水沙分离方法及其对黄河小浪底下游减淤作用研究
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摘要
黄河是世界罕有的多沙性河流,其泥沙问题的复杂性和处理难度亦堪称世界之最,长期以来,下游河道淤积严重。传统黄河下游减淤模式主要为基于对沙源的控制提出的水土保持系列工程和基于水动力学条件的控制而提出的水沙调度工程。但由于自然和社会条件的限制,均无法达到对泥沙的大规模最终治理和处置。本文分析了水沙运动的边界条件,并结合黄河下游水流高含沙性和泥沙细颗粒性特点,探讨了并验证了小浪底水沙分离减淤模式的重点理论问题,即高含沙水细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降问题。并在此基础上,利用一维非恒定流数学模型,探讨了水沙分离模式下小浪底下游河道的泥沙冲淤响应。主要内容包括以下几个方面：
(1)阐述了黄河下游减淤问题的研究背景及研究意义,总结了已有减淤方式的研究进展以及局限性。基于水沙边界的分析提出了水沙分离模式在黄河上的应用。阐述了本文的研究内容和所采用的研究方法。
(2)通过研究黄河下游水流含沙量和泥沙粒径组成,分析调水调沙前后的泥沙粒径变化,重点研究了黄河下游泥沙细颗粒特性和水流高含沙特性。分析了细颗粒泥沙絮凝形成条件,影响泥沙絮凝碰撞的作用,以及影响絮凝的内外界因素。对细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降三种主要方式单颗粒沉降,颗粒絮凝,絮团沉降做出力学阐述。在此基础上,分析了黄河高含沙水颗粒间的絮凝类别,以及含沙量对泥沙絮凝生长过程的影响。分别阐述了细泥沙颗粒在低、高含沙量下的四个沉降阶段,絮凝沉降段,制约群体沉降段,絮网及超絮网沉降段和固结压缩沉降段的沉降过程。为高含沙水中细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降公式的推导提供理论依据
(3)利用胶体理论,分析各已有模型,从电化学的角度初步解释了黄河泥沙絮团的稳定原理。结合DLVO理论,双电子层压缩机理,吸附电中和机理,吸附架桥机理和胶体的网捕机理解释了黄河细颗粒泥沙的絮凝生长过程。从力学的角度,分析了布朗运动,重力系作用力,水流剪切力对细颗粒泥沙运动的影响。结合分形生长理论,介绍了泥沙分形动力学发展。在此基础上,考虑到已有泥沙分形维度计算方法主要基于二维和均匀沙颗粒,提出三种实用于三维空间和非均匀沙的分形维度计算方法,即密度相关函数法(三维),球体的回转半径法,沉降法。通过研究重力,阻力,和浮力以及布朗运动对细颗粒泥沙运动的影响,推导了细颗粒泥沙和絮团的沉速公式。为泥沙颗粒的絮凝沉降模型的建立提供理论基础。分析比较高含沙量下各泥沙群体沉速公式实用性,选取在黄河上使用较为广泛的张洪武公式,为黄河下游一维非恒定流水沙模型的建立提供理论支持。
(4)在泥沙分形理论基础上,通过分析和推导静水中黄河高含沙颗粒和絮团的受力特性,利用颗粒内部力和外部剪切力的平衡,分别推导出均匀沙和非均匀沙状态下,絮团处于稳定状态时的粒径-极限粒径,并以此为基础,解释了高含沙水清浑界面的形成原因,推导了清浑界面的初始段的沉速,结合费翔俊,Kynch, Roberts, Yoshioka, Toty and Shannon等人的研究成果,计算了直线段,过渡段和压缩段清浑界面的沉降速度。
(5)利用有限扩散单体絮凝模型,采用Visual Fortran平台编制程序,研究了细颗粒泥沙生长为絮团的絮凝生长过程。考虑到黄河细颗粒泥沙的电化学作用,以郎之万动力学方程为基础,采用蒙特卡洛方法求解方程,结合黄河细颗粒泥沙的实际初边界条件,建立了静水动力学模型,模拟了絮团生长过程中的颗粒数,回旋半径,分形维度,絮团结构的变化过程。并比较带电荷和不带电荷两种情况下泥沙絮团的生长过程。有限扩散单体絮凝模型和动力学絮凝模型均采用三维模型,后处理采用适合三维CAD命令流的格式,使絮团结构和实际更为接近。以极限粒径理论为基础,结合黄河泥沙实际条件,建立了高含沙水流清浑界面的沉降模型,模拟了不同含沙量系列下清浑界面沉降过程。
采用取自黄河花园口的淤泥样品,试验测量泥沙粒径组成,干密度,干容重,密度,容重以及清浑界面沉降等特性。分析调水调沙后黄河小浪底下游来水来沙情况,各断面泥沙组成,并对有限扩散絮凝模型,动力学絮凝模型和清浑分界面模型计算结果进行分析和验证,结果分析表明,计算值和实测值符合较好。
(6)为研究水沙分离对黄河小浪底下游的影响,在剖析现有黄河下游一维水沙数学模型的基础上,分析黄河下游高含沙水和泥沙细粒径特性,引入考虑絮凝、高含沙水的泥沙颗粒沉速公式,群体沉速公式和水流挟沙力公式,构建了黄河下游一维非恒定水沙数学模型,模型能够较好的模拟泥沙交换过程,泥沙冲淤计算结果更趋合理。利用2006年黄河下游汛期调水调沙实测过程对模型进行率定,使其能够较好的适应黄河细颗粒和高含沙的实际情况。利用2007年调水调沙实测过程进行验证,结果表明,模型计算水流、含沙量传播过程和分河段冲淤都与实测值比较接近。
参照2006年黄河小浪底下游来水来沙资料,分别拟定不同含沙量系列,不同粒径组成系列,不同絮凝情况系列下的水沙分离方案,利用一维非恒定流水沙模型,研究各因素对黄河下游减淤的影响。为黄河小浪底下游的水沙分离提供认识性依据。
(7)总结和展望。对研究结果进行了总结分析,并提出了存在的问题及下一步的研究方向。
Yellow river is one of the river with highest sediment discharge. It also the complexity river in sediment controlling. The traditional sedimentation reduction model including two type. The first one is soil and water conservation project based on sediment source. The second one is water and sediment regulation engineering based on the hydrodynamic conditions. However, as the result of natural and social conditions limit, nether of the two models can