基于GIS的机场雷达视域分析与精度分析
|
摘要
通视性分析又称覆盖分析或视域分析。目前,已经在军事、通信、房地产、地面广播电视信号传播、无线电寻呼传播、无线网络等众多领域得以广泛应用。随着民用航空业的飞速发展,其在航空运输业中的运用也越来越频繁。
文章论述了通视性分析的理论研究进展及其在多个领域的研究现状,提出了其在机场这个特定领域研究的必要性;对雷达视域分析的表现形式——雷达探测范围的研究现状进行了分析,指出了当前雷达探测范围图表现方面存在的问题。传统的雷达探测范围图是通过二维图形或图表的形式来显示和表达的,不能准确的反映出三维地形环境中雷达发射的电磁信息的分布态势,为此文章提出了运用GIS技术来完成地形环境的三维空间建模,并在三维模型的基础上实现雷达探测范围的显示,从而使雷达探测范围图的表达更准确。在此基础上文章还基于GIS技术实现了通视性分析建模与精度分析建模,并开发实现了机场雷达视域分析和精度分析系统。该系统在三维地形模型的基础上,实现对雷达监测站点的定位动态分析,在既满足了定位精度要求又满足经济成本最低的条件下,布设最佳数量的雷达实现对机场所辖范围以及机场外广域范围的覆盖。
文章的主要研究内容包括:基于GIS的通视性分析方法研究;通视分析模型和精度分析模型的建立;开发实现了基于GIS的机场雷达的通视性分析与精度分析系统。
文章得到的主要成果包括:采用基于DEM数据的雷达探测范围图,准确的反映出了三维地形环境中雷达发射的电磁信息的分布态势,实现了电磁信息在
三维地形环境中的表现,改进了传统雷达探测范围图的显示与表达;完成了基于数字高程模型(DEM)的机场雷达站点的动态分析以及对雷达站点的定位精度误差分析。
The visibility analysis is widely used in military, correspondence, realty, airwaves, network, and so on. At present, it is also widely used in aviation, along with the development of the aviation.
The paper particularly discusses the evolvement of the visibility analysis in the theory research and the application status in multi-domains, brings forward the necessity of the research in the especial domain of airdrome. Further more, the represent form of the visibility analysis of radar viz. detection range of radar is emphatically explained. At the same time , the paper puts forward the existent problem in the display of the detection range of radar, which manifested by second-dimension graph. Due to the single representation of second dimension graph, the distributing situation of the electromagnetism information couldn’t be represented three-dimensionally. So, the paper brings forward three-dimensional modeling based on the GIS, also realizes the display of the detection range of radar on DEM. In addition, the paper realizes the model of visibility analysis and accuracy analysis based on GIS and the system of visibility analysis and accuracy analysis. The aim of the system is the realization of the dynamic analysis of orientation, in order to realize the airport overlay by radar, in the condition of lowest cost and high accuracy.
The main contents of this study are as follows: the theory of the visibility analysis; the model of visibility analysis and accuracy analysis; the system of visibility analysis of radar and accuracy analysis of passive location in the air station based on the GIS; system structure and system function, the developing method and the needing software.
The results are as follows: It puts forward the improved method aiming at the display of the detection range of radar; Secondly, the paper realizes the auto adjustment of the radar’s position. Thirdly, it puts forward the model of accuracy analysis.
文章论述了通视性分析的理论研究进展及其在多个领域的研究现状,提出了其在机场这个特定领域研究的必要性;对雷达视域分析的表现形式——雷达探测范围的研究现状进行了分析,指出了当前雷达探测范围图表现方面存在的问题。传统的雷达探测范围图是通过二维图形或图表的形式来显示和表达的,不能准确的反映出三维地形环境中雷达发射的电磁信息的分布态势,为此文章提出了运用GIS技术来完成地形环境的三维空间建模,并在三维模型的基础上实现雷达探测范围的显示,从而使雷达探测范围图的表达更准确。在此基础上文章还基于GIS技术实现了通视性分析建模与精度分析建模,并开发实现了机场雷达视域分析和精度分析系统。该系统在三维地形模型的基础上,实现对雷达监测站点的定位动态分析,在既满足了定位精度要求又满足经济成本最低的条件下,布设最佳数量的雷达实现对机场所辖范围以及机场外广域范围的覆盖。
文章的主要研究内容包括:基于GIS的通视性分析方法研究;通视分析模型和精度分析模型的建立;开发实现了基于GIS的机场雷达的通视性分析与精度分析系统。
文章得到的主要成果包括:采用基于DEM数据的雷达探测范围图,准确的反映出了三维地形环境中雷达发射的电磁信息的分布态势,实现了电磁信息在
三维地形环境中的表现,改进了传统雷达探测范围图的显示与表达;完成了基于数字高程模型(DEM)的机场雷达站点的动态分析以及对雷达站点的定位精度误差分析。
The visibility analysis is widely used in military, correspondence, realty, airwaves, network, and so on. At present, it is also widely used in aviation, along with the development of the aviation.
