四川省耕地生态服务价值时空变化研究
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摘要
农业是一个自然-人工复合的生态系统.在给人们提供粮食、原料的同时,还提供了众多生态服务功能,如调节气候、净化环境、涵养水源、保持土壤、营养循环、维持生物多样性等方面,特别是在当今资源短缺、生态环境持续恶化的背景下,农业生态服务功能更加不可忽视。生态服务价值是生态系统服务功能的“货币化”,目前对农业生态系统服务价值的研究主要集中在森林、草原、水体、湿地等方面,而对耕地生态系统服务价值的研究才刚刚起步。现有研究成果表明,耕地也具有很高生态服务价值,利用经济机制约束对耕地无节制利用的行为,有利于协调好耕地保护利用与经济建设之间的关系。因此,研究耕地生态系统具有重要的现实意义。特别是当前农业立业结构的战略性调整已成为农业发展的重中之重,如何在耕地生态服务价值与农业产业结构之间找到平衡点,如何在保障农产品供给能力前提下通过农业产业结构调整使耕地生态服务价值更高,都是亟需解决的问题。
本文主要完成以下四方面的工作：其一,研究农业产业结构调整对耕地生态系统的影响。其二,研究耕地生态服务价值时空特征及变化规律。其三,研究农业产业结构调整对耕地生态服务价值变化的影响。其四.在增强农产品供给保障能力的前提下,研究耕地生态系统服务功能价值的提升。主要得到以下结论.
(1)农业产业结构调整对耕地生态服务功能有着复杂的影响。既包括调节气候、净化环境、保持土壤等方面的正面影响,又包括化肥、农药的长期过量使用和施用方法及配比的不合理、农膜的不科学使用、畜禽粪便的不当处理等方面造成的负面影响。既有宏观层面上不同农业产业结构演进阶段对耕地生态服务功能产生不同影响,又有微观层面上不同耕地利用结构变化对农业微气候环境、土壤养分迁移、净化环境功能的影响,从而影响耕地生态服务功能。
(2)四川省耕地具有较高的生态服务价值且时空变化明显。运用能值法估算的2010年生态服务价值为2682亿元,运用相对较为成熟的价值量法验证估算2010年生态服务总价值为2988亿元,两者相差约10%,这表明能值法估算的生态服务价值具有可信性。从时间变异特征来看,1980-2010年四川省耕地生态系统服务价值总体呈曲折增长趋势：从空间变异特征来看,各地区耕地生态服务价值差异较大,南充市、达州市、成都市的耕地生态系统服务价值较大,甘孜州、阿坝州、雅安市的耕地生态系统服务价值较小；从各项生态服务功能所占价值比重来看,净化环境价值和大气调节价值所占比重最大.而其他几种类型功能的生态服务价值量则较小：从耕地利用角度来看.冬闲田土生态服务价值处于最低位置。
(3)影响耕地生态系统功能和价值的主要因素是农作物播种面积、粮经作物播种面积比、水田与旱地面积比、农业耗电量、农用机械动力、复种指数,其中粮经作物比例和农作物播种面积的影响程度较高。统计分析结果显示,粮食作物播种面积、经济作物播种面积与耕地生态服务价值间均存在正相关关系,粮食作物对耕地生态环境的影响程度大于经济作物；水稻、小麦、玉米、薯类、油料等主要农作物播种面积与耕地生态服务价值呈正相关关系,水稻、小麦、油料对耕地生态环境的影响程度较高。从总体情况来看,粮食作物播种面积、经济作物播种面积的变化是引起耕地生态服务价值变化的原因：水稻、小麦、玉米、薯类、油料播种面积的变化是引起耕地生态服务价值变化的原因。同时,耕地生态服务价值主要还是受自身积累的影响。随着时间的累积,农作物播种面积对耕地生态服务价值的影响作用逐年加强。
(4)在增强农产品供给保障能力,稳住粮食生产,确保不出现滑坡的前提下,十二五期间要通过调整耕地利用类型来实现耕地生态-经济价值最大化,需做如下调整：一是增加中稻、晚稻、油菜作物播种面积作物；二是保持早稻、小麦、玉米、薯类、大豆、花生作物播种面积不变；三是充分利用冬闲田土,增加油菜、蔬菜、小麦播种面积。
本研究的创新点是：一是研究内容的创新。分析农业产业结构调整对耕地生态服务功能的影响,归纳影响因素的评价指标,并对其重要程度进行排序,发现耕地利用结构对耕地生态服务价值的影响度最大。在此基础上,探讨了在增强农产品供给保障能力的前提下,如何通过调整耕地利用类型来实现耕地生态-经济价值最大化。二是研究方法的创新。引入能值分析法测算四川省及其21个市(州)的耕地生态服务价值,揭示其时空特征及演变规律,并用目前相对较为成熟的价值量法予以佐证。
Agriculture is a natural-artificial composite ecosystem,to provide people with food, raw materials, but also provides many ecosystem services,such as regulation of climate, clean environment, water conservation, soil conservation, nutrient cycling, maintaining biodiversity.Especially in the context of shortage of resources, the continued deterioration of ecological environment, the agricultural ecosystem services can't be ignored. Ecological service vaiue is the eco-system service function of the monetization. The current research on the agro-ecosystem service value is mainly concentrated in the forests, grasslands, water, wet ground, whiie the arable land eco-system service value just started. Existing research results indicate that arable also has a high ecoiogical value, by using economic mechanisms constrain(?) on the behavior of the uncontrolled use of cultivated iand to facilitate the coordination of the relationship between arable protection and economic construction. Therefore, the study of cultivated land ecosystem has important practical significance. The problem are needed to solve that how to find a balance between the protection of ecological services value of cultivated land and agricultural industrial restructuring,and how to optimize the arable value of ecosystem services through the agricultural structure adjustment, under the premise of protect the supply ability of agricultural products
This paper complete the following work in fou" areas:Firs:, the study is on agricultural industrial structure adjustment of arable ecosystem. Second, the study is on the arable ecosystem service value of the spatial and temporal characteristics and changes in the law. Third, the study is on adjustment the industrial structure of agriculture changes in the value of arable ecological services. Fourth, the study is on ecosystem services and their values optimized under the premise that enhance the support capability of the supply of agricultural arable. Mainly the following conclusions:
(1) The agricultural structure adjustment has a complex impact on arable ecosystem services Both in the regulation of climate, clean environment, to maintain the positive effects of soil, and also includes fertilizers, pesticides in long-term excessive use and application methods and the ratio of the irrational, the unscientific use of plastic sheeting, improper handling of animal manure, etc. the negative impact. Arable ecosystem services have different effects on the evolution stage of the industrial structure of agriculture in both the macro level, there are micro-level function of arable land use structure change by changing the agricultural micro-climate and environment, to change the law of the migration of soil nutrients, and change of cultivated land to clean up the environment affect arable ecosystem services.
