数字合成孔径雷达技术研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达是利用合成孔径原理和脉冲压缩技术对地面目标进行高分辨率成像的高技术雷达，广泛应用于民用和军事领域，带来了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。随着技术的进步和应用范围的扩大，对合成孔径雷达的成像质量提出了更高的要求，不但要能实现单频段、单模式的高分辨成像，而且要求多频段、多模式的高分辨成像；不但要能实现地面静止目标和运动目标的二维高分辨成像，而且还要能实现三维成像；不但要求侧视的高分辨成像，而且要求灵活的斜视或前视高分辨成像。因此，未来合成孔径雷达是多波段、多极化、多模式的高分辨成像雷达，具有很大的灵活性。
针对这种多波段、多极化、多模式的发展要求，传统合成孔径雷达系统需要改进，必须采用先进的雷达系统结构来提高合成孔径雷达成像系统的灵活性。数字合成孔径雷达技术正是这种需求下的必然发展趋势。
实现数字技术将使合成孔径雷达具有更大的灵活性。可以实现一定的模块重组使旧的合成孔径雷达平台得到升级换代，大大缩短研发周期，节约开发成本。同时，数字技术增强了合成孔径雷达的冗余性，使系统的可靠性得到极大提高。此外，数字技术为合成孔径雷达功能的软件化提供了基础，提高了合成孔径雷达的软件化程度，进而实现合成孔径雷达的小型化和智能化。
本文分析了数字合成孔径雷达成像处理系统的体系结构；从几个主要方面深入研究了数字合成孔径雷达技术；设计并实现了数字合成孔径雷达接收实验平台，主要创新性工作有：
(1) 基于体系结构的概念，从功能、部件、设计规则三个方面对数字合成孔径雷达技术进行了研究。针对数字合成孔径雷达的可编程性要求，提出了一种基于总线式的数字合成孔径雷达结构，硬件和软件结构均通过总线技术来实现。针对数字合成孔径雷达实时性要求，定量地分析了数字合成孔径雷达实时成像处理的资源需求，并提出了一种基于多指令单数据流和多指令多数据流二级划分的处理结构。
(2) 研究了数字合成孔径雷达宽带线性调频信号的直接数字合成技术，并研制了基于AD9854的可编程产生宽带线性调频信号的实验系统。
(3)
(4)
(5)
研究了数字合成孔径雷达直接射频采样和数字正交解调的数字乘积检波
技术:提出了修正数字乘积检波实现中FQ不平衡的多相滤波方法。
研究了数字合成孔径雷达的二维自动增益控制技术;
研制了一套基于通用工作站的数字合成孔径雷达接收实验平台:该平台实
现了可编程采样，可编程单/双通道变换，’可实现软件化正交解调，具备
了“软件接收机”的雏形。
关键词:
合成孔径雷达
数字正交解调
数字合成孔径雷达
数字乘积检波
直接数字合成
Synthetic aperture radar is the high technology radar that can take high resolution imaging for the ground target by using the synthetic aperture principle and pulse compression technique. Synthetic aperture radar has been widely applied in the areas of military and civil and it has brought great benefits in economics and society. With the technology evolution and the application extension, people desire to get high quality synthetic aperture radar imaging, not only require the single frequency band, single mode high resolution imaging but also require multiple frequency bands, multiple modes high resolution imaging, and not only get the high resolution two-dimensional image of the ground immobile targets and moving targets but also get the three dimensional image of them, and not only require the side-looking high resolution synthetic aperture radar imaging but also require the squint or the forward-looking synthetic aperture radar imaging. So synthetic aperture radar is greater flexible high resolution imaging radar with multiple frequency bands, multiple polarizations, and multiple modes in the near future.For the request of multiple frequency bands, multiple polarizations, and multiple modes, the conventional synthetic aperture radar system needs to be developed by adopting the advanced radar architecture to improve the flexibility of synthetic aperture radar imaging system. The digital synthetic aperture radar technologies are the inevitable trend.The flexibility of synthetic aperture radar can be improved by implementing the digital techniques. The techniques can accomplish the rearrangement of some modules, which contributes new functions for the older synthetic aperture radar system. The developmental cost is saved, meanwhile, the system redundance is enhanced, which improves the reliability of synthetic aperture radar. Besides, the synthetic aperture radar functions can be implemented by software and the software extent can be improved on the basis of its digitalization, which implements the minitype and intellectualization of synthetic aperture radar.In the dissertation, the architecture of synthetic'aperture radar image processing
system is analyzed, and the digital synthetic aperture radar technique is investigated from some key aspects in-detail-depth, and the digital synthetic radar receiving experimental platform is designed and implemented. The highlight contents are as follows:(1) Based on the architecture concept, researches on digital synthetic aperture radar technologies are made from functions, components and design rules. For the programmable requirements, a digital synthetic aperture radar architecture based on BUS is proposed. For the real-time processing requirements, the resources requirements of digital synthetic aperture radar real-time processing are analyzed quantitively. A processing structure based on multiple instructions multiple data and multiple instructions multiple data is proposed.(2) Researches on the direct digital synthesizing techniques of wide-band linear modulation frequency signal of digital synthetic aperture radar are made, and the experimental system for programmable synthesizing wide band linear modulation frequency signal based on AD9854 is complemented.(3) Researches on direct radio frequency sampling and digital quadrature modulation of digital SAR are made, especially digital product detection .method. For the imbalance of I/Q channel in digital product detection, the poly-phase filter is proposed.(4) Researches on two-dimensional auto gain controlling technique of digital synthetic aperture radar are made.(5) A receiving experimental platform based on universal workstation of digital synthetic aperture radar is developed. This platform can implement the programmable sample, implement programmable single and double channel mode, and implement quadurature modulation by software. So the system has the basic characteristics of the "software receiver".
