CFB锅炉洁净燃烧福建无烟煤的理论与试验研究
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摘要
以一种典型福建无烟煤—龙岩煤为对象，从理论和试验两方面较为系统地研究了与影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中洁净燃烧问题特别是燃尽问题有关的若干因素。全文的研究主要包括有五部分内容(1)研究背景及相关研究综述；(2)福建无烟煤及其燃烧性质测量；(3)锅炉飞灰及其含碳性质分析；(4)锅炉运行特性的影响研究；和(5)理论分析与计算模拟。
首先介绍了研究背景。分析CFB锅炉燃烧无烟煤的特点，指出燃烧无烟煤CFB锅炉存在的问题与原因，综述了影响无烟煤在CFB锅炉中“燃尽”的煤质及其燃烧特性和锅炉运行特性等方面的研究情况，特别是关于无烟煤流化床燃烧中的破碎研究。
关于福建无烟煤及其燃烧性质的研究方面。首先用浮选法对龙岩煤入炉煤进行分选，得到密度不同、能代表不同宏观煤岩的颗粒。利用工业分析、元素分析、煤岩分析、电子显微镜扫描分析、压汞仪测试、热天平分析、和小型流化床燃烧试验等手段研究了不同岩相颗粒的显微组分分布、颗粒表面形貌及内部孔隙结构、热天平着火温度及燃尽温度、反应性等颗粒性质及燃烧性质；并分别在热天平和自制小型流化床上研究了不同岩相龙岩煤颗粒的热破碎特性。分析了造成福建无烟煤燃烧中发生强烈热破碎的原因，归纳了不同岩相颗粒热破碎的特点，研究了影响福建无烟煤热破碎的因素，总结了热破碎随燃烧时间演化的规律。其次是研究福建无烟煤的反应动力学参数。利用热天平实验测试数据，分别采用Freeman-Carroll微分法、改良Coats-Redfern积分法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法等热分析手段求解4种无烟煤的燃烧动力学参数。研究不同热天平试验工况、不同处理方法和不同拟合区间等对求解结果的影响，分析用不同热分析方法求解反应动力学参数的可靠性并计算得到了几种典型福建无烟煤的燃烧反应动力学参数；再次是研究流化床燃烧中无烟煤焦的反应性随燃尽度的变化。提出了一个可用于比较煤焦反应性的通用判据——最大比失重速率，通过非等温热天平实验，采用最大比失重速率对不同煤种、同一煤种的不同宏观煤岩和同一种煤岩不同燃烧时间煤焦等的反应性进行了判断，并与用其它判据的比较结果作了对比；重点研究了流化床燃烧中不同燃尽度亮煤煤焦的反应性随时间变化情况。
对锅炉的飞灰及其含碳性质的分析则以当前燃烧福建无烟煤的三台工业CFB锅炉的飞灰为对象，通过筛分、称重、灼烧等手段分析了飞灰的粒径和含碳量分布；利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察、电子探针能谱分析(EDX)、热天平测试、和小型流化床燃烧试验等手段研究了飞灰颗粒的表面形态及颗粒性质、比较了飞灰碳与相应入炉煤的反应性，讨论了飞灰碳的来源。
针对于锅炉运行特性参数对福建无烟煤洁净燃烧的影响，则主要研究了入炉煤颗粒径分布、飞灰回燃、过量空气系数和二次风率调整、添加石灰石脱硫等几种情况：一是在一台20t／h的第一代循环流化床锅炉上测试了三种不同平均粒度分布入炉煤的燃烧情况，研究入炉煤粒度分布对福建无烟煤燃尽的影响。得到入炉煤平均颗粒径变化对CFB锅炉炉膛稀相区的燃烧情况、对炉膛内温度分布和煤燃尽效果等的影响规律；二是研究了飞灰回燃对锅炉运行特别是飞灰含碳量及燃烧效率的影响。理论分析了飞灰回燃对CFB锅炉燃烧效率的影响，并在一台75t／h采用两级飞灰分离装置的第三代工业循环流化床上测试了飞灰回燃对锅炉返料器运行温度、飞灰的粒度分布及其含碳量、和锅炉燃烧效率及其它运行参数的影响。得到飞灰回燃量与飞灰含碳量和锅炉燃烧
Taking Longyan coal-a typical Fujian anthracite as an example, these factors which effect on the clean combustion of Fujian anthracite , especially its burnout in CFB boiler, was experimentally and theoretically studied in this paper. The research includes the following five parts of contents: (1) An introduction on the research background and an overview of correlative studies; (2) Study on the particle of typical Fujian anthracite and its combustion characteristics ; (3) Fly ash of CFB boiler burning Fujian anthracite and its residual carbon analyzed; (4) Clean combustion of Fujian anthracite in CFB boiler-effect of running character & operating parameter; and (5) Char particle combustion -Theoretical analysis and simulation;
The research background was introduced at the beginning of this paper. Character of CFB boiler burning Fujian anthracite and some of the related running problems were analyzed, an overview was cast on the study of these factors such as coal property, coal combustion characteristics and running character of boiler which can effect on the burnout of anthracite, specially, the research on the thermal fragmentation of anthracite during combustion in fluidized bed combustor was also summarized.
