耐盐性高吸水树脂的合成及其溶胀动力学研究
|
摘要
本学位论文根据高吸水树脂的具体应用要求,结合国内外关于高吸水树脂的最新研究成果,以丙烯酸、异丙烯膦酸和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-1-丙烷磺酸为聚合单体,以硅藻土、改性高岭土和凹凸棒土为无机添加材料,制备了在生理盐水中常压及加压下吸水率高,吸水速度快,吸水后凝胶强度、分散性、弹性、表面干爽性等性能均好的耐盐性高吸水树脂,并对其溶胀动力学及其在不同电解质溶液中的溶胀行为进行了考察,得到的主要结果有:
(1)采用水溶液聚合法,以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,以硅藻土和部分中和的丙烯酸为原料,以抗坏血酸-双氧水为氧化还原引发体系,制得了有机-无机复合高吸水性树脂。最佳条件下制得的复合高吸水树脂,在常压下,0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中的吸水率为99g/g。该树脂具有较快的吸水速度和较好的凝胶强度,且可以重复多次使用。
(2)采用水溶液聚合法,以三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚为交联剂,以羧甲基淀粉改性的高岭土、部分中和的丙烯酸及异丙烯膦酸为原料,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,制得了复合耐盐性高吸水树脂。最佳条件下制得的复合耐盐性高吸水树脂,在常压下,0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中的吸水率为74g/g。
(3)采用水溶液聚合法,以三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚及N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,以部分中和的丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-1-丙烷磺酸为共聚单体,以凹凸棒为无机添加材料,在室温下,以抗坏血酸-双氧水为氧化还原引发体系,采用发泡技术,合成了高吸水树脂,并对该高吸水树脂进行了表面交联,最后再与无机盐共混,制得了具有多孔结构的复合耐盐性高吸水树脂。研究了反应条件对多孔复合高吸水树脂在常压及加压下吸水率和吸水速度的影响。在此基础上,选用正交实验设计方法,同时改变多个影响因素,以常压及加压下,在0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中吸水率和吸水速度为指标,对合成条件进行了优化。在最佳条件下制备的多孔复合耐盐性高吸水树脂,在0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中,其常压及加压下吸水率分别为56g/g和9g/g,且吸水速度高达0.493 mL/(g.s)。此外,吸水后的凝胶具有较好的耐盐性、强度、弹性、分散性和表面干爽性。在此基础上,对多孔复合耐盐性高吸水性树脂在不同外界环境中的溶胀行为进行了研究,结果发现:高价阳离子溶液对其溶胀行为影响显著,出现了退溶胀现象;pH值及阴离子对其溶胀行为的影响不如高价阳离子显著;在不含高价阳离子的盐溶液中,由于树脂所具有的多孔结构,表现出supercaseП扩散行为。
(4)首次采用电位法测定了高吸水树脂在NaCl溶液中的溶胀动力学。通过理论分析及相关实验,证明了电位法跟踪高吸水树脂在NaCl溶液中溶胀动力学的有效性。根据实验结果,对高吸水树脂在NaCl溶液中的的溶胀机理进行了新的阐述。
In this thesis,according to the applications and recent researches on the superabsorbent,a series of superabsorbent composites based on the monomers,acrylic acid,isopropenylphosphonic acid,2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and inorganic materials,diatomite,modified kaolin,attapulgite,were prepared by solution polymerization.On the basis of investigation of the salt-resistant superabsorbent composite synthesis,structure,properties and swelling kinetics,the main results were obtained as follows:
(1)A diatomite composite superabsorbent was synthesized by solution polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid and diatomite using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent,and hydrogen peroxide and L-ascorbic acid as a redox initial system.The influences of some reaction conditions,such as diatomite content,neutralization degree of acrylic acid,amount of initiator and crosslinking agent,monomer concentration,and the reaction temperature on swelling characteristic were investigated.The water absorbency of the sample prepared at the optimal conditions was 99 g·g~(-1)in 0.9 wt%NaCl solution.Moreover,the sample had good swelling rate,hydrogel strength,reswelling ability and water retention.However, the resistance of sample to salt was a little lower than that of polyacrylate.
