升流式固体反应器处理畜禽废水试验研究
摘要
我国畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展,由此所产生的环境污染问题也日趋严重。畜禽粪污中含有大量的有机物、氮、磷、悬浮物及致病菌,如果不加任何处理就排放到外界,则会对周围的土壤、大气和水体造成严重的污染,对人体健康和环境构成威胁。以升流式固体反应器(Upflow Solids Reacter以下简称USR反应器)为主的沼气工程技术处理畜禽粪便,不仅能够减少环境污染,还能够回收利用粪便处理过程中产生的甲烷来提供清洁能源,更重要的是还能够减少温室气体排放量。本文采用USR反应器对高浓度的畜禽废水进行处理试验研究,为实际沼气工程的工艺设计和运行操作提供参考依据,具有重要的现实意义。
本文探讨了一、二级USR反应器工艺处理畜禽废水的机理和效果,主要通过模拟实际工程运行,在中温38℃环境下,测定反应器内VFA值和pH值来监测反应器的运行状况,逐步提高反应器的负荷,最终确定USR反应器最高负荷和产气率,并对各影响因素进行了研究,得出最佳操作参数,主要得出如下结论：
USR反应器在处理畜禽废水实验中具有有机负荷高,容积产气率高、运行稳定和二次启动迅速等特点,因此在实际沼气工程中有着较好的应用。USR反应器处理猪、牛粪废水实验在温度保持在中温38℃情况下,容积产气率分别达到2.5m3／m3·d和1.4m3／m3·d左右。USR反应器处理畜禽废水出水VFA值在15～25mmol/L和pH值为7.2-7.5之间时,处理效果比较好。USR反应器处理畜禽废水在出水二次发酵实验时,二级USR反应器产气量可以达到一级USR反应器产气量的10%-15%,在投资和实际运行费用比较低的情况下,很好的取代了传统的沼液池的作用。USR反应器处理畜禽废水产生沼气的甲烷含量均在60%以上,沼液沼渣营养成分含量高,均可以创造很好的经济效益。
The environment pollution by the promotion of livestock breeding trade is more serious. The ordure produced by livestock breeding trade has a mass of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphor, suspended substance and pathogen. It will bring serious environmental pollution to atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and do harm to the health of human being if discharged directly without being disposed. This experiment which focuses on the treatment of livestock wastewater with high concentration by upflow solids reactor has great meaning for the application of biogas engineering. The biogas engineering which treat ordure by the upflow solids reactor can reduce the pollution of environment and provide clean energy by collecting biogas, but foremostly cut down the amount of greenhouse gas.
The experiment study up on the mechanism and effect of stair and secondary upflow solids reacter treating livestick wastewater by simulating actual biogas engineering in the middle of temperature 38℃, monitoring the state of the reactor by surveying the pH value and VFA value, raising the burthen of the reactor gradually to make sure the most burthen of the reactor and the rate of producing gas, and obtaining the optimum parameters by analysing influential factors. sum upthe results:
The upflow solids reacter show the characteristics which are high organic burthen, high rate of producing gas, running steadily and secondary starting up rapidly in the experiment, so it has good perspective in biogas engineering. The experiment show the rate of removing COD is 50%～60%and the rate of producing gas is 2.5m3/m3-d(piggery wastewater) and 1.4m3/m3-d(cowshed wastewater) in the middle of temperature 38℃. The upflow solids reacter can run normally with the VFA value between 15-25mmol/L and the pH value between 7.2～7.4.In twice ferment experiment, the amount of gas produced by secondary upflow solids reacter is 10%～15%of stair upflow solids reacter. So the secondary upflow solids reacter can instead of ferment giblets with low cost of running and operating. The biogas produced by upflow solids reacter has methane more than 60%, and the nutrient ferment giblets can create high economic worth.
本文探讨了一、二级USR反应器工艺处理畜禽废水的机理和效果,主要通过模拟实际工程运行,在中温38℃环境下,测定反应器内VFA值和pH值来监测反应器的运行状况,逐步提高反应器的负荷,最终确定USR反应器最高负荷和产气率,并对各影响因素进行了研究,得出最佳操作参数,主要得出如下结论：
USR反应器在处理畜禽废水实验中具有有机负荷高,容积产气率高、运行稳定和二次启动迅速等特点,因此在实际沼气工程中有着较好的应用。USR反应器处理猪、牛粪废水实验在温度保持在中温38℃情况下,容积产气率分别达到2.5m3／m3·d和1.4m3／m3·d左右。USR反应器处理畜禽废水出水VFA值在15～25mmol/L和pH值为7.2-7.5之间时,处理效果比较好。USR反应器处理畜禽废水在出水二次发酵实验时,二级USR反应器产气量可以达到一级USR反应器产气量的10%-15%,在投资和实际运行费用比较低的情况下,很好的取代了传统的沼液池的作用。USR反应器处理畜禽废水产生沼气的甲烷含量均在60%以上,沼液沼渣营养成分含量高,均可以创造很好的经济效益。
The environment pollution by the promotion of livestock breeding trade is more serious. The ordure produced by livestock breeding trade has a mass of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphor, suspended substance and pathogen. It will bring serious environmental pollution to atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and do harm to the health of human being if discharged directly without being disposed. This experiment which focuses on the treatment of livestock wastewater with high concentration by upflow solids reactor has great meaning for the application of biogas engineering. The biogas engineering which treat ordure by the upflow solids reactor can reduce the pollution of environment and provide clean energy by collecting biogas, but foremostly cut down the amount of greenhouse gas.