(2) The arable land of Sichuan Province has a high value of ecosystem services and significant changes on the spatial and temporal, The value of ecosystem services in2010is268.2billion Yuan in Emergy method,is298.8billion Yuan in the relatively mature Value method, a difference of both is about10%, This indicates that the value to estimate The value of ecosystem services is credible. Sichuan arable ecosystem service value from the time difference of view between1980and2010overall was a tortuous growth trends; from the point of view of spatial differences, the regional differences in arable ecological services value larger, Nanchong City, reaching the city, Chengdu arable ecological system value, Ganzi, Aba, Ya'an City, arable ecosystem service value smaller; From the perspective of the proportion of the share value of various ecosystem services, the largest share of cleaning up the environment value and the value of gas regulation, while the other functions of several types of ecosystem service value is smaller; From the perspective of cultivated land use, winter fallow farmland ecological service value in the lowest position.
(3) Crop sown area of grain, economic crops and crop plantings, paddy fields and dry land area, agricultural power consu(?)ption, agricultural machinery, power, multiple cropping index are the main factor of the impact of arable land ecosystems, including the proportion of grain, economic crops and crop and crop acreage a higher degree. In the long run, there are positive changes among the sown area of grain crops, cash crops sown area and arable land ecological service value The impact of food crops on arable land ecological environment is greater than the cash crops. Rice, wheat, maize, potato fuel, and other major crops sown area had a positive relationship with arable land ecological service value. Rice, wheat, oil has higher degree of influence to arable ecologicaLenvironment. From the overall perspective, the sown area of grain crops, cash crops acreage changes is caused by reason of changes in the value of arable ecosystem services; acreage of rice, wheat, corn, potato, oil change is caused by the change of cultivated land value of ecosystem services. At the same time, the arable land the value of ecosystem services is mainly accumulated by itself. With the accumulation of time, the effect on arable ecological value from the crop acreage is strengthened Year after year.
(4)Under the premise of enhance the supply of agricultural support capability, and stabilize food production. The five-twelve period to achieve the optimization of the Sichuan arable ecosystem service value, the need for arable land use types to do the following adjustments:First, it is to add middle-season rice, late rice and oil-bearing crops sown area of crops; Second, it is to keep the early rice, wheat, corn, potato, soybean, peanuts crop plantings remain unchanged; Third, it is to make full use of winter fallow farmland, increase the rape, vegetables, wheat planting area. The innovations of this study are:First, the research content is innovation. The analysis of the agricultural structure adjustment of arable ecosystem services, summarized the evaluation of the impact factors, and the importance of the sort found that arable land use structure affect the degree of ecosystem service value of arable. On this basis, discussed under the premise to enhance the supply of agricultural support capabilities, how to maximize the value of arable ecological-economic value through the adjustment of cultivated land use types, Second. the research methods are Innovative. The introduction of Emergy analysis method estimates the Sichuan Province and its21cities (state) of arable land, the value of ecological services, to reveal the spatial and temporal characteristics and evolution, and the relatively mature Value method be corroborated.