(2)A modified kaolin composite superabsorbent was synthesized by solution polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid,isopropenylphosphonic acid(IPPA) and carboxymethyl starch modified kaolin(CMS-kaolin)using trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether as a crosslinking agent,and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The influences of some reaction conditions,such as CMS-kaolin content,neutralization degree of acrylic acid,amount of initiator,amount of crosslinking agent,IPPA content, and the reaction temperature on swelling characteristic were investigated,the water absorbency of the sample prepared at the optimal conditions was 74 g·g~(-1)in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution.
(3)A salt-resistant fast swelling macroporous superabsorbent composite was prepared by copolymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid, 2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and attapulgite.To enhance the swelling rate of the copolymer,foaming technique was used in the course of copolymerization.Furthermore,for improving the properties of swollen hydrogel,such as strength,resilience and dispersion,the copolymer was surface-crosslinked.And then the surface-crosslinked copolymer was blended with inorganic salt in post treatment process. The influences of some reaction conditions,such as amount of 2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid,attapulgite,initiator,N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide,trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether,foaming agent, neutralization degree of acrylic acid,and reaction temperature on water absorbency in 0.9 wt%NaCl aqueous solution both under atmospheric pressure and load were investigated. In addition,the effect of them on swelling rate was also studied.After that,an orthogonal design was employed to optimize the reaction conditions.The water absorbency of macroporous superabsorbent composite prepared under optimal conditions in 0.9 wt% NaCl aqueous solution under atmospheric pressure and certain load(P≈2×10~3 Pa)were 56 g/g and 9 g/g,respectively,and the swelling rate reached 0.493 mL/(g.s).The excellent hydrogel strength,resilience and dispersion of swollen hydrogel were also observed.In addition,the effects of pH values,ions and their concentration on swelling behavior of sample were investigated.The results showed that the swelling behavior of sample was affected by pH value.However,the supercase IT diffusion was observed in all NaCl solutions with different pH values.It was found that cations,especially multivalent cations in swelling medium,had significant effect on swelling behavior of sample.An overshooting effect appeared in all solutions containing multivalent cations. For anions,it showed little effect on swelling process,and supercaseΠdiffusion was also observed no matter which anions existed in swelling medium.
(4)Open circuit potential measurement was introduced to trace the swelling kinetics of superabsorbent.Based on the results and theoretical analysis,the reliability of open circuit potential measurement in tracing the swelling kinetics of superabsorbent was verified.Moreover,the swelling model for the superabsorbent in salting liquid was slightly modified.
(1)采用水溶液聚合法,以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,以硅藻土和部分中和的丙烯酸为原料,以抗坏血酸-双氧水为氧化还原引发体系,制得了有机-无机复合高吸水性树脂。最佳条件下制得的复合高吸水树脂,在常压下,0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中的吸水率为99g/g。该树脂具有较快的吸水速度和较好的凝胶强度,且可以重复多次使用。
(2)采用水溶液聚合法,以三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚为交联剂,以羧甲基淀粉改性的高岭土、部分中和的丙烯酸及异丙烯膦酸为原料,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,制得了复合耐盐性高吸水树脂。最佳条件下制得的复合耐盐性高吸水树脂,在常压下,0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中的吸水率为74g/g。
(3)采用水溶液聚合法,以三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚及N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,以部分中和的丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-1-丙烷磺酸为共聚单体,以凹凸棒为无机添加材料,在室温下,以抗坏血酸-双氧水为氧化还原引发体系,采用发泡技术,合成了高吸水树脂,并对该高吸水树脂进行了表面交联,最后再与无机盐共混,制得了具有多孔结构的复合耐盐性高吸水树脂。研究了反应条件对多孔复合高吸水树脂在常压及加压下吸水率和吸水速度的影响。在此基础上,选用正交实验设计方法,同时改变多个影响因素,以常压及加压下,在0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中吸水率和吸水速度为指标,对合成条件进行了优化。在最佳条件下制备的多孔复合耐盐性高吸水树脂,在0.9 wt%NaCl水溶液中,其常压及加压下吸水率分别为56g/g和9g/g,且吸水速度高达0.493 mL/(g.s)。此外,吸水后的凝胶具有较好的耐盐性、强度、弹性、分散性和表面干爽性。在此基础上,对多孔复合耐盐性高吸水性树脂在不同外界环境中的溶胀行为进行了研究,结果发现:高价阳离子溶液对其溶胀行为影响显著,出现了退溶胀现象;pH值及阴离子对其溶胀行为的影响不如高价阳离子显著;在不含高价阳离子的盐溶液中,由于树脂所具有的多孔结构,表现出supercaseП扩散行为。