achieve the massive sediment utilize. Our work analyse the boundary condition of water and sediment transport and the flow and sediment transport characteristic. We also analysed the key theory in water and sediment separation model. Based on that, we used the one-dimensional unsteady flow mathematical model discuss the effect of water and sediment separation model on the sediment erosion and siltation quality in the the lower reaches of the yellow river. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
(1) The introduction expounds research background and significance of the the Yellow River sediment reduction, summarized limitations of existing deposition reduction models. The application of water and sand separation model in the Yellow River based on water and sediment boundary condition analysis. The research content and method has been introduced in this part.
(2) Sediment concentration and sediment grain size are researched to compare the sediment particle diameter. In this work, we analysed of the flocculation conditions of fine sediment, sediment particle collision influence and the internal and external flocculation factors. Mechanics of the three flocculation and sedimentation ways, including single particle sedimentation, particle flocculation and floc sedimentation are expatiated. Four sediment stages of fine particle flocculation in low and high sediment concentration, including floc settlement period, control-group settlement period, flocculent net period and consolidation settlement period are research.
(3) Yellow river sediment hydrodynamic properties in different sediment concentration are discussed. The existing colloidal models are used to preliminary interpretated floc stability mechanisation. The floc growth process of yellow river sediment is expounded with DLVO theory, compression mechanism of electric double layer, adsorption and charge neutralization mechanism, adsorption bridging mechanism, capture mechanism. From the mechanical hand, effects of Brown motion, Gravitational system forces, flow shear stress on the fine sediment were discussed.
Combining with fractal growth theory, it introduced the sediment fractal dynamics. The existing fractal dimension calculation methods were all based on two dimensional and uniform sediment. Three calculation methods, density function method (3D), radius of sphere gyration method and sedimentation method, were used to calculate the floc fractal dimension. It deduced the sediment particle and floc settling velocity with consideration of gravity force, drag force, buoyancy force and Brown motion. The existing group settling velocity formulas were researched and the ZHANG Hongwu formula were chose to build the one-dimensional unsteady flow and sediment model.
