去除水中铝及氟的研究
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摘要
铝和氟均为水的重要污染物,含量过高都会对人体健康产生极大危害。世界卫生组织于1989年正式将铝确定为食品污染物而加以控制,并提出人体每天的摄铝量不应超过每千克体重1毫克。工业废水排放过量的氟,会污染环境,危害农作物和牧畜的正常生长,更会严重影响人体健康。我国规定生活饮用水中适宜的氟含量为0.5～1.0mg/L,根据《污水综合排放标准》GB8979—1996中一级标准规定:工业废水中氟的无机化合物最高允许排放浓度为10mg/L。因此,如何除去水中残余铝、工业废水除氟工艺研究和水源中氟含量的控制一直是国内外环保及卫生领域的重要课题。本文分别对水中除铝,除氟问题进行了研究,主要内容如下:
1.分别对饮用水和工业废水中残余铝的问题进行了分析探讨,实验研究了不同混凝剂、不同原水水质对水中残余铝量的影响。实验表明,饮用水中残余铝含量受混凝剂种类及投药量、原水浊度、pH值、温度等因素的影响,并与其在水中的存在形态有很大关系。实验总结了各因素对出水余铝的影响规律,提出除铝可以分为降低溶解铝和去除颗粒铝两种途径。研究发现,余铝和余浊在一定范围内呈线形相关关系,此时除浊能同时有效去除颗粒铝。通过调整水的pH值,可以改变溶解铝和颗粒铝的比例,从而改善残余铝的去除率。
由于混合、絮凝、沉淀三种工艺的相关参数对沉后水余铝浊度的影响相互联系、共同作用,所以实验时选择正交实验来确定三个处理阶段的最佳工艺参数,并研究其对除水余铝、浊度的显著性影响。实验中选择四因素三水平正交实验表,对絮凝、沉淀阶段进行研究。研究表明,强化、优化相应处理构筑物的运行,对水处理中浊度、铝的去除具有相当重要的作用。
工业废水中铝的去除研究,选用钢厂废水和造纸厂废水作为研究对象,发现聚合硅酸铝铁不论在除浊和COD去除率方面,还是在降低残余铝方面都明显优于聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铁。同时发现,非铝盐混凝剂对水中铝的去除效果并不太理想,因此单单通过非铝盐混凝剂代替铝盐混凝剂来降低水中残余铝是不够的。
2.对废水除氟的两种工艺,即化学沉淀法和混凝沉淀法进行了系统研究,综合评价了单纯石灰沉淀法、石灰+PAM投药组合、石灰+无机混凝剂投药、石灰+无机混凝剂+PAM投药组合的除氟功效。研究发现,仅靠简单的化学沉淀法很难将含氟废水处理至10mg/L以下的排放标准。Ca(OH)_2+Al_2(SO_4)_3+PAM组合除氟工艺在除氟、除浊方面均优于前几种除氟工艺,适用于处理低浓度含氟废水。
对各浓度含氟废水的除氟研究表明,控制硫酸铝投药量在50mg/L～200mg/L之间,可使含氟50mg/L～1000mg/L浓度范围内处理水达标。实验需用石灰量随着[F~-]浓度增加而增加,为防止石灰投加量过剩,水pH值应严格控制在7.0～9.0之间。
Both aluminum and fluorin are important contaminants in water. The excess amount of the either element has some negative effect to people's health. In 1989, World Health Organization formally identified aluminum as food contaminant and proposed that the amount of aluminum that human take in each day should not exceed 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight. Excessive fluoride from industrial waste water will pollute the environment and do harm to the crops and livestock; Moreover, it will seriously affect the health of human. As suggested by Health ministry that the appropriate fluoride content for drinking water is 0.5～1.0 mg/L. According to < Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard > GB8979—1996, the maximum concentration of fluorine in industrial wastewater should be below 10mg/L. Therefore, the removal process of fluoride and aluminum in the water has been a research hotspot in health field. In this paper, both aluminum and fluoride removal issues have been studied. The detailed information of the discussion is listed as follows.
1. The residual aluminum in drinking water and industrial wastewater has been studied and discussed, respectively. The categories of coagulant and the differences of raw water's effects were investigated. It was found that the amount of coagulant, turbidity, pH, and temperature of raw water and the status of water played important roles in the quantity of residual aluminum in drinking water. Based on the experiments, the disciplinarian of each factor's influences on aluminum has been found. Also, it was found that two routes to remove aluminum from water, one is by reducing dissolved aluminum, and another is by removing aluminum solids. A linear relationship to a certain extent was shown between residual turbidity and residual aluminum in filtered water. In this case, aluminum solids can be removed while turbidity is removed. By changing the pH value of water, the ratio of dissolved aluminum to solid aluminum can be changed, and then the removal rate of residual aluminum can be improved.
In addition, the connection, between the residual aluminum and turbidity in clarified effluent or filtrated effluent, is osmosed through whole thesis, in order that we could discover the consistency how. to remove the aluminum and turbidity in drinking water, so the purpose for reducing the residual aluminum in potable water may be achieved through controlling turbidity strictly.