(4)首次采用电位法测定了高吸水树脂在NaCl溶液中的溶胀动力学。通过理论分析及相关实验,证明了电位法跟踪高吸水树脂在NaCl溶液中溶胀动力学的有效性。根据实验结果,对高吸水树脂在NaCl溶液中的的溶胀机理进行了新的阐述。
In this thesis,according to the applications and recent researches on the superabsorbent,a series of superabsorbent composites based on the monomers,acrylic acid,isopropenylphosphonic acid,2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and inorganic materials,diatomite,modified kaolin,attapulgite,were prepared by solution polymerization.On the basis of investigation of the salt-resistant superabsorbent composite synthesis,structure,properties and swelling kinetics,the main results were obtained as follows:
(1)A diatomite composite superabsorbent was synthesized by solution polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid and diatomite using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent,and hydrogen peroxide and L-ascorbic acid as a redox initial system.The influences of some reaction conditions,such as diatomite content,neutralization degree of acrylic acid,amount of initiator and crosslinking agent,monomer concentration,and the reaction temperature on swelling characteristic were investigated.The water absorbency of the sample prepared at the optimal conditions was 99 g·g~(-1)in 0.9 wt%NaCl solution.Moreover,the sample had good swelling rate,hydrogel strength,reswelling ability and water retention.However, the resistance of sample to salt was a little lower than that of polyacrylate.
(2)A modified kaolin composite superabsorbent was synthesized by solution polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid,isopropenylphosphonic acid(IPPA) and carboxymethyl starch modified kaolin(CMS-kaolin)using trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether as a crosslinking agent,and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The influences of some reaction conditions,such as CMS-kaolin content,neutralization degree of acrylic acid,amount of initiator,amount of crosslinking agent,IPPA content, and the reaction temperature on swelling characteristic were investigated,the water absorbency of the sample prepared at the optimal conditions was 74 g·g~(-1)in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution.
(3)A salt-resistant fast swelling macroporous superabsorbent composite was prepared by copolymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid, 2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and attapulgite.To enhance the swelling rate of the copolymer,foaming technique was used in the course of copolymerization.Furthermore,for improving the properties of swollen hydrogel,such as strength,resilience and dispersion,the copolymer was surface-crosslinked.And then the surface-crosslinked copolymer was blended with inorganic salt in post treatment process. The influences of some reaction conditions,such as amount of 2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid,attapulgite,initiator,N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide,trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether,foaming agent, neutralization degree of acrylic acid,and reaction temperature on water absorbency in 0.9 wt%NaCl aqueous solution both under atmospheric pressure and load were investigated. In addition,the effect of them on swelling rate was also studied.After that,an orthogonal design was employed to optimize the reaction conditions.The water absorbency of macroporous superabsorbent composite prepared under optimal conditions in 0.9 wt% NaCl aqueous solution under atmospheric pressure and certain load(P≈2×10~3 Pa)were 56 g/g and 9 g/g,respectively,and the swelling rate reached 0.493 mL/(g.s).The excellent hydrogel strength,resilience and dispersion of swollen hydrogel were also observed.In addition,the effects of pH values,ions and their concentration on swelling behavior of sample were investigated.The results showed that the swelling behavior of sample was affected by pH value.However,the supercase IT diffusion was observed in all NaCl solutions with different pH values.It was found that cations,especially multivalent cations in swelling medium,had significant effect on swelling behavior of sample.An overshooting effect appeared in all solutions containing multivalent cations. For anions,it showed little effect on swelling process,and supercaseΠdiffusion was also observed no matter which anions existed in swelling medium.