(4) Based on fractal theory, the particle and floc force characteristics were disccused. Using the balance of internal and external force, the limited diameter under uniform sediment and un-uniform sediment were calculated. With this, the reason for supernatant-sediment interface forming was expounded. With the force analysis, the supernatant-sediment interface settling velocity in initial section was calculated. Combining with the research of FEI Junxiang, Kynch, Roberts, Yoshioka, Toty and Shannon, the settling velocity in straight section, transition section and the compression section all have been calculated.
(5) It is difficult to dynamical observe the fine particle growing to floc. With analysing the actual Yellow river situation, The diffusion limited flocculation model was built to simulate the floc growth process of uniform and non-uniform sediment. With consideration of particle surface electrochemical action, a simulation based on Brownian dynamic for perikinetic flocculation of fine sediment under the ionization is presented. The Langevin equation is used as dynamical equation for tracking each particle making up a floc. Monte Carlo method was used for simulate random variation in particle movement. It simulated the particle number, radius of gyration, fractal dimension.etc. The floc growth process with charged particle and uncharged particle were compared to analyse the effects of electricity on flocculation. From the mathematical view, it explained the reason that flocculants accelerate sediment flocculation. Based on limited diameter, the supernatant-sediment interface settling velocity was calculated in different sediment concentration.
(6) The experimental samples in this work were taken from the Huayuankou of Yellow River. The sediment properties including sediment grain size, dry density, dry unit weight, density, bulk density and settling velocity were measured in experiments. It analyzed the incoming water and sediment data, sediment grain size of riverbed in the lower reaches of Xiaolangdi Dam. The model proposed in this work were verified using the previous data. The calculated values and experimental values were coincided well with each other.
(7) To study the effects of water and sediment separation model on sediment lower reaches. Based on the existing one-dimensional mathematical model of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, a one-dimensional mathematical model for unsteady flow was introduced, which included the newest theory of particle settling velocity formula, group settling velocity formula and sediment-carrying capacity of flow formula. After the test for function and stability of each module, the date from2006Yellow River flood and sediment regulation were used to rating roughness coefficient and coefficient of sediment transport capacity. The date from2007Yellow River flood and sediment regulation were used to verify the model. The results show that the numerical diffusion process of water stream and sediment concentration are close to that of real value.
According to the flow and sediment data of2006, some data series with different sediment concentration, different particle diameter distribution and different flocculation situation, were drawn up to study the effects of each factor on sedimentation reduction on the lower reaches of Xiaolangdi Dam using the previous one-dimensional mathematical model. This work could provide cognitive basis for the water and sediment separation in lower reaches of Xiaolangdi Dam.