The paper particularly discusses the evolvement of the visibility analysis in the theory research and the application status in multi-domains, brings forward the necessity of the research in the especial domain of airdrome. Further more, the represent form of the visibility analysis of radar viz. detection range of radar is emphatically explained. At the same time , the paper puts forward the existent problem in the display of the detection range of radar, which manifested by second-dimension graph. Due to the single representation of second dimension graph, the distributing situation of the electromagnetism information couldn’t be represented three-dimensionally. So, the paper brings forward three-dimensional modeling based on the GIS, also realizes the display of the detection range of radar on DEM. In addition, the paper realizes the model of visibility analysis and accuracy analysis based on GIS and the system of visibility analysis and accuracy analysis. The aim of the system is the realization of the dynamic analysis of orientation, in order to realize the airport overlay by radar, in the condition of lowest cost and high accuracy.
The main contents of this study are as follows: the theory of the visibility analysis; the model of visibility analysis and accuracy analysis; the system of visibility analysis of radar and accuracy analysis of passive location in the air station based on the GIS; system structure and system function, the developing method and the needing software.
The results are as follows: It puts forward the improved method aiming at the display of the detection range of radar; Secondly, the paper realizes the auto adjustment of the radar’s position. Thirdly, it puts forward the model of accuracy analysis.
引文
[1]高金华.当代民航机场的管理与建设[J].交通运输工程学报,2002.
[2]张九龙,酆广增.我国移动卫星星座设计、覆盖分析及动态仿真[J].南京邮电学院学报:自然科学版,2002,2.
[3]任仪.地面广播电视覆盖分析方法[J].广播电视信息,2006,6.
[4]窦笠.高速无线电寻呼传播覆盖分析[J].中国无线通信,1998,1.
[5]王莹.3G CDMA 无线网路规划[J].移动通信,2005,4.
[6]胡彩波,王宏兵,胡丽丽.STK 软件卫星可见性和覆盖分析[J].全球定位系统, 2007.
[7]STK User’s Manual Version 4.2.1[M],Analytical Graphics INC(AGI).2000.
[8]高可.三维道路信号覆盖分析模型的研究[J].网络运维,2007.
[9]唐艳超,王保利,王强钲.WiMAX 覆盖分析[J].通信世界,2007.
[10]杨朝辉,党立华,徐秀萍.基于 ArcObject 的房地产通视分析系统的研制[J].测绘通报,2003.
[11]包毅.雷达导航覆盖分析和频率管理综合系统[J].民航科技,2001.
[12]李锐,任磊.雷达导航覆盖分析和频率管理综合系统的设计和实现[J].民航科技,2003.
[13]何泽宇, 包毅. 雷达导航覆盖分析和频率管理综合系统[J].民航科技,2001.