(4)Open circuit potential measurement was introduced to trace the swelling kinetics of superabsorbent.Based on the results and theoretical analysis,the reliability of open circuit potential measurement in tracing the swelling kinetics of superabsorbent was verified.Moreover,the swelling model for the superabsorbent in salting liquid was slightly modified.
引文
[1]邹新禧.超强吸水剂.北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[2]吴季怀,林建明,魏月琳等.超强吸水剂.北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[3]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[4]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch Ⅱ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,influence of reaction conditions on copolymer compounds.J.Polym.Sci.,Part B,1966,10:765-769.
[5]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅲ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile.Influence of chain modifies on copolymer compounds.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1967,11:457-461.
[6]Chemical weekly group.Superabsorbent polymer market to grow at 8%～ 10%per year worldwide.Chemical Weekly,1997,43:121-122.
[7]Japan chemical weekly group.Sanyo chemical to add superabsorbent polymer.Japan Chemical Weekly,1999,40:3.
[8]林润雄,王基伟.高吸水树脂的研究、生产与市场.化工科技,2001,9(3):44-54.
[9]李敏,王力,蒋爱玲.耐盐性高吸水树脂的研究进展.广东化工,2006,33(3):68-70.
[10]柳明珠,詹发禄,江洪申.超强吸水剂结构与性能研究.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2003,39(3):46-49.
[11]龙明策,王鹏,郑彤.高吸水性树脂溶胀热力学及吸水机理.化学通报,2002,10:705-709.
[12]P.J.Flory.Principles of Polymer Chemistry.New York:Cornell University Press,1954.
[13]G.Odian.Principles of polymerization,2nd edition(H.Li,W.Q.Huang,Z.W.Gu.1st edition,Beijing:Science Publication,1987,Trans.).New York:Wiley,1981.(in Chinese).
[14]周晓辉,廖列文,史爱华.丙烯酸/甲基丙烯酸-β-羟丙酯共聚物耐盐性高吸水树脂研究.广东轻工职业技术学院学报,2005,4(1):16-19.
[15]闫辉,张丽华,周秀苗.耐盐性高吸水性树脂.化工新型材料,2001,29(12):11-13.
[16]F.Masuda,K.Nishida,A.Nakamura.Water absorbing starch resins.Ger.Patent:2,612,846,1976.
[17]P.Chatterjee,G.Morbey.Powdered grafted cellulose.US Patent:4,105,033,1977.
[18]W.F.Lindsay.Absorbent starch based co-polymers their characteristics and applications,nonwoven technology:merging mult technology.Symposia Paper,Technology Symposia,1977,72-80.
[19]Y.Tsuchiya,H.Mizutani,A.Sakurai.Sanitary articles for absorbing bodily fluids.Ger.Offen.Patent:2,550,377,1977.
[20]D.C.Spauding.Flexible water absorbent polymer compositions comprising(A)unsaturated carboxylic acid,acrylic ester containing alkyl group 10-30 carbon atoms,additional monomer plus(B)aliphatic diol.US Patent:4,066,583,1977.
[21]Vereinigte Papierwerke Schickedanz und Co..Absorbent material for water-containing physiological fluids.Neth.Appl.Patent:7,708,032,1978.
[22]H.Pietsch,W.Horn.Absorbent material for aqueous physiological fluids and process for its production.US Patent:4,169,121,1979.
[23]H.Asaka,A.Yada,S.Saeki.Absorbents for salt-containing water.JP patent:8016,016,1980.
[24]P.J.George.Radiation polymerized hydrophilic interpolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acid and esters.BE patent:885,157,1980.
[25]T.Tsubakimoto,T.Shimomura,H.Kobayashi.Water-swelling material having salt resistance.JP patent:6,136,309,1986.
[26]C.L.Cretenet,B.Wiegert.Water absorbing resins:process for their preparation and their use in the preparation of articles absorbing aqueous fluids.FR patent:2,575,479,1986.
[27]J.Qin,J.Gross,J.Mui,et.al.Modified polysaccharides having improved absorbent properties and process for the preparation thereof.US Patent:5,550,189,1993.