The experiment study up on the mechanism and effect of stair and secondary upflow solids reacter treating livestick wastewater by simulating actual biogas engineering in the middle of temperature 38℃, monitoring the state of the reactor by surveying the pH value and VFA value, raising the burthen of the reactor gradually to make sure the most burthen of the reactor and the rate of producing gas, and obtaining the optimum parameters by analysing influential factors. sum upthe results:
The upflow solids reacter show the characteristics which are high organic burthen, high rate of producing gas, running steadily and secondary starting up rapidly in the experiment, so it has good perspective in biogas engineering. The experiment show the rate of removing COD is 50%～60%and the rate of producing gas is 2.5m3/m3-d(piggery wastewater) and 1.4m3/m3-d(cowshed wastewater) in the middle of temperature 38℃. The upflow solids reacter can run normally with the VFA value between 15-25mmol/L and the pH value between 7.2～7.4.In twice ferment experiment, the amount of gas produced by secondary upflow solids reacter is 10%～15%of stair upflow solids reacter. So the secondary upflow solids reacter can instead of ferment giblets with low cost of running and operating. The biogas produced by upflow solids reacter has methane more than 60%, and the nutrient ferment giblets can create high economic worth.
引文
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4. The Health State. Guidelines for livestock waste management[J], Hawaii State Department of Health Wastewater Branch,1996,(06):256-264.
5.马展.养殖场甲烷回收利用清洁发展机制项目案例研究[D],清华大学,2006.
6. Maciej Dzik iew icz. Activities in nonpoint.pollution control in rural areas of Poland[D], Ecological Engineering,2000.
7. J.A.Moore and M.J.Gamroth, Calculating. The fertilizer value of manure from livestock operations[D], Oregon state university extension service.EC 1094,1993.
8.赵青玲,杨继涛,李遂亮,张全国.畜禽粪便资源化利用技术的现状及展望[J],河南农业大学学报2003,(06)：184-187.
9.吴淑杭,姜震方.禽畜粪便污染现状与发展趋势[J],上海科技,2002,(01)：9-10.
10.张全国.沼气技术及其应用[M],北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
11.李民.规模化畜禽养殖场粪污污染与防治措施[J],农业科技通讯,2001,(10)：22-23.
12.沈根祥,汪雅谷.上海市郊大中型禽畜场数量分布及粪尿处理利用现状[J],上海农业学报,1994,10(增刊)：12-16.
13.余振华.畜禽废弃物的处理与利用[J],农业环境保护,1993,12(02)：88-90.
14.朱能武,邓昌彦.猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究[J],环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,07(02)：38-41.
15.任顺荣,王正详.日本畜禽粪尿处理技术的现状与展望[J],环境科学动态,2004,(04)：12-13.
16.刘克锋,刘悦秋,雷增普,等.几种微生物应用于猪粪堆肥中的研究[J],北京农学院学报,2001,16(02)：36-41.
17.王志强.日本的发酵床养猪技术[J],世界农业,2004,(298)：50-51.
18.石山.中国生态农业建设[M],北京：人民日报出版社,2002,226-227.
19.赵青玲,杨继涛,李遂亮.畜禽粪便资源化利用技术的现状及展望[J],河南农业大学学报,2003,37(2)：184-187.
20.朱孔颖.畜禽养殖业污染状况及管理对策[J],干旱环境监测2004,18(01)：46-47.
21.朱海生,陈志宇,栾冬梅.畜禽粪便综合利用[J],黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004,(04)：59-60.
22.王远明,王屹,陆强.猪血鸡粪混合饲料的制备[J],化学世界,2003,(12)：641-643.
23.刘亚纳.赤子爱胜蚓处理畜禽粪便的工艺条件研究[D],河南农业大学,2005.
24.戴洪刚,唐金陵,杨志军.利用蝇蛆处理畜禽粪便污染的生物技术[J],农业环境保护,2002,(01)：34-35.
25.邹优敬.蝇蛆、蚯蚓养殖场参观记[J],广西畜牧兽医,2001,17(30)：35-37.
26.贺延龄.废水厌氧生物处理[M],北京：中国轻工业出版社,1998.
27.王可科,赵颖.畜禽养殖业废水处理方法[J],河南畜牧兽医,2006,06(26)：15-17.
28.周孟津.沼气实用技术[M],北京：中国轻工业出版社,2004.
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