[14]Omberg,A.C., and K.A.Norton, The Maximum Range of a Radar Set,Proc.vol.35:4-24
[15]North,D.O,An Analysis of the Factors Which Determine Signal/Noise Discrimination in Pulse Carrier System,Proc.IEEE,Vol.51,1963:1051-1028 (Originally published as RCA Lab.Rept.PTR-6C,June 1943)
[16]Marcum,J.I,A Statistical Theory of Detection by Pulsed Radar, and Mathematical Appendix, IRE Trans.,Vol.IT-6,1960:59-267 (Originally published as RAND Corp.Res.Mem,Rm-745,December 1947,and RM-753,1948)
[17]Robertson,G.H.,Operating Characteristics for a Linear Detector of CW Signals in Narrow-Band Gaussian Noise,Bell Syst.Tech.J.,Vol.46,1967:755-744
[18]Swerling,P.,Probability of Detection for Fluctuating Targets,IRE Trans., Vol.IT-6,1960:269-308 (Originally published as RAND Corp.Res.Mem,Rm-1217,March 1954.)Also, Swerling,P.,Detection of Radar Echoes in Noise Revisited,IEEE Trans.,Vol.IT-12,1966:348-361
[19]Fechlner,L,F.,Marcum and Swerling’s Data on Target Detection by a Pulse Radar,Johns Hopkins Univ.Appl.Phys.Lab.Rept.TG-451,July 1962,and Suppl., TG-451A,September 1964
[20]Kaplan,E.L.,Signal Detection Studies with Applications,Bell Syst.Tech.J., vol.34,1955:403-4379(Also published as Bell Telephone Lab.Monog.2394)
[21]Schwartz,M.,Effects of Signal Fluctuation on the Detection of Pulsed Signal in Noise,IRE Trans., vol.IT-2,1956:66-71
[22]Heidbreder,G.R.,and R.L. Mitchell,Detection Probabilities for Long-Normally Distributed Signals,IEEE Trans.,vol.AES-3,1967:5-13
[23]Bates,R.H.T.,Statistics of Fluctuating Target Detection,IEEE Trans., vol.AES-2,1966:137-139;Also,Discussion,vol.AES-2,1966:621-622
[24]Hall,W.M.,Prediction of Pulse Radar Performance, Proc.IRE, vol.44,1956:224-231
[25]Blake,L.V.,Recent Advancements in Basic Pulse-Radar Range Calculation Technique,IRE Trans.,vol.MIL-5.,1961:154-164
[26]程柏林,张尉.用 Matlab 语言实现雷达探测范围图的绘制[J].空军雷达学院学报,1999.
[27]张尉,程柏林,金素华.搜索雷达探测范围的可视化技术[J].现代雷达,2000,3(22):45-46.
[28]林卫明,刘德权.利用 OpenGL 技术实现雷达探测范围的三维显示[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2002:72-75.
[29]S.Ansari,GIS TOOLS FOR VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF NEXRAD RADAR (WSR-88D) ARCHIVED DATA AT THE NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER.2005
[30]R.J. Lynn and V.Lakshmanan. VIRTUAL RADAR VOLUMES: CREATION, ALGORITHM ACCESS, AND VISUALIZATION.in 21st Conference on Severe Local Storms,2002.Amer. Meteo.Soc.,San Antonio,TX.
[31]田林亚,李斌,赵士华.测量雷达空间标校目标精密测量及精度分析[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,10.
[32]沈爱国,姜秋喜.无源定位精度分析[J].舰船电子对抗,2007,8.
[33]廖龙灵.直升机载雷达侦察系统目标定位精度分析[J].电讯技术,2005.
[34]管美莹.精密跑道监视器—增加机场容量的新技术[J].中国民航飞行学院学报,2001.
[35]孟国明.虚拟战场环境中雷达探测范围表现技术研究[D].国防科学技术大学,2005.
[36]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法 [M].北京: 科学出版社, 2003.
[37]张金芳,李磊,王宇心.地形可视性分析[J].系统仿真学报, 2005.
[38]Puppo E,Marzano P. Discrete Visibility Problems And Graph Algorithms[A], International Journal of Geographical Information Systems[C],1996.
[39]Ed Wright.Probabilistic Line of Sight[EB/OL]. http://www.tec.army.mil/operations/programs/LOS/20040128.2004.
[40] De Floriani L,Falcidieno B,Nagy G,Pienovi C.On Sorting Triangles In A Delaunay Tessellation[J].Algorithmic,1991,6:522-532.
[41]Cole R,Sharir M.Visibility Problems For Polyhedral Terrains[J].Journal of Symbolic Computation,1989,17:11-30.
[42]De Floriani L,Falcidieno B,Nagy G,Pienovi C.Polyhedral Terrain Description Using Visibility Criteria[R].Technical Report 17.Genova(Italy),Institute for Applied Mathematics,National Research Council,1989.
[43]Peif J,Sen S.An Efficient Output-Sensitive Hidden Surface Removal Algorithm And Its Parallelization[A].Proceedings 4th ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry [C].New York,ACM Press,1988,193-200.
[44]Preparata F P,Vitter J S.A Simplified Technique For Hidden-Line Elimination In Terrains[A].Finkel A,Jantzen M(eds)Lecture Notes in Computer Science 577[C]. Berlin,Springer-Verlag,1992,135-144.