[28]J.Dutkiewicz,X.Ning,J.Qin.Chitosan salts having improved absorbent properties and process for the preparation thereof.US Patent:5,599,916,1997.
[29]Y.Mizutani.Superabsorbent poly (acrylic acid)complex.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1996,61:735-739.
[30]S.Kiatkamjornwong,P.Suwanmala.Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)copolymers as superabsorbents synthesized by gamma irradiation.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,68:191-203.
[31]A.B.Argade,N.A.Peppas.Poly (acrylic acid)-poly(vinyl alcohol)copolymers with superabsorbent properties.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,70:817-829.
[32]J.Chen,H.Park,K.Park.Synthesis of superporous hydrogels:hydrogels with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties.J.Bio.Mater.Res.,1999,44:53 -62.
[33]J.Chen,W.E.Blevins,H.Park,K.Park.Gastric retention properties of superporous hydrogel composites.J.Control.Rel.,2000,64:39 - 51.
[34]J.Chen,K.Park.Synthesis and characterization of superporous hydrogel composites.J.Control.Rel,2000,65:73 - 82.
[35]D.W.Lim,K.J.Yoon,S.W.Ko.Synthesis of AA-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,78:2525-2532.
[36]Y.J.Kim,K.J.Yoon,S.W.Ko.Preparation and properties of alginate superabsorbent filament fibers crosslinked with glutaraldehyde.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,78:1797-1804.
[37]M.M.Pradas,J.L.G Ribelles,A.S.Aroca.Porous poly (2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate)hydrogels.Polymer,2001,42:4667-4674.
[38]D.W.Lim,H.S Whang,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis and absorbency of a superabsorbent from sodium starch sulfate-g-polyacrylonitrile.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,79:1423-1430.
[39]E.Karada(?),,D.Saraydin,O.G(u|¨)ven.Radiation induced superabsorbent hydrogels,acrylamide/itaconic acid copolymers.Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2001,286:34-42.
[40]G.V.N.Rathna,S.Damodaran.Swelling behavior of protein-based superabsorbent hydrogels treated with ethanol.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:2190-2196.
[41]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[42]S.Kiatkamjornwong,K.Mongkolsawat,M.Sonsuk.Synthesis and property characterization cassava starch grafted poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)]superabsorbent via γ-irradiation.Polymer,2002,43:3915-3924.
[43]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,et.A1.Synthesis of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels:effect of crosslinker type and concentration on porosity and absorption rate.Eur.Polym.J.,2003,39:1341-1348.
[44]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Novel approach to highly porous superabsorbent hydrogels:synergistic effect of porogens on porosity and swelling rate.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1158-1164.
[45]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Superabsorbent hydrogel composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2003,14:438-444.
[46]S.Franeisa,M.Kumarb,L.Varshney.Radiation synthesis of superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid)-carrageenan hydrogels.Radiat.Phys.Chem.,2004,69:481-486.
[47]A.Pourjavadi,M.Sadeghi,H.Hosseinzadeh.Modified carrageenan.5.Preparation,swelling behavior,salt-and pH-sensitivity of partially hydrolyzed crosslinked carrageenan-graft-polymethacrylamide superabsorbent hydrogel.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2004,15:645-653.
[48]T.Yoshimura,I.Uchikoshi,Y.Yoshiura.Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels based on chitin and succinic anhydride. Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,61:322-326.
[49]A.Ruttscheid,W.Borchard.Synthesis and characterization of glass-containing superabsorbent polymers.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:1927-1933.
[50]A.Pourjavadi,H.Salimi,M.S.Amini-Fazl.Optimization of synthetic conditions of a novel collagen-based superabsorbent hydrogel by taguchi method and investigation of its metal ions adsorption.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:4878-4885.
[51]G.B.Marandi,N.Sharifnia,H.Hosseinzadeh.Synthesis of an alginate-poly (sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide)superabsorbent hydrogel with low salt sensitivity and high ph sensitivity.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:2927-2937.
