变,以及不同加载方式引起岩样内部孔隙扩展和微裂纹的生成方式不同,导致其抵抗外力变形的能力存在差异。
(5)采用巴西圆盘(Brazilian Disc, BD)和半圆盘(Semi-Circular Bending, SCB)加载方法研究了不同高温处理后Laurentian花岗岩动态拉伸特性,并用有限元分析方法验证准静态条件下半圆盘拉伸强度计算公式应用于动态试验中的可行性。试验结果表明：温度作用对花岗岩试样物理性质如密度、热膨胀系数和超声波速有一定的影响；动态拉伸强度与加载率呈线性关系增长,且加热温度越高,拉伸强度降低；试样在拉伸破坏过程中,两端沿着主加载方向出现“X”形状的裂纹。
(6)通过SHPB加载带预置裂纹的半圆盘三点弯试样,测量高温处理后花岗岩动态I型断裂韧度。在大量试验结果的基础上,得到结论：花岗岩动态断裂韧度几乎都随着加载率线性增长,却随着温度升高而降低；从电镜扫描仪(SEM)图片观察试样内部微观结构变化,超过250℃时,可以清楚的看到热作用诱导微裂纹扩展,这是导致岩石断裂韧度下降的主要因素。
It becomes more and more important to study and understand the dynamic mechanical properties of rocks under temperature condition to meet the increasing demands of deep mining, nuclear waste disposal and development and utilization of geothermal. For rocks with different temperatures and pre-stress state, the dynamic experiments were conducted by using an innovative testing system. And the rock dynamic properties of compression, tensile and fracture after thermal treatment were measured using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Some theoretical researches were also carried on in this study. The main contents and conclusive results are as follows:
(1) An innovative testing system was constructed for tests of rock with coupling temperature and pre-stress under dynamic loading. Pulse shaping techniques were discussed for rock brittle material, such as, removing wave head, the incident pulse shaping technique and special-shaped striker. The effect of thermal transfer to the experimental results was analyzed when sample touch with elastic bar under temperature loads. Several common problems in SHPB test were discussed, for instance, dynamic force balance, friction effect and thermal transferring.
(2) The dynamic properties of sandstone under different temperatures and pre-stress were observed and studied. The dynamic strength relationship of temperature and pre-stress was obtained. Based on present mechanical and damage model, dynamic constitutive model of rocks under coupling with temperature and pre-stress were built. The influence of temperature on pre-stress and energy dissipation of sandstone was analyzed, the results shows that the rate of energy absorption changes with rise of temperature.
(3) The mechanical properties of sandstone specimens such as density, longitudinal wave velocity, peak dynamic strength are studied under dynamic compression loading after being heated to different temperatures(25℃～800℃). Though the experimental results are discrete, the general law is obvious. The results show that, with the increasing temperature, the specimen density, the longitudinal wave velocity and the peak strength all gradually decrease, and the decreased magnitude of the longitudinal wave velocity has been increased when the temperature is over200℃. And the temperature changes from400℃to600℃, the peak strength of rock had less decreased magnitude, and decreases sharply when the temperature is over800℃. With the increasing temperature, the size of rock fragments becomes smaller. Through high-speed photography, dynamic failure process of rock has been expressed. It is obtained that radial cracks are distributed round specimens along the loading direction, the failure mode of rock is not representative at initial loading, but the final failure mode of rock is obtained through the stress wave multiple reflection.
(4) The difference of rock failure mode, peak strength and peak strain after high temperature under static and dynamic loading are analyzed and compared systematically. The effects of temperature on rock mechanical properties are investigated from microcosmic point of view. The results show that the mechanical properties of rock dynamic and static have difference evidently. With the increasing temperature, the failure mode of rock exhibit splitting failure with brittle fracture under static loading while the rock failure mode is tensile fracture under dynamic loading. The peak strength decreased evidently with the increasing temperature in a nearly linear way under static and dynamic loading. The average peak strength decreased from126.37MPa to64.76MPa in an extent of48.8%under static loading, as well as from176.3MPa to83.1MPa in an extent of52.9%under dynamic loading. The peak strain increased with the increasing temperature under static and dynamic loading. Thermal stress and variation of microstructure induce different the mechanical properties of sandstone due to the effects of temperature, and different methods of internal pore expansion and formation of microcracks due to different loading method, which result in difference of the resistance of deformation.
(5) The dynamic tensile properties of Laurentian granite after various high temperatures treatment were studied using Brazilian Disc (BD) and Semi-Circular bending (SCB) testing methods and the feasibility of applying the quasi-static tensile strength formula of Semi-Circular sample for dynamic test was analyzed based on finite element method. The test results show that the physical properties of specimen such as density, thermal expansion coefficient and ultrasonic wave velocity were influenced by temperature. The dynamic tensile strength increases linearly with the rise of loading rate and decreases with increasing treatment temperature. The sample appears cracks with the shape of "X" along the loading direction during dynamic tensile test.
(6) The dynamic fracture test of Laurentian granite after thermal treatment were carried on using the semi-circular three point bending specimens with pre-crack. The results shows that the dynamic fracture toughness of granite specimens increases linear with the rate of loading, but the higher treatment temperature, the smaller dynamic fracture toughness. The influence of temperature on inner structure of granite was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Beyond250℃, crack propagation induced by thermal effect is more distinct, which is the main reason for the decrease of fracture toughness.
引文
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