[45]Edelsbrunner H,Guibas L J,Sharir M. The Upper Envelope Of Piecewise Linear Functions:Algorithms And Applications[J].Discrete and Computational Geometry, 1989,4:311-336.
[46]Overmars M,Sharir.A Simple Output-Sensitive Algorithm For Hidden Surface Removal[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,1992,11:1-11.
[47]Teng Y A,Mount,Puppo E,Davis L S.Parallelizing An Algorithm For VisibilityOn Polyhedral Terrain[J].International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications,1997,7(1&2):75-84.
[48]Bruzzone E,De Floriani L,Magillo P.Updating Visibility Information On Multiresolution Terrain Models[A].Frank AU, Kuhn W(eds) Proceedings Conference on Spatial Information Theory(COSIT95),Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988 [C].Berlin ,Springer-Verlag,1995,279-296.
[49]Dobrindt K,Yvinec M.Remenbering Conflicts In History Yields Dynamic Algorithms[A],Ng K W,Raghavan P,Balasubramanian N V,Chin F Y L(eds) Algorithms and Computation,Lecture Notes in Computer Science 762[C],Hong Kong, Springer-Verlag,1993,21-30
[50]Hershelberg J.Finding The Upper Envejopeof R Line Segments In o ( N log n ) Time[J]. Information Processing Letters 1989,33:169-174.
[51]Atallah M.Dynamic Computational Geometry[A].Proceedings 24th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science[C],IEEE Computer Society,1983,92-99.
[52]Shapira A.Visibility And Terrain Labeling[D].Master Thesis. Troy, NY, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,1990.
[53]Blelloch G E.Vector Models For Data-Parallel Computing[D].Cambridge,MA, MIT Press,1990.
[54] Mills K,Fox G,Heimbach.Implementing An Intervisibility Analysis Model On A Parallel Computing System[J].Computers&Geosciences 18(8).1992,1047-1054.
[55]Teng Y A,De Menthon D,Davis L S.Region-To-Region Visibility Analysis Using Data Parallel Machines[J].Concurrency:Practice&Experience 5,1993,379-406.
[56]http://www.gis.esri.com
[57]http://www.gischina.com
[58]朱选,刘素霞.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].华东师范大学出版社.
[59]Paul A.Longley,Michael F.Goodchild,David J.Maguire,David W.Rhind 等著,唐中实,黄俊峰等译.地理信息系统原理与技术(第二版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
[60]Michael Zeiler 著,张晓祥,张峰,姚静等译.为我们的世界建模[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[61]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].科学出版社,2003.
[62]李增路,李真.地面机动目标通视环境的可视化建模[J].火力与指挥控制,2004.
[63]王宗全, 朱国珍.无源雷达的研究概况[J].0 八一科技,2003(3):2-12.
[64]唐小明,何友,夏明革.基于机会发射的无源雷达系统发展评述[J].现代雷达,2002,24(2):1-6.
[65]刘传宝.时差定位法精度分析[J].现代雷达,1999,21(2):16-22.
[66]何缓,杨春山,傅文斌.无源雷达定位精度分析[J].现代雷达,2007,5.
[67]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社.2002.85-91
[2]张九龙,酆广增.我国移动卫星星座设计、覆盖分析及动态仿真[J].南京邮电学院学报:自然科学版,2002,2.
[3]任仪.地面广播电视覆盖分析方法[J].广播电视信息,2006,6.
[4]窦笠.高速无线电寻呼传播覆盖分析[J].中国无线通信,1998,1.
[5]王莹.3G CDMA 无线网路规划[J].移动通信,2005,4.
[6]胡彩波,王宏兵,胡丽丽.STK 软件卫星可见性和覆盖分析[J].全球定位系统, 2007.
[7]STK User’s Manual Version 4.2.1[M],Analytical Graphics INC(AGI).2000.
[8]高可.三维道路信号覆盖分析模型的研究[J].网络运维,2007.
[9]唐艳超,王保利,王强钲.WiMAX 覆盖分析[J].通信世界,2007.
[10]杨朝辉,党立华,徐秀萍.基于 ArcObject 的房地产通视分析系统的研制[J].测绘通报,2003.
[11]包毅.雷达导航覆盖分析和频率管理综合系统[J].民航科技,2001.