[52]A.Pourjavadi,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr,S.N.Ghasempoori,et.Al.Modified CMC.V:synthesis and super-swelling behavior of hydrolyzed CMC-g-PAN hydrogel.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,103:877-883.
[53]A.Pourjavadi,H.Hosseinzadeh,M.Sadeghi.Synthesis,characterization and swelling behavior of gelatin-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites.J.Compos.Mater.,2007,41:2057-2069.
[54]A.Pourjavadi,H.Ghasemzadeh,R.Soleyman.Synthesis,characterization,and swelling behavior of alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,105:2631-2639.
[55]A.Pourjavadi,M.S.Amini-fazl,M.Ayyarei.Optimization of synthetic conditions CMC-g-poly(acrylic acid)/celite composite superabsorbent by taguchi method and determination of its absorbency under load.Polym.Lett.2007,1:488-494.
[56]M.K.Okajima,T.Bamba,Y.Kaneso,K.Hirata,E.Fukusaki,S.Kajiyama,T.Kaneko.Supergiant ampholytic sugar chains with imbalanced charge ratio form saline ultra-absorbent hydrogels.Macromolecules,2008,41:4061-4064.
[57]G.B.Marandi,K.Esfandiari,F.Biranvand,M.Babapour,S.Sadeh,G.R.Mahdavinia.pH sensitivity and swelling behavior of partially hydrolyzed formaldehyde-crosslinked poly(acrylamide)superabsorbent hydrogels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2008,109:1083-1092.
[58]G.R.Bardajee,A.Pourjavadi,N.Sheikh,M.S.Amini-Fazl.Grafting of acrylamide onto kappa-carrageenan via γ-irradiation:optimization and swelling behavior.Radiat.Phys.Chem.,2008,77:131-137.
[59]G.B.Marandi,S.Hariria,G.RezaMahdaviniac.Effect of hydrophobicmonomer on the synthesis and swelling behaviour of a collagen-graft-poly[(acrylic acid)-co-(sodium acrylate)]hydrogel.Polym.Int.,2009,58:227-235.
[60]S.Jockusch,N.J.Turro,Y.Mitsukami,M.Matsumoto,T.Iwamura,T.Lindner,A.Flohr,G.Massimo.Photoinduced surface crosslinking of superabsorbent polymer particles.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2009,111:2163-2170.
[61]黄美玉,吴如.超高吸水性聚丙烯酸钠的制备.高分子通讯,1984,2:129-130.
[62]荣庸,姜永禄,李寅等.辐射制备超级复合吸水材料的方法,中国发明专利:CN 85,102,156,1985.
[63]周勤,郑邦乾.高吸水性H(MA-VAC)树脂的结构与性能.四川大学学报(工程科学版),1990,1:9-16.
[64]朱秀林,顾梅,赵峰.高岭土-聚丙烯酸钠高吸水性复合树脂的合成及性能研究.高分子材料科学与工程,1994,5:46-49.
[65]刘德荣,颜杰,刘习奎等.以锆盐为交联剂的耐盐型聚乙烯醇高吸水树脂的合成.高分子学报,1996,4:490-493.
[66]孙举,李旭东,王中华.AMPS/AA/AM三元共聚物高吸水树脂的合成.石油与天然气化工,1998,27:184-185.
[67]何培新,肖卫东,黄鹤等.高吸水性三元共聚树脂的合成及性能研究.高分子材料科学与工程,1999,15:65-68.
[68]郭建维,崔英德,康正等.反相悬浮法合成高吸水树脂的研究.精细化工,2001,18:348-350.
[69]L.Ma,L.Zhang,J.C.Yang.Improvement in the water-absorbing properties of superabsorbent polymers(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)in Supercritical CO_2.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2002,86:2272-2278.
[70]由英才,焦京亮,李桢等.高耐盐性超强吸水剂的合成及性能研究.石油化工,2002,31:369-372.
[71]陈密锋,张秀娟,杨建茂.AA/AMPS共聚型吸水树脂反相悬浮合成工艺研 究.功能高分子学报,2002,15:451-456.
[72]张健,孙民伟,张乐等.高吸水性树脂的耐盐性与凝胶强度改善的研究.石油化工,2002,31:994-997.