For the study of the combustion characteristics of Longyan coal, the flotation method was used to separate the different lithotypes from feeding coal, and particles with different size and density were obtained. By proximate and ultimate analysis, petrographical analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscope analysis, Mercury Porosimeter analysis, TG analysis and pilot scale fluidized bed combustion experiment, the combustion characteristics and particle properties of Longyan coal with different lithotype were studied, including the surface figure and pore structure of particle, the maceral content, the ignition and burnout temperature, and the reactivity, ect. Furthermore, the thermal fragmentation properties of Longyan anthracite particle with different lithotypes during pyrolysis and combustion were measured respectively in a thermobalance and pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor, the reason of fragmentation during combustion in CFB was analyzed, the fragmentation characteristics and those factors which influence the result of fragmentation were studied, and the variation of fragmentation with combustion time was also discussed.
Using dates obtained from TGA experiment, the reaction kinetics parameters of Fujian anthracite was studied. These thermoanalysis tools such as Freeman-Carroll differential method, improved Coats-Redfern integral method and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were introduced to calculate the kinetic parameters of reaction. The effect of these factors such as the thermoanalysis method used, the heating rate in TGA experiment chosen, and the correlative reaction area selected on the kinetics parameters correlated were discussed, the authenticity of the kinetic parameters calculated from these different thermoanalysis method was analyzed and the kinetics parameters of 3 kinds of Fujian anthracite were correlated.
Variation of the reactivity of char with time for Fujian anthracite during
首先介绍了研究背景。分析CFB锅炉燃烧无烟煤的特点，指出燃烧无烟煤CFB锅炉存在的问题与原因，综述了影响无烟煤在CFB锅炉中“燃尽”的煤质及其燃烧特性和锅炉运行特性等方面的研究情况，特别是关于无烟煤流化床燃烧中的破碎研究。
关于福建无烟煤及其燃烧性质的研究方面。首先用浮选法对龙岩煤入炉煤进行分选，得到密度不同、能代表不同宏观煤岩的颗粒。利用工业分析、元素分析、煤岩分析、电子显微镜扫描分析、压汞仪测试、热天平分析、和小型流化床燃烧试验等手段研究了不同岩相颗粒的显微组分分布、颗粒表面形貌及内部孔隙结构、热天平着火温度及燃尽温度、反应性等颗粒性质及燃烧性质；并分别在热天平和自制小型流化床上研究了不同岩相龙岩煤颗粒的热破碎特性。分析了造成福建无烟煤燃烧中发生强烈热破碎的原因，归纳了不同岩相颗粒热破碎的特点，研究了影响福建无烟煤热破碎的因素，总结了热破碎随燃烧时间演化的规律。其次是研究福建无烟煤的反应动力学参数。利用热天平实验测试数据，分别采用Freeman-Carroll微分法、改良Coats-Redfern积分法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法等热分析手段求解4种无烟煤的燃烧动力学参数。研究不同热天平试验工况、不同处理方法和不同拟合区间等对求解结果的影响，分析用不同热分析方法求解反应动力学参数的可靠性并计算得到了几种典型福建无烟煤的燃烧反应动力学参数；再次是研究流化床燃烧中无烟煤焦的反应性随燃尽度的变化。提出了一个可用于比较煤焦反应性的通用判据——最大比失重速率，通过非等温热天平实验，采用最大比失重速率对不同煤种、同一煤种的不同宏观煤岩和同一种煤岩不同燃烧时间煤焦等的反应性进行了判断，并与用其它判据的比较结果作了对比；重点研究了流化床燃烧中不同燃尽度亮煤煤焦的反应性随时间变化情况。
对锅炉的飞灰及其含碳性质的分析则以当前燃烧福建无烟煤的三台工业CFB锅炉的飞灰为对象，通过筛分、称重、灼烧等手段分析了飞灰的粒径和含碳量分布；利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察、电子探针能谱分析(EDX)、热天平测试、和小型流化床燃烧试验等手段研究了飞灰颗粒的表面形态及颗粒性质、比较了飞灰碳与相应入炉煤的反应性，讨论了飞灰碳的来源。
针对于锅炉运行特性参数对福建无烟煤洁净燃烧的影响，则主要研究了入炉煤颗粒径分布、飞灰回燃、过量空气系数和二次风率调整、添加石灰石脱硫等几种情况：一是在一台20t／h的第一代循环流化床锅炉上测试了三种不同平均粒度分布入炉煤的燃烧情况，研究入炉煤粒度分布对福建无烟煤燃尽的影响。得到入炉煤平均颗粒径变化对CFB锅炉炉膛稀相区的燃烧情况、对炉膛内温度分布和煤燃尽效果等的影响规律；二是研究了飞灰回燃对锅炉运行特别是飞灰含碳量及燃烧效率的影响。理论分析了飞灰回燃对CFB锅炉燃烧效率的影响，并在一台75t／h采用两级飞灰分离装置的第三代工业循环流化床上测试了飞灰回燃对锅炉返料器运行温度、飞灰的粒度分布及其含碳量、和锅炉燃烧效率及其它运行参数的影响。得到飞灰回燃量与飞灰含碳量和锅炉燃烧