[12]李锐,任磊.雷达导航覆盖分析和频率管理综合系统的设计和实现[J].民航科技,2003.
[13]何泽宇, 包毅. 雷达导航覆盖分析和频率管理综合系统[J].民航科技,2001.
[14]Omberg,A.C., and K.A.Norton, The Maximum Range of a Radar Set,Proc.vol.35:4-24
[15]North,D.O,An Analysis of the Factors Which Determine Signal/Noise Discrimination in Pulse Carrier System,Proc.IEEE,Vol.51,1963:1051-1028 (Originally published as RCA Lab.Rept.PTR-6C,June 1943)
[16]Marcum,J.I,A Statistical Theory of Detection by Pulsed Radar, and Mathematical Appendix, IRE Trans.,Vol.IT-6,1960:59-267 (Originally published as RAND Corp.Res.Mem,Rm-745,December 1947,and RM-753,1948)
[17]Robertson,G.H.,Operating Characteristics for a Linear Detector of CW Signals in Narrow-Band Gaussian Noise,Bell Syst.Tech.J.,Vol.46,1967:755-744
[18]Swerling,P.,Probability of Detection for Fluctuating Targets,IRE Trans., Vol.IT-6,1960:269-308 (Originally published as RAND Corp.Res.Mem,Rm-1217,March 1954.)Also, Swerling,P.,Detection of Radar Echoes in Noise Revisited,IEEE Trans.,Vol.IT-12,1966:348-361
[19]Fechlner,L,F.,Marcum and Swerling’s Data on Target Detection by a Pulse Radar,Johns Hopkins Univ.Appl.Phys.Lab.Rept.TG-451,July 1962,and Suppl., TG-451A,September 1964
[20]Kaplan,E.L.,Signal Detection Studies with Applications,Bell Syst.Tech.J., vol.34,1955:403-4379(Also published as Bell Telephone Lab.Monog.2394)
[21]Schwartz,M.,Effects of Signal Fluctuation on the Detection of Pulsed Signal in Noise,IRE Trans., vol.IT-2,1956:66-71
[22]Heidbreder,G.R.,and R.L. Mitchell,Detection Probabilities for Long-Normally Distributed Signals,IEEE Trans.,vol.AES-3,1967:5-13
[23]Bates,R.H.T.,Statistics of Fluctuating Target Detection,IEEE Trans., vol.AES-2,1966:137-139;Also,Discussion,vol.AES-2,1966:621-622
[24]Hall,W.M.,Prediction of Pulse Radar Performance, Proc.IRE, vol.44,1956:224-231
[25]Blake,L.V.,Recent Advancements in Basic Pulse-Radar Range Calculation Technique,IRE Trans.,vol.MIL-5.,1961:154-164
[26]程柏林,张尉.用 Matlab 语言实现雷达探测范围图的绘制[J].空军雷达学院学报,1999.
[27]张尉,程柏林,金素华.搜索雷达探测范围的可视化技术[J].现代雷达,2000,3(22):45-46.
[28]林卫明,刘德权.利用 OpenGL 技术实现雷达探测范围的三维显示[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2002:72-75.
[29]S.Ansari,GIS TOOLS FOR VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF NEXRAD RADAR (WSR-88D) ARCHIVED DATA AT THE NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER.2005
[30]R.J. Lynn and V.Lakshmanan. VIRTUAL RADAR VOLUMES: CREATION, ALGORITHM ACCESS, AND VISUALIZATION.in 21st Conference on Severe Local Storms,2002.Amer. Meteo.Soc.,San Antonio,TX.
[31]田林亚,李斌,赵士华.测量雷达空间标校目标精密测量及精度分析[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005,10.
[32]沈爱国,姜秋喜.无源定位精度分析[J].舰船电子对抗,2007,8.
[33]廖龙灵.直升机载雷达侦察系统目标定位精度分析[J].电讯技术,2005.
[34]管美莹.精密跑道监视器—增加机场容量的新技术[J].中国民航飞行学院学报,2001.
[35]孟国明.虚拟战场环境中雷达探测范围表现技术研究[D].国防科学技术大学,2005.
[36]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法 [M].北京: 科学出版社, 2003.
[37]张金芳,李磊,王宇心.地形可视性分析[J].系统仿真学报, 2005.
[38]Puppo E,Marzano P. Discrete Visibility Problems And Graph Algorithms[A], International Journal of Geographical Information Systems[C],1996.