[73]张小红,崔笔江,崔英德.聚丙烯酸钠/高岭土复合高吸水性树脂的制备、结构与性能.精细化工,2003,20:584-588.
[74]J.Zhang,M.W.Sun,L.Zhang.Water absorbency of poly(sodium acrylate)superabsorbents crosslinked with modified poly(ethylene glycol)s.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,90:1851-1856.
[75]褚建云,刘晓东,刘若冰等.半互穿网络聚丙烯酸高吸水树脂的合成及性能.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2004,36:62-65.
[76]尹国强,崔英德,廖列文等.AM/OADMAC二元共聚高吸水树脂的制备与性能研究.化学世界,2005,9:533-536.
[77]K.Xu,W.D.Zhang,Y.M.Yue,et.Al.Swelling behaviors of a three-component copolymer(starch graft sodium acrylate and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanosulfonic acid)synthesized by microwave polymerization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98:1050-1054.
[78]J.Huang,Z.M.Huang,Y.Z.Bao.Synthesis and characterization of reinforced acrylic-based superabsorbents crosslinked with divinylbenzene.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,100:1594-1600.
[79]Q.Z.Yan,W.F.Zhang,G.D.Lu,X.T.Su,C.C.Ge.Frontal copolymerization synthesis and property characterization of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid)Hydrogels.Chem.Eur.J.,2005,11:6609-6615.
[80]Q.Z.Yan,W.F.Zhang,G.D.Lu.Frontal polymerization synthesis of starch-grafted hydrogels:effect of temperature and tube size on propagating front and properties ofhydrogels.Chemistry:A Europe Journal,2006,12:3303-3309.
[81]Y.Zhao,L.Fang,T.W.Tan.Optimization of the preparation of a poly(aspartic acid)superabsorbent resin with response surface methodology.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:2616-2622.
[82]P.S.Liu,L.Li,N.L.Zhou,J.Zhang,S.H.Wei,J.Shen.Waste polystyrene foam graft -acrylic acid/montmorillonite superabsorbent nanocomposite.J.Appl. Polym.Sci.,2007,104:2341-2349.
[83]G.Peng,S.M.Xu,Y.Peng,J.D.Wang,L.C.Zheng.A new amphoteric superabsorbent hydrogel based on sodium starch sulfate.Bioresource Technol.,2008,99:444-447.
[84]H.X Qiu,J.G.Yu.Polyacrylate/(carboxymethylcellulose modified montmorillonite)superabsorbent nanocomposite:Preparation and water absorbenc.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2008,107:118-123.
[85]Y.Chen,Y.F.Liu,H.M.Tan,J.X.Jiang.Synthesis and characterization of a novel superabsorbent polymer of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan graft copolymerized with vinyl monomers.Carbohyd.Polym.,2009,75:287-292.
[86]W.F.Lee,R.J.Wu.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅰ:Swelling behaviors of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1996,62:1099-1114.
[87]W.F.Lee,R.J.Wu.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅱ.Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate]in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,64:1701-1712.
[88]W.F.Lee,P.L.Yeh.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅲ.Effect of initial total monomer concentration on the swelling behavior of crosslinked poly (sodium acrylate)in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,64:2371-2380.
[89]W.F.Lee,P.L.Yeh.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.IV.Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-n,n-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propane sulfonate]in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,66:499-507.
[90]W.F.Lee,C.H.Hsu.Superabsorbent polymeric material.V.Synthesis and swelling behavior of sodium acrylate and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymeric gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,69:229-237.
[91]W.F.Lee,Y.M.Tu.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.VI.Effect of sulfobetaine structure on swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-cosulfobetaines)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1999,72:1221-1232.
[92]W.F.Lee,Y.L.Huang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅶ:Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-trimethyl methacrylamido-propyl ammonium iodide]in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,77:1749-1759.
[93]W.F.Lee,G.H.Lin.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅷ:Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-trimethyl methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium iodide]in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,79:1665-1674.
[94]W.F.Lee,Y.L.Huang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅸ:Effect of cationic structure on swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-cationic monomers)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:1827-1837.