本文主要完成以下四方面的工作：其一,研究农业产业结构调整对耕地生态系统的影响。其二,研究耕地生态服务价值时空特征及变化规律。其三,研究农业产业结构调整对耕地生态服务价值变化的影响。其四.在增强农产品供给保障能力的前提下,研究耕地生态系统服务功能价值的提升。主要得到以下结论.
(1)农业产业结构调整对耕地生态服务功能有着复杂的影响。既包括调节气候、净化环境、保持土壤等方面的正面影响,又包括化肥、农药的长期过量使用和施用方法及配比的不合理、农膜的不科学使用、畜禽粪便的不当处理等方面造成的负面影响。既有宏观层面上不同农业产业结构演进阶段对耕地生态服务功能产生不同影响,又有微观层面上不同耕地利用结构变化对农业微气候环境、土壤养分迁移、净化环境功能的影响,从而影响耕地生态服务功能。
(2)四川省耕地具有较高的生态服务价值且时空变化明显。运用能值法估算的2010年生态服务价值为2682亿元,运用相对较为成熟的价值量法验证估算2010年生态服务总价值为2988亿元,两者相差约10%,这表明能值法估算的生态服务价值具有可信性。从时间变异特征来看,1980-2010年四川省耕地生态系统服务价值总体呈曲折增长趋势：从空间变异特征来看,各地区耕地生态服务价值差异较大,南充市、达州市、成都市的耕地生态系统服务价值较大,甘孜州、阿坝州、雅安市的耕地生态系统服务价值较小；从各项生态服务功能所占价值比重来看,净化环境价值和大气调节价值所占比重最大.而其他几种类型功能的生态服务价值量则较小：从耕地利用角度来看.冬闲田土生态服务价值处于最低位置。
(3)影响耕地生态系统功能和价值的主要因素是农作物播种面积、粮经作物播种面积比、水田与旱地面积比、农业耗电量、农用机械动力、复种指数,其中粮经作物比例和农作物播种面积的影响程度较高。统计分析结果显示,粮食作物播种面积、经济作物播种面积与耕地生态服务价值间均存在正相关关系,粮食作物对耕地生态环境的影响程度大于经济作物；水稻、小麦、玉米、薯类、油料等主要农作物播种面积与耕地生态服务价值呈正相关关系,水稻、小麦、油料对耕地生态环境的影响程度较高。从总体情况来看,粮食作物播种面积、经济作物播种面积的变化是引起耕地生态服务价值变化的原因：水稻、小麦、玉米、薯类、油料播种面积的变化是引起耕地生态服务价值变化的原因。同时,耕地生态服务价值主要还是受自身积累的影响。随着时间的累积,农作物播种面积对耕地生态服务价值的影响作用逐年加强。
(4)在增强农产品供给保障能力,稳住粮食生产,确保不出现滑坡的前提下,十二五期间要通过调整耕地利用类型来实现耕地生态-经济价值最大化,需做如下调整：一是增加中稻、晚稻、油菜作物播种面积作物；二是保持早稻、小麦、玉米、薯类、大豆、花生作物播种面积不变；三是充分利用冬闲田土,增加油菜、蔬菜、小麦播种面积。
本研究的创新点是：一是研究内容的创新。分析农业产业结构调整对耕地生态服务功能的影响,归纳影响因素的评价指标,并对其重要程度进行排序,发现耕地利用结构对耕地生态服务价值的影响度最大。在此基础上,探讨了在增强农产品供给保障能力的前提下,如何通过调整耕地利用类型来实现耕地生态-经济价值最大化。二是研究方法的创新。引入能值分析法测算四川省及其21个市(州)的耕地生态服务价值,揭示其时空特征及演变规律,并用目前相对较为成熟的价值量法予以佐证。
Agriculture is a natural-artificial composite ecosystem,to provide people with food, raw materials, but also provides many ecosystem services,such as regulation of climate, clean environment, water conservation, soil conservation, nutrient cycling, maintaining biodiversity.Especially in the context of shortage of resources, the continued deterioration of ecological environment, the agricultural ecosystem services can't be ignored. Ecological service vaiue is the eco-system service function of the monetization. The current research on the agro-ecosystem service value is mainly concentrated in the forests, grasslands, water, wet ground, whiie the arable land eco-system service value just started. Existing research results indicate that arable also has a high ecoiogical value, by using economic mechanisms constrain(?) on the behavior of the uncontrolled use of cultivated iand to facilitate the coordination of the relationship between arable protection and economic construction. Therefore, the study of cultivated land ecosystem has important practical significance. The problem are needed to solve that how to find a balance between the protection of ecological services value of cultivated land and agricultural industrial restructuring,and how to optimize the arable value of ecosystem services through the agricultural structure adjustment, under the premise of protect the supply ability of agricultural products
This paper complete the following work in fou" areas:Firs:, the study is on agricultural industrial structure adjustment of arable ecosystem. Second, the study is on the arable ecosystem service value of the spatial and temporal characteristics and changes in the law. Third, the study is on adjustment the industrial structure of agriculture changes in the value of arable ecological services. Fourth, the study is on ecosystem services and their values optimized under the premise that enhance the support capability of the supply of agricultural arable. Mainly the following conclusions:
(1) The agricultural structure adjustment has a complex impact on arable ecosystem services Both in the regulation of climate, clean environment, to maintain the positive effects of soil, and also includes fertilizers, pesticides in long-term excessive use and application methods and the ratio of the irrational, the unscientific use of plastic sheeting, improper handling of animal manure, etc. the negative impact. Arable ecosystem services have different effects on the evolution stage of the industrial structure of agriculture in both the macro level, there are micro-level function of arable land use structure change by changing the agricultural micro-climate and environment, to change the law of the migration of soil nutrients, and change of cultivated land to clean up the environment affect arable ecosystem services.