[39]Ed Wright.Probabilistic Line of Sight[EB/OL]. http://www.tec.army.mil/operations/programs/LOS/20040128.2004.
[40] De Floriani L,Falcidieno B,Nagy G,Pienovi C.On Sorting Triangles In A Delaunay Tessellation[J].Algorithmic,1991,6:522-532.
[41]Cole R,Sharir M.Visibility Problems For Polyhedral Terrains[J].Journal of Symbolic Computation,1989,17:11-30.
[42]De Floriani L,Falcidieno B,Nagy G,Pienovi C.Polyhedral Terrain Description Using Visibility Criteria[R].Technical Report 17.Genova(Italy),Institute for Applied Mathematics,National Research Council,1989.
[43]Peif J,Sen S.An Efficient Output-Sensitive Hidden Surface Removal Algorithm And Its Parallelization[A].Proceedings 4th ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry [C].New York,ACM Press,1988,193-200.
[44]Preparata F P,Vitter J S.A Simplified Technique For Hidden-Line Elimination In Terrains[A].Finkel A,Jantzen M(eds)Lecture Notes in Computer Science 577[C]. Berlin,Springer-Verlag,1992,135-144.
[45]Edelsbrunner H,Guibas L J,Sharir M. The Upper Envelope Of Piecewise Linear Functions:Algorithms And Applications[J].Discrete and Computational Geometry, 1989,4:311-336.
[46]Overmars M,Sharir.A Simple Output-Sensitive Algorithm For Hidden Surface Removal[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,1992,11:1-11.
[47]Teng Y A,Mount,Puppo E,Davis L S.Parallelizing An Algorithm For VisibilityOn Polyhedral Terrain[J].International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications,1997,7(1&2):75-84.
[48]Bruzzone E,De Floriani L,Magillo P.Updating Visibility Information On Multiresolution Terrain Models[A].Frank AU, Kuhn W(eds) Proceedings Conference on Spatial Information Theory(COSIT95),Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988 [C].Berlin ,Springer-Verlag,1995,279-296.
[49]Dobrindt K,Yvinec M.Remenbering Conflicts In History Yields Dynamic Algorithms[A],Ng K W,Raghavan P,Balasubramanian N V,Chin F Y L(eds) Algorithms and Computation,Lecture Notes in Computer Science 762[C],Hong Kong, Springer-Verlag,1993,21-30
[50]Hershelberg J.Finding The Upper Envejopeof R Line Segments In o ( N log n ) Time[J]. Information Processing Letters 1989,33:169-174.
[51]Atallah M.Dynamic Computational Geometry[A].Proceedings 24th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science[C],IEEE Computer Society,1983,92-99.
[52]Shapira A.Visibility And Terrain Labeling[D].Master Thesis. Troy, NY, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,1990.
[53]Blelloch G E.Vector Models For Data-Parallel Computing[D].Cambridge,MA, MIT Press,1990.
[54] Mills K,Fox G,Heimbach.Implementing An Intervisibility Analysis Model On A Parallel Computing System[J].Computers&Geosciences 18(8).1992,1047-1054.
[55]Teng Y A,De Menthon D,Davis L S.Region-To-Region Visibility Analysis Using Data Parallel Machines[J].Concurrency:Practice&Experience 5,1993,379-406.
[56]http://www.gis.esri.com
[57]http://www.gischina.com
[58]朱选,刘素霞.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].华东师范大学出版社.
[59]Paul A.Longley,Michael F.Goodchild,David J.Maguire,David W.Rhind 等著,唐中实,黄俊峰等译.地理信息系统原理与技术(第二版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.
[60]Michael Zeiler 著,张晓祥,张峰,姚静等译.为我们的世界建模[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[61]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].科学出版社,2003.
[62]李增路,李真.地面机动目标通视环境的可视化建模[J].火力与指挥控制,2004.
[63]王宗全, 朱国珍.无源雷达的研究概况[J].0 八一科技,2003(3):2-12.
[64]唐小明,何友,夏明革.基于机会发射的无源雷达系统发展评述[J].现代雷达,2002,24(2):1-6.
[65]刘传宝.时差定位法精度分析[J].现代雷达,1999,21(2):16-22.
[66]何缓,杨春山,傅文斌.无源雷达定位精度分析[J].现代雷达,2007,5.
[67]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社.2002.85-91