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大学生初次就业质量评价及影响因素研究
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摘要
在社会就业供求总量矛盾和结构化矛盾并存的背景下,大学生的就业问题显得日益突出。高校毕业生“就业率”成为社会各界关注的焦点。然而,“就业”是一个过程,而不是一个时点上的概念,“就业率”也只能简单地反映高校就业工作某一阶段“量”的成果,无法对就业的“质”进行评价。高校毕业生的就业质量则是反映高校人才培养质量的重要标志,研究大学毕业生的初次就业质量及其影响因素显得成为重要。
     本研究将大学生在学习生活结束即将踏入社会时所选择的第一份工作定义为其初次就业,并从学生就业的工作环境、工作单位、工作岗位、发展空间、薪酬福利和就业满意度六个方面来评价其就业质量。笔者在文献综述的基础上,通过与20名专家访谈和对华中农业大学2010届625名本科毕业生就业情况的调查收集数据,运用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价法对大学生初次就业的质量进行了评价,并运用单因素方差分析法和多元回归分析等方法探讨了大学生初次就业质量的影响因素,最后根据研究结果分别从学生、高校和企业角度给出对策建议。
     实证研究的主要结论如下:(1)大学毕业生初次就业的质量处于中等偏上的水平。(2)在工作环境、工作单位、工作岗位、发展空间、薪酬福利和就业满意度等衡量大学生就业质量水平的六个方面中,就业质量水平的高低主要取决于大学生自身的就业满意度和其所享受的薪酬福利待遇,以及就业单位预留给大学生的发展空间。(3)性别、是否独生子女、户籍、政治面貌等个体特征对就业质量的影响不大,而大学生是否与往届校友保持联系和信息沟通、在校期间学习成绩排名和英语水平、大学生参与学生工作的时间、是否在文艺或学术竞赛中获奖、是否有明确的求职目标以及参与过就业实习和是否做过职业生涯规划等因素显著正向影响学生的初次就业质量。此外,其他因素对初次就业质量的影响作用均不太显著。
     根据研究结论,本研究建议学生应不断提高自身的专业技能水平,积极参加实践活动,积累社会资源,提升综合素质,使自身能力更适应社会发展的需要,并不断完善自我认知,确立合理的职业发展目标,做出理性的职业决策;高校应将职业规划贯穿大学教育的全过程,并以市场需求为导向,通过推进学校教育教学改革,有针对性地培养学生的关键能力素质,培养出更符合社会发展需要的高质量人才;企业应通过给员工提供良好的职业生涯管理,建立科学的薪酬福利与绩效考核制度,努力构建更加和谐的企业文化等,来提升员工的满意度。
Under the imbalance of supply and demand and structured contradiction, the employment problem of graduates is becoming more and more serious. The employment rate of college graduates has become the social focus. However, employment is a process, not just a conception of a certain time. The employment rate can simply reflects the periodic achievement on quantity of the employment work in colleges, instead of the evaluation on quality of the employment, which is an important symbol of reflecting the quality of talents training in universities. So it is of great importance to give a research on the quality evaluation and influencing factors of graduates' first employment.
     In this study, the first employment refers to the first job selected by college students during the period from the end of their study life to the starting of their social life. The present study evaluates the employment quality of graduates from six aspects which include work environment, work unit, job position, development space, salary and welfare and employment satisfaction. On the basis of literature review, the author collects data through interviews with twenty experts and researches on the employment of 625 graduates of 2010 graduated from Huazhong Agricultural University. The paper uses Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Comprehensive Fuzzy Evaluation to evaluate the first employment of college graduates and applies Oneway ANOVA and multiple regression analysis to discuss the influencing factors of graduates' first employment, and then gives some strategies and suggestions from the aspects of the college graduates, universities and corporations according to the results of this study.
     The main results of this empirical study are:1) The first employment quality of graduates is above the average.2) Among the six aspects (work environment, work unit, job position, development space, salary and welfare, employment satisfaction) which measure the quality of graduates' employment, whether the quality of employment is good or not mainly depends on the graduates' employment satisfaction, salary and welfare they enjoyed and the development space provided by the corporations.3) Some personal features like sex, only child or not, household register and political status have little influence on the employment quality. Nevertheless, such factors as whether the graduates keep contact and communication with former graduates, ranking of the academic records and English skills, the time they participate in student work, whether they get prizes in artistic or academic competitions, whether they have clear job objectives and some internship experience of employment and whether they have career planning are affecting the employment quality. In addition, other factors have no remarkable influence on employment quality.
     According to the research conclusions, the study suggests that the students should keep on improving their technical skill and take part in practical activities enthusiastically to accumulate social resource and promote comprehensive quality so as to adapt to the requirement of social development. Besides, they should perfect self-awareness constantly and set up a reasonable goal for their career development and then make a rational decision for their career. The universities should make career planning for students throughout the whole process of university education, guided by market demand to promote education reform and cultivate the key abilities and qualities of the students to produce high-quality talents who come up to the needs of social development. As for the industries, they should improve the satisfaction of the stuff by providing good career management for them, establishing a scientific C&B(compensation and benefit) and performance evaluation system, building a more harmonious corporate culture and so on.
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