(2) The arable land of Sichuan Province has a high value of ecosystem services and significant changes on the spatial and temporal, The value of ecosystem services in2010is268.2billion Yuan in Emergy method,is298.8billion Yuan in the relatively mature Value method, a difference of both is about10%, This indicates that the value to estimate The value of ecosystem services is credible. Sichuan arable ecosystem service value from the time difference of view between1980and2010overall was a tortuous growth trends; from the point of view of spatial differences, the regional differences in arable ecological services value larger, Nanchong City, reaching the city, Chengdu arable ecological system value, Ganzi, Aba, Ya'an City, arable ecosystem service value smaller; From the perspective of the proportion of the share value of various ecosystem services, the largest share of cleaning up the environment value and the value of gas regulation, while the other functions of several types of ecosystem service value is smaller; From the perspective of cultivated land use, winter fallow farmland ecological service value in the lowest position.
(3) Crop sown area of grain, economic crops and crop plantings, paddy fields and dry land area, agricultural power consu(?)ption, agricultural machinery, power, multiple cropping index are the main factor of the impact of arable land ecosystems, including the proportion of grain, economic crops and crop and crop acreage a higher degree. In the long run, there are positive changes among the sown area of grain crops, cash crops sown area and arable land ecological service value The impact of food crops on arable land ecological environment is greater than the cash crops. Rice, wheat, maize, potato fuel, and other major crops sown area had a positive relationship with arable land ecological service value. Rice, wheat, oil has higher degree of influence to arable ecologicaLenvironment. From the overall perspective, the sown area of grain crops, cash crops acreage changes is caused by reason of changes in the value of arable ecosystem services; acreage of rice, wheat, corn, potato, oil change is caused by the change of cultivated land value of ecosystem services. At the same time, the arable land the value of ecosystem services is mainly accumulated by itself. With the accumulation of time, the effect on arable ecological value from the crop acreage is strengthened Year after year.
(4)Under the premise of enhance the supply of agricultural support capability, and stabilize food production. The five-twelve period to achieve the optimization of the Sichuan arable ecosystem service value, the need for arable land use types to do the following adjustments:First, it is to add middle-season rice, late rice and oil-bearing crops sown area of crops; Second, it is to keep the early rice, wheat, corn, potato, soybean, peanuts crop plantings remain unchanged; Third, it is to make full use of winter fallow farmland, increase the rape, vegetables, wheat planting area. The innovations of this study are:First, the research content is innovation. The analysis of the agricultural structure adjustment of arable ecosystem services, summarized the evaluation of the impact factors, and the importance of the sort found that arable land use structure affect the degree of ecosystem service value of arable. On this basis, discussed under the premise to enhance the supply of agricultural support capabilities, how to maximize the value of arable ecological-economic value through the adjustment of cultivated land use types, Second. the research methods are Innovative. The introduction of Emergy analysis method estimates the Sichuan Province and its21cities (state) of arable land, the value of ecological services, to reveal the spatial and temporal characteristics and evolution, and the relatively mature Value method be corroborated.
引文
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