Taking Longyan coal-a typical Fujian anthracite as an example, these factors which effect on the clean combustion of Fujian anthracite , especially its burnout in CFB boiler, was experimentally and theoretically studied in this paper. The research includes the following five parts of contents: (1) An introduction on the research background and an overview of correlative studies; (2) Study on the particle of typical Fujian anthracite and its combustion characteristics ; (3) Fly ash of CFB boiler burning Fujian anthracite and its residual carbon analyzed; (4) Clean combustion of Fujian anthracite in CFB boiler-effect of running character & operating parameter; and (5) Char particle combustion -Theoretical analysis and simulation;
The research background was introduced at the beginning of this paper. Character of CFB boiler burning Fujian anthracite and some of the related running problems were analyzed, an overview was cast on the study of these factors such as coal property, coal combustion characteristics and running character of boiler which can effect on the burnout of anthracite, specially, the research on the thermal fragmentation of anthracite during combustion in fluidized bed combustor was also summarized.
For the study of the combustion characteristics of Longyan coal, the flotation method was used to separate the different lithotypes from feeding coal, and particles with different size and density were obtained. By proximate and ultimate analysis, petrographical analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscope analysis, Mercury Porosimeter analysis, TG analysis and pilot scale fluidized bed combustion experiment, the combustion characteristics and particle properties of Longyan coal with different lithotype were studied, including the surface figure and pore structure of particle, the maceral content, the ignition and burnout temperature, and the reactivity, ect. Furthermore, the thermal fragmentation properties of Longyan anthracite particle with different lithotypes during pyrolysis and combustion were measured respectively in a thermobalance and pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor, the reason of fragmentation during combustion in CFB was analyzed, the fragmentation characteristics and those factors which influence the result of fragmentation were studied, and the variation of fragmentation with combustion time was also discussed.
Using dates obtained from TGA experiment, the reaction kinetics parameters of Fujian anthracite was studied. These thermoanalysis tools such as Freeman-Carroll differential method, improved Coats-Redfern integral method and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were introduced to calculate the kinetic parameters of reaction. The effect of these factors such as the thermoanalysis method used, the heating rate in TGA experiment chosen, and the correlative reaction area selected on the kinetics parameters correlated were discussed, the authenticity of the kinetic parameters calculated from these different thermoanalysis method was analyzed and the kinetics parameters of 3 kinds of Fujian anthracite were correlated.
Variation of the reactivity of char with time for Fujian anthracite during
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