(8) Research result is summarized and the present unsolved questions as well as the future research were listed.
(1)阐述了黄河下游减淤问题的研究背景及研究意义,总结了已有减淤方式的研究进展以及局限性。基于水沙边界的分析提出了水沙分离模式在黄河上的应用。阐述了本文的研究内容和所采用的研究方法。
(2)通过研究黄河下游水流含沙量和泥沙粒径组成,分析调水调沙前后的泥沙粒径变化,重点研究了黄河下游泥沙细颗粒特性和水流高含沙特性。分析了细颗粒泥沙絮凝形成条件,影响泥沙絮凝碰撞的作用,以及影响絮凝的内外界因素。对细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降三种主要方式单颗粒沉降,颗粒絮凝,絮团沉降做出力学阐述。在此基础上,分析了黄河高含沙水颗粒间的絮凝类别,以及含沙量对泥沙絮凝生长过程的影响。分别阐述了细泥沙颗粒在低、高含沙量下的四个沉降阶段,絮凝沉降段,制约群体沉降段,絮网及超絮网沉降段和固结压缩沉降段的沉降过程。为高含沙水中细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降公式的推导提供理论依据
(3)利用胶体理论,分析各已有模型,从电化学的角度初步解释了黄河泥沙絮团的稳定原理。结合DLVO理论,双电子层压缩机理,吸附电中和机理,吸附架桥机理和胶体的网捕机理解释了黄河细颗粒泥沙的絮凝生长过程。从力学的角度,分析了布朗运动,重力系作用力,水流剪切力对细颗粒泥沙运动的影响。结合分形生长理论,介绍了泥沙分形动力学发展。在此基础上,考虑到已有泥沙分形维度计算方法主要基于二维和均匀沙颗粒,提出三种实用于三维空间和非均匀沙的分形维度计算方法,即密度相关函数法(三维),球体的回转半径法,沉降法。通过研究重力,阻力,和浮力以及布朗运动对细颗粒泥沙运动的影响,推导了细颗粒泥沙和絮团的沉速公式。为泥沙颗粒的絮凝沉降模型的建立提供理论基础。分析比较高含沙量下各泥沙群体沉速公式实用性,选取在黄河上使用较为广泛的张洪武公式,为黄河下游一维非恒定流水沙模型的建立提供理论支持。
(4)在泥沙分形理论基础上,通过分析和推导静水中黄河高含沙颗粒和絮团的受力特性,利用颗粒内部力和外部剪切力的平衡,分别推导出均匀沙和非均匀沙状态下,絮团处于稳定状态时的粒径-极限粒径,并以此为基础,解释了高含沙水清浑界面的形成原因,推导了清浑界面的初始段的沉速,结合费翔俊,Kynch, Roberts, Yoshioka, Toty and Shannon等人的研究成果,计算了直线段,过渡段和压缩段清浑界面的沉降速度。
(5)利用有限扩散单体絮凝模型,采用Visual Fortran平台编制程序,研究了细颗粒泥沙生长为絮团的絮凝生长过程。考虑到黄河细颗粒泥沙的电化学作用,以郎之万动力学方程为基础,采用蒙特卡洛方法求解方程,结合黄河细颗粒泥沙的实际初边界条件,建立了静水动力学模型,模拟了絮团生长过程中的颗粒数,回旋半径,分形维度,絮团结构的变化过程。并比较带电荷和不带电荷两种情况下泥沙絮团的生长过程。有限扩散单体絮凝模型和动力学絮凝模型均采用三维模型,后处理采用适合三维CAD命令流的格式,使絮团结构和实际更为接近。以极限粒径理论为基础,结合黄河泥沙实际条件,建立了高含沙水流清浑界面的沉降模型,模拟了不同含沙量系列下清浑界面沉降过程。
采用取自黄河花园口的淤泥样品,试验测量泥沙粒径组成,干密度,干容重,密度,容重以及清浑界面沉降等特性。分析调水调沙后黄河小浪底下游来水来沙情况,各断面泥沙组成,并对有限扩散絮凝模型,动力学絮凝模型和清浑分界面模型计算结果进行分析和验证,结果分析表明,计算值和实测值符合较好。
(6)为研究水沙分离对黄河小浪底下游的影响,在剖析现有黄河下游一维水沙数学模型的基础上,分析黄河下游高含沙水和泥沙细粒径特性,引入考虑絮凝、高含沙水的泥沙颗粒沉速公式,群体沉速公式和水流挟沙力公式,构建了黄河下游一维非恒定水沙数学模型,模型能够较好的模拟泥沙交换过程,泥沙冲淤计算结果更趋合理。利用2006年黄河下游汛期调水调沙实测过程对模型进行率定,使其能够较好的适应黄河细颗粒和高含沙的实际情况。利用2007年调水调沙实测过程进行验证,结果表明,模型计算水流、含沙量传播过程和分河段冲淤都与实测值比较接近。
参照2006年黄河小浪底下游来水来沙资料,分别拟定不同含沙量系列,不同粒径组成系列,不同絮凝情况系列下的水沙分离方案,利用一维非恒定流水沙模型,研究各因素对黄河下游减淤的影响。为黄河小浪底下游的水沙分离提供认识性依据。
(7)总结和展望。对研究结果进行了总结分析,并提出了存在的问题及下一步的研究方向。
Yellow river is one of the river with highest sediment discharge. It also the complexity river in sediment controlling. The traditional sedimentation reduction model including two type. The first one is soil and water conservation project based on sediment source. The second one is water and sediment regulation engineering based on the hydrodynamic conditions. However, as the result of natural and social conditions limit, nether of the two models can achieve the massive sediment utilize. Our work analyse the boundary condition of water and sediment transport and the flow and sediment transport characteristic. We also analysed the key theory in water and sediment separation model. Based on that, we used the one-dimensional unsteady flow mathematical model discuss the effect of water and sediment separation model on the sediment erosion and siltation quality in the the lower reaches of the yellow river. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
(1) The introduction expounds research background and significance of the the Yellow River sediment reduction, summarized limitations of existing deposition reduction models. The application of water and sand separation model in the Yellow River based on water and sediment boundary condition analysis. The research content and method has been introduced in this part.