2.0verdischarging F in industrial waste water will pollute the environment,harm the normal growth of crops and livestocks and even severely affect the health of human beings. So defluorination in industrial waste water and F control in water resource become the most important research tasks in environment protection and sanitation fields home and abroad. This paper is about defluorination experiment. Acording to the tests, I evaluated the experiment effect of defluorination through lime-sedimentation、the combination of Ca(OH)_2+PAM.
1.分别对饮用水和工业废水中残余铝的问题进行了分析探讨,实验研究了不同混凝剂、不同原水水质对水中残余铝量的影响。实验表明,饮用水中残余铝含量受混凝剂种类及投药量、原水浊度、pH值、温度等因素的影响,并与其在水中的存在形态有很大关系。实验总结了各因素对出水余铝的影响规律,提出除铝可以分为降低溶解铝和去除颗粒铝两种途径。研究发现,余铝和余浊在一定范围内呈线形相关关系,此时除浊能同时有效去除颗粒铝。通过调整水的pH值,可以改变溶解铝和颗粒铝的比例,从而改善残余铝的去除率。
由于混合、絮凝、沉淀三种工艺的相关参数对沉后水余铝浊度的影响相互联系、共同作用,所以实验时选择正交实验来确定三个处理阶段的最佳工艺参数,并研究其对除水余铝、浊度的显著性影响。实验中选择四因素三水平正交实验表,对絮凝、沉淀阶段进行研究。研究表明,强化、优化相应处理构筑物的运行,对水处理中浊度、铝的去除具有相当重要的作用。
工业废水中铝的去除研究,选用钢厂废水和造纸厂废水作为研究对象,发现聚合硅酸铝铁不论在除浊和COD去除率方面,还是在降低残余铝方面都明显优于聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铁。同时发现,非铝盐混凝剂对水中铝的去除效果并不太理想,因此单单通过非铝盐混凝剂代替铝盐混凝剂来降低水中残余铝是不够的。
2.对废水除氟的两种工艺,即化学沉淀法和混凝沉淀法进行了系统研究,综合评价了单纯石灰沉淀法、石灰+PAM投药组合、石灰+无机混凝剂投药、石灰+无机混凝剂+PAM投药组合的除氟功效。研究发现,仅靠简单的化学沉淀法很难将含氟废水处理至10mg/L以下的排放标准。Ca(OH)_2+Al_2(SO_4)_3+PAM组合除氟工艺在除氟、除浊方面均优于前几种除氟工艺,适用于处理低浓度含氟废水。
对各浓度含氟废水的除氟研究表明,控制硫酸铝投药量在50mg/L～200mg/L之间,可使含氟50mg/L～1000mg/L浓度范围内处理水达标。实验需用石灰量随着[F~-]浓度增加而增加,为防止石灰投加量过剩,水pH值应严格控制在7.0～9.0之间。
Both aluminum and fluorin are important contaminants in water. The excess amount of the either element has some negative effect to people's health. In 1989, World Health Organization formally identified aluminum as food contaminant and proposed that the amount of aluminum that human take in each day should not exceed 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight. Excessive fluoride from industrial waste water will pollute the environment and do harm to the crops and livestock; Moreover, it will seriously affect the health of human. As suggested by Health ministry that the appropriate fluoride content for drinking water is 0.5～1.0 mg/L. According to < Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard > GB8979—1996, the maximum concentration of fluorine in industrial wastewater should be below 10mg/L. Therefore, the removal process of fluoride and aluminum in the water has been a research hotspot in health field. In this paper, both aluminum and fluoride removal issues have been studied. The detailed information of the discussion is listed as follows.
1. The residual aluminum in drinking water and industrial wastewater has been studied and discussed, respectively. The categories of coagulant and the differences of raw water's effects were investigated. It was found that the amount of coagulant, turbidity, pH, and temperature of raw water and the status of water played important roles in the quantity of residual aluminum in drinking water. Based on the experiments, the disciplinarian of each factor's influences on aluminum has been found. Also, it was found that two routes to remove aluminum from water, one is by reducing dissolved aluminum, and another is by removing aluminum solids. A linear relationship to a certain extent was shown between residual turbidity and residual aluminum in filtered water. In this case, aluminum solids can be removed while turbidity is removed. By changing the pH value of water, the ratio of dissolved aluminum to solid aluminum can be changed, and then the removal rate of residual aluminum can be improved.
In addition, the connection, between the residual aluminum and turbidity in clarified effluent or filtrated effluent, is osmosed through whole thesis, in order that we could discover the consistency how. to remove the aluminum and turbidity in drinking water, so the purpose for reducing the residual aluminum in potable water may be achieved through controlling turbidity strictly.
2.0verdischarging F in industrial waste water will pollute the environment,harm the normal growth of crops and livestocks and even severely affect the health of human beings. So defluorination in industrial waste water and F control in water resource become the most important research tasks in environment protection and sanitation fields home and abroad. This paper is about defluorination experiment. Acording to the tests, I evaluated the experiment effect of defluorination through lime-sedimentation、the combination of Ca(OH)_2+PAM.
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