水田氮磷运移规律及排水净化再利用研究
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摘要
我国是世界上最大的水稻生产国,稻田灌溉需大量耗水,同时为保证稻米产量稻田化肥施用量一直较高,由此产生了严重的水田排水面源污染问题。而水环境的污染又进一步加剧了灌溉用水的紧张。本项目在黑龙江省绥化北林区秦家灌区建立试验区,在完全不改变农户原有种田模式下,从灌溉水循环利用的目的出发,采用生态工程技术手段,改造灌区天然的水塘、湿地等,形成水田-人工湿地(竖井)-水田的净化循环系统,通过4年监测试验,对水田田面水中氨氮及磷的衰减变化规律、水田降雨径流排水特点及人工湿地对水田排水的净化效果进行分析研究。
在秦家试验区,通过对2007年至2010年4年12次施肥得到的田面水中氨氮及总磷变化的观测数据进行分析,得到氨氮及总磷在施肥后一周迅速衰减、而后趋平稳的的规律。利用随机微分方程理论,以一级动力学模型为基础,建立速率参数k为随机变量的随机动力学模型,以各次试验得到的实测数据分析参数k作为随机变量k的样本值,模拟和预测田面水中氮磷浓度变化的均值及方差过程,从而以概率的方式探讨了田面水中氨氮和总磷的变化规律。
总结试验区水稻生育期降雨规律,研究水田降雨径流排水的产生及排水中氨氮及总磷的变化规律。各次水田排水过程水量可控、浓度比较均匀,径流排水中氮磷含量主要与降水和施肥时间间隔有密切关系,间隔时间越短,浓度越高,越需要进行人工湿地净化,以实现灌溉再利用。
研究三种人工湿地(垂直流人工湿地、潜流人工湿地、表面流人工湿地)不同特点,对比其对氮磷的净化效果及建设难易,结合试验区实际情况选用适宜类型人工湿地用于水田排水净化试验。在秦家试验区对2008年至2010年发生的水田降雨径流排水进行净化处理。采用天然排水沟渠、人工湿地两种不同净化方式,监测其中氨氮和总磷浓度变化过程。对取得数据进行相关统计参数(数学期望函数、方差函数和变差系数函数、自协方差函数、相关系数)计算,及线性趋势预测与滑动回归预测。统计结果与回归方程预测都表明,人工湿地比排水沟渠在对氨氮和磷的去除效果上都具有明显优势。继续将人工湿地净化后水排入竖井,使其进一步净化并蓄存,完成水田-人工湿地(竖井)-水田生态净化模式的试验,实现水田排水净化循环再利用。
As the largest rice producing country in the world, China has consumed a large quantity of water resources in the irrigation of paddy fields. Currently, the amount of chemical fertilizer that used in the irrigation has been too high, which results in a serious ecological and environmental problem. Moreover, the water environment pollution caused by water drainage during rice production has further exacerbated the tension of water resources for irrigation in local areas. Therefore, the Qinjia Irrigation District in Btilin District of Suihua City in Heilongjiang Province has been chosen to establish an experimental area. Without any changing in the rice production mode of local peasants and with the purpose of recycling utilization of irrigation water, natural ditches, pools and wetlands in the irrigation district have been reconstructed under the Ecological engineering techniques to form a purification system which includes paddy fields-artificial wetlands (shaft wells)-paddy fields (or dry farmlands). The monitoring and experiment have been carried out for4years to analyze the attenuation law of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus in surface water of paddy soil, the drainage characteristics in paddy fields under precipitation and runoff and the purification effectiveness of drainage water by artificial wetlands.
Based on the absorption regulation of substances such as ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus during rice growth stage, the influences of salt transport in paddy fields by3influencing factors have been discussed, including irrigation and drainage, paddy soil and environmental conditions. In the Qinjia Irrigation District, from variable data of ammonia, nitrogen and phosphorus in soil surface water collected during4years12fertilizations from2007to2010, a regulation has been attained, which can be generalized as:the concentration of these substances usually attenuates rapidly in a week after the fertilization and tends to be more stable afterwards. By using stochastic differential equation theory and first-order kinetic model, a stochastic kinetic model with rate parameter k as a stochastic variable has been established. The sample values of stochastic variable k came from the analyzing parameter k from observed data in each experiment. After simulation and prediction of the mean values and variances of concentration changes of substances in paddy soil surface water, the variable regulation of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus has been analyzed by probability methods.
Based on summarizing the precipitation characteristics during rice growth stage in the study area, both variable regulations of drainage under precipitation and runoff and ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in drainage water have been studied, the features of which can be described as follows:The both water quantities and concentrations are stable during each drainage process and the contents of ammonia nitrogen have a close relationship with precipitation and fertilization interval where the shorter the interval is, the higher the concentrations are, and the more necessary of using an artificial wetland to purify.
After researching the characteristics of3different artificial wetlands (vertical flow artificial wetland, subsurface flow artificial wetland and surface flow artificial wetland), the purification effectiveness of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus has been compared and drainage purification experiment in paddy fields has been conducted in a proper type of artificial wetland chosen by current situation of the study area. In the Qinjia Irrigation District, the drainage water purification experiment under precipitation and runoff in paddy fields has been conducted during2008to2010. By using two different purification methods of drainage ditches and channels and artificial wetland, the variable process of concentrations of both ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus have been monitored and compared. By calculating relevant statistical parameters (Mathematical expectation, Variance, Variation coefficient, Auto covariance, Correlation coefficient and F-test coefficient) of the observed data and using Linear trend prediction and Autoregressive moving average prediction, both calculated values and equation of linear regression demonstrate that compared to drainage ditches and channels, artificial wetland has an obvious advantage in the removal of ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, proceeding to the next step by the putting the purified water from artificial wetland into vertical shaft wells will further purify and storage irrigation water, which then has completed whole process of ecological purification in the paddy fields-artificial wetlands-shaft wells that accomplish the drainage water purification and recycling utilization.