(2) Sediment concentration and sediment grain size are researched to compare the sediment particle diameter. In this work, we analysed of the flocculation conditions of fine sediment, sediment particle collision influence and the internal and external flocculation factors. Mechanics of the three flocculation and sedimentation ways, including single particle sedimentation, particle flocculation and floc sedimentation are expatiated. Four sediment stages of fine particle flocculation in low and high sediment concentration, including floc settlement period, control-group settlement period, flocculent net period and consolidation settlement period are research.
(3) Yellow river sediment hydrodynamic properties in different sediment concentration are discussed. The existing colloidal models are used to preliminary interpretated floc stability mechanisation. The floc growth process of yellow river sediment is expounded with DLVO theory, compression mechanism of electric double layer, adsorption and charge neutralization mechanism, adsorption bridging mechanism, capture mechanism. From the mechanical hand, effects of Brown motion, Gravitational system forces, flow shear stress on the fine sediment were discussed.
Combining with fractal growth theory, it introduced the sediment fractal dynamics. The existing fractal dimension calculation methods were all based on two dimensional and uniform sediment. Three calculation methods, density function method (3D), radius of sphere gyration method and sedimentation method, were used to calculate the floc fractal dimension. It deduced the sediment particle and floc settling velocity with consideration of gravity force, drag force, buoyancy force and Brown motion. The existing group settling velocity formulas were researched and the ZHANG Hongwu formula were chose to build the one-dimensional unsteady flow and sediment model.
(4) Based on fractal theory, the particle and floc force characteristics were disccused. Using the balance of internal and external force, the limited diameter under uniform sediment and un-uniform sediment were calculated. With this, the reason for supernatant-sediment interface forming was expounded. With the force analysis, the supernatant-sediment interface settling velocity in initial section was calculated. Combining with the research of FEI Junxiang, Kynch, Roberts, Yoshioka, Toty and Shannon, the settling velocity in straight section, transition section and the compression section all have been calculated.
(5) It is difficult to dynamical observe the fine particle growing to floc. With analysing the actual Yellow river situation, The diffusion limited flocculation model was built to simulate the floc growth process of uniform and non-uniform sediment. With consideration of particle surface electrochemical action, a simulation based on Brownian dynamic for perikinetic flocculation of fine sediment under the ionization is presented. The Langevin equation is used as dynamical equation for tracking each particle making up a floc. Monte Carlo method was used for simulate random variation in particle movement. It simulated the particle number, radius of gyration, fractal dimension.etc. The floc growth process with charged particle and uncharged particle were compared to analyse the effects of electricity on flocculation. From the mathematical view, it explained the reason that flocculants accelerate sediment flocculation. Based on limited diameter, the supernatant-sediment interface settling velocity was calculated in different sediment concentration.
(6) The experimental samples in this work were taken from the Huayuankou of Yellow River. The sediment properties including sediment grain size, dry density, dry unit weight, density, bulk density and settling velocity were measured in experiments. It analyzed the incoming water and sediment data, sediment grain size of riverbed in the lower reaches of Xiaolangdi Dam. The model proposed in this work were verified using the previous data. The calculated values and experimental values were coincided well with each other.
(7) To study the effects of water and sediment separation model on sediment lower reaches. Based on the existing one-dimensional mathematical model of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, a one-dimensional mathematical model for unsteady flow was introduced, which included the newest theory of particle settling velocity formula, group settling velocity formula and sediment-carrying capacity of flow formula. After the test for function and stability of each module, the date from2006Yellow River flood and sediment regulation were used to rating roughness coefficient and coefficient of sediment transport capacity. The date from2007Yellow River flood and sediment regulation were used to verify the model. The results show that the numerical diffusion process of water stream and sediment concentration are close to that of real value.
According to the flow and sediment data of2006, some data series with different sediment concentration, different particle diameter distribution and different flocculation situation, were drawn up to study the effects of each factor on sedimentation reduction on the lower reaches of Xiaolangdi Dam using the previous one-dimensional mathematical model. This work could provide cognitive basis for the water and sediment separation in lower reaches of Xiaolangdi Dam.
(8) Research result is summarized and the present unsolved questions as well as the future research were listed.
引文
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