针对这种多波段、多极化、多模式的发展要求，传统合成孔径雷达系统需要改进，必须采用先进的雷达系统结构来提高合成孔径雷达成像系统的灵活性。数字合成孔径雷达技术正是这种需求下的必然发展趋势。
实现数字技术将使合成孔径雷达具有更大的灵活性。可以实现一定的模块重组使旧的合成孔径雷达平台得到升级换代，大大缩短研发周期，节约开发成本。同时，数字技术增强了合成孔径雷达的冗余性，使系统的可靠性得到极大提高。此外，数字技术为合成孔径雷达功能的软件化提供了基础，提高了合成孔径雷达的软件化程度，进而实现合成孔径雷达的小型化和智能化。
本文分析了数字合成孔径雷达成像处理系统的体系结构；从几个主要方面深入研究了数字合成孔径雷达技术；设计并实现了数字合成孔径雷达接收实验平台，主要创新性工作有：
(1) 基于体系结构的概念，从功能、部件、设计规则三个方面对数字合成孔径雷达技术进行了研究。针对数字合成孔径雷达的可编程性要求，提出了一种基于总线式的数字合成孔径雷达结构，硬件和软件结构均通过总线技术来实现。针对数字合成孔径雷达实时性要求，定量地分析了数字合成孔径雷达实时成像处理的资源需求，并提出了一种基于多指令单数据流和多指令多数据流二级划分的处理结构。
(2) 研究了数字合成孔径雷达宽带线性调频信号的直接数字合成技术，并研制了基于AD9854的可编程产生宽带线性调频信号的实验系统。
(3)
(4)
(5)
研究了数字合成孔径雷达直接射频采样和数字正交解调的数字乘积检波
技术:提出了修正数字乘积检波实现中FQ不平衡的多相滤波方法。
研究了数字合成孔径雷达的二维自动增益控制技术;
研制了一套基于通用工作站的数字合成孔径雷达接收实验平台:该平台实
现了可编程采样，可编程单/双通道变换，’可实现软件化正交解调，具备
了“软件接收机”的雏形。
关键词:
合成孔径雷达
数字正交解调
数字合成孔径雷达
数字乘积检波
直接数字合成
Synthetic aperture radar is the high technology radar that can take high resolution imaging for the ground target by using the synthetic aperture principle and pulse compression technique. Synthetic aperture radar has been widely applied in the areas of military and civil and it has brought great benefits in economics and society. With the technology evolution and the application extension, people desire to get high quality synthetic aperture radar imaging, not only require the single frequency band, single mode high resolution imaging but also require multiple frequency bands, multiple modes high resolution imaging, and not only get the high resolution two-dimensional image of the ground immobile targets and moving targets but also get the three dimensional image of them, and not only require the side-looking high resolution synthetic aperture radar imaging but also require the squint or the forward-looking synthetic aperture radar imaging. So synthetic aperture radar is greater flexible high resolution imaging radar with multiple frequency bands, multiple polarizations, and multiple modes in the near future.For the request of multiple frequency bands, multiple polarizations, and multiple modes, the conventional synthetic aperture radar system needs to be developed by adopting the advanced radar architecture to improve the flexibility of synthetic aperture radar imaging system. The digital synthetic aperture radar technologies are the inevitable trend.The flexibility of synthetic aperture radar can be improved by implementing the digital techniques. The techniques can accomplish the rearrangement of some modules, which contributes new functions for the older synthetic aperture radar system. The developmental cost is saved, meanwhile, the system redundance is enhanced, which improves the reliability of synthetic aperture radar. Besides, the synthetic aperture radar functions can be implemented by software and the software extent can be improved on the basis of its digitalization, which implements the minitype and intellectualization of synthetic aperture radar.In the dissertation, the architecture of synthetic'aperture radar image processing
system is analyzed, and the digital synthetic aperture radar technique is investigated from some key aspects in-detail-depth, and the digital synthetic radar receiving experimental platform is designed and implemented. The highlight contents are as follows:(1) Based on the architecture concept, researches on digital synthetic aperture radar technologies are made from functions, components and design rules. For the programmable requirements, a digital synthetic aperture radar architecture based on BUS is proposed. For the real-time processing requirements, the resources requirements of digital synthetic aperture radar real-time processing are analyzed quantitively. A processing structure based on multiple instructions multiple data and multiple instructions multiple data is proposed.(2) Researches on the direct digital synthesizing techniques of wide-band linear modulation frequency signal of digital synthetic aperture radar are made, and the experimental system for programmable synthesizing wide band linear modulation frequency signal based on AD9854 is complemented.(3) Researches on direct radio frequency sampling and digital quadrature modulation of digital SAR are made, especially digital product detection .method. For the imbalance of I/Q channel in digital product detection, the poly-phase filter is proposed.(4) Researches on two-dimensional auto gain controlling technique of digital synthetic aperture radar are made.(5) A receiving experimental platform based on universal workstation of digital synthetic aperture radar is developed. This platform can implement the programmable sample, implement programmable single and double channel mode, and implement quadurature modulation by software. So the system has the basic characteristics of the "software receiver".
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