在秦家试验区,通过对2007年至2010年4年12次施肥得到的田面水中氨氮及总磷变化的观测数据进行分析,得到氨氮及总磷在施肥后一周迅速衰减、而后趋平稳的的规律。利用随机微分方程理论,以一级动力学模型为基础,建立速率参数k为随机变量的随机动力学模型,以各次试验得到的实测数据分析参数k作为随机变量k的样本值,模拟和预测田面水中氮磷浓度变化的均值及方差过程,从而以概率的方式探讨了田面水中氨氮和总磷的变化规律。
总结试验区水稻生育期降雨规律,研究水田降雨径流排水的产生及排水中氨氮及总磷的变化规律。各次水田排水过程水量可控、浓度比较均匀,径流排水中氮磷含量主要与降水和施肥时间间隔有密切关系,间隔时间越短,浓度越高,越需要进行人工湿地净化,以实现灌溉再利用。
研究三种人工湿地(垂直流人工湿地、潜流人工湿地、表面流人工湿地)不同特点,对比其对氮磷的净化效果及建设难易,结合试验区实际情况选用适宜类型人工湿地用于水田排水净化试验。在秦家试验区对2008年至2010年发生的水田降雨径流排水进行净化处理。采用天然排水沟渠、人工湿地两种不同净化方式,监测其中氨氮和总磷浓度变化过程。对取得数据进行相关统计参数(数学期望函数、方差函数和变差系数函数、自协方差函数、相关系数)计算,及线性趋势预测与滑动回归预测。统计结果与回归方程预测都表明,人工湿地比排水沟渠在对氨氮和磷的去除效果上都具有明显优势。继续将人工湿地净化后水排入竖井,使其进一步净化并蓄存,完成水田-人工湿地(竖井)-水田生态净化模式的试验,实现水田排水净化循环再利用。
As the largest rice producing country in the world, China has consumed a large quantity of water resources in the irrigation of paddy fields. Currently, the amount of chemical fertilizer that used in the irrigation has been too high, which results in a serious ecological and environmental problem. Moreover, the water environment pollution caused by water drainage during rice production has further exacerbated the tension of water resources for irrigation in local areas. Therefore, the Qinjia Irrigation District in Btilin District of Suihua City in Heilongjiang Province has been chosen to establish an experimental area. Without any changing in the rice production mode of local peasants and with the purpose of recycling utilization of irrigation water, natural ditches, pools and wetlands in the irrigation district have been reconstructed under the Ecological engineering techniques to form a purification system which includes paddy fields-artificial wetlands (shaft wells)-paddy fields (or dry farmlands). The monitoring and experiment have been carried out for4years to analyze the attenuation law of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus in surface water of paddy soil, the drainage characteristics in paddy fields under precipitation and runoff and the purification effectiveness of drainage water by artificial wetlands.
Based on the absorption regulation of substances such as ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus during rice growth stage, the influences of salt transport in paddy fields by3influencing factors have been discussed, including irrigation and drainage, paddy soil and environmental conditions. In the Qinjia Irrigation District, from variable data of ammonia, nitrogen and phosphorus in soil surface water collected during4years12fertilizations from2007to2010, a regulation has been attained, which can be generalized as:the concentration of these substances usually attenuates rapidly in a week after the fertilization and tends to be more stable afterwards. By using stochastic differential equation theory and first-order kinetic model, a stochastic kinetic model with rate parameter k as a stochastic variable has been established. The sample values of stochastic variable k came from the analyzing parameter k from observed data in each experiment. After simulation and prediction of the mean values and variances of concentration changes of substances in paddy soil surface water, the variable regulation of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus has been analyzed by probability methods.
Based on summarizing the precipitation characteristics during rice growth stage in the study area, both variable regulations of drainage under precipitation and runoff and ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in drainage water have been studied, the features of which can be described as follows:The both water quantities and concentrations are stable during each drainage process and the contents of ammonia nitrogen have a close relationship with precipitation and fertilization interval where the shorter the interval is, the higher the concentrations are, and the more necessary of using an artificial wetland to purify.
After researching the characteristics of3different artificial wetlands (vertical flow artificial wetland, subsurface flow artificial wetland and surface flow artificial wetland), the purification effectiveness of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus has been compared and drainage purification experiment in paddy fields has been conducted in a proper type of artificial wetland chosen by current situation of the study area. In the Qinjia Irrigation District, the drainage water purification experiment under precipitation and runoff in paddy fields has been conducted during2008to2010. By using two different purification methods of drainage ditches and channels and artificial wetland, the variable process of concentrations of both ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus have been monitored and compared. By calculating relevant statistical parameters (Mathematical expectation, Variance, Variation coefficient, Auto covariance, Correlation coefficient and F-test coefficient) of the observed data and using Linear trend prediction and Autoregressive moving average prediction, both calculated values and equation of linear regression demonstrate that compared to drainage ditches and channels, artificial wetland has an obvious advantage in the removal of ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, proceeding to the next step by the putting the purified water from artificial wetland into vertical shaft wells will further purify and storage irrigation water, which then has completed whole process of ecological purification in the paddy fields-artificial wetlands-shaft wells that accomplish the drainage water purification and recycling utilization.
引文
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