[95]W.F.Lee,Y.L.Huang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅹ:Effect of degree of neutralization on swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Polym.Res.,2001,8:9-15.
[96]W.F.Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅺ.Effect of nonionic monomers on the swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-nonionic monomers)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3666-3674.
[97]W.F.Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅻ.Effect of montmorillonite on water absorbency for poly(sodium acrylate)and montmorillonite nanocomposite superabsorbents.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3422-3429.
[98]W.F,Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.ⅩⅢ.Effect of oxyethylene chain length on water absorbency for the sodium acrylate and poly (ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate(pegmean)copolymeric gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:927-934.
[99]J.H.Wu,J.M.Lin,M.Zhou,et.al.Synthesis and properties of starch-graft-polyacrylamide/clay superabsorbent composite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2000,21:1032-1034.
[100]J.M.Lin,J.H.Wu,Z.F.Yang,et.al.Synthesis and properties of poly(acrylic acid)/mica superabsorbent nanocomposite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2001,22:422-424.
[101]J.H.Wu,J.M.Lin,G.Q.Li,et.al.Influence of the COOH and COONa groups and crosslink density of poly(acrylic acid)/montmorillonite superabsorbent composite on water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2001,50:1050-1053.
[102]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Preparation of a starch-graft-acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1909-1912.
[103]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Study on starch-graft-acrylamide/mineral powder superabsorbent composite.Polymer,2003,44:6513-6520.
[104]J.H.Wu,J.F.Zhong,J.M.Lin,et.al.Swelling behavior of poly(sodium acrylate)/kaoline superabsorbent composite.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2006,46:324-328.
[105]J.M.Lin,Q.W.Tang,J.H.Wu.The synthesis and electrical conductivity of a polyacrylamide/Cu conducting hydrogel.React.Funct.Polym.,2007,67:489-494.
[106]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Ⅰ.Synthesis and characterization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:1596-1603.
[107]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Ⅱ.Swelling behaviors of superabsorbent composites in saline solutions and hydrophilic solvent-water mixtures.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,94:1869-1876.
[108]A.Li,J.P.Zhang,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis,characterization and water absorbency properties of poly(acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:675-680.
[109]A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and properties of clay-based superabsorbent composite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:1630-1637.
[110]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[111]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Q.Wang.Preparation of starch-graft-poly (acrylamide)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98,1351-1357.
[112]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅴ.Synthesis,swelling behaviors and application of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:813-820.
[113]陈浩,张俊平,王爱勤.有机凹凸棒粘土的制备及复合高吸水性树脂的性能.应用化学,2006,23:69-72.
[114]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Li,et.al.Preparation,swelling behaviors and application of polyacrylarnide/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:12-19.
[115]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅶ.Effects of organification of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/organo-attapulgite composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:379-385.
[116]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅳ.Effects of organification degree of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/organo-attapulgite composites.Eur.Polym.J.,2006,42:101-108.
[117]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and characterization of multifunctional poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.React.Funct.Polym.,2006,66:747-756.
[118]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅵ.Preparation,characterization and swelling behaviors of starch phosphate-graft-acrylamide/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Carbohyd.Polym.,2006,65:150-158.
[119]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Superabsorbent composite.X.Effects of saponification on properties of polyacrylamide/attapulgite.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2006,46:1762-1767.
[120]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Preparation and swelling behavior of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels based on starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-sodium acrylate).Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2006,291:612-620.
[121]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Li,et.al.Preparation,swelling behaviors and slow-release property of a poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2006,45:48-53.
[122]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,P.Li,et.al.Study on superabsorbent composite,14.Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2006,291:1529-1538.
[123]A.Li,J.P.Zhang,A.Q.Wang.Utilization of starch and clay for the preparation of superabsorbent composite.Bioresource Technol.,2007,98:327-332.
[124]W.J.Wang,J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,et.al.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅷ.Effects of acid-and heat-activated attapulgite on water absorbency of polyacrylamide/attapulgite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,103:2419-2424.
[125]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Preparation and slow-release property of a poly (acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,103:37-45.
[126]J.P.Zhang,Q.Wang,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Carbohyd.Polym.,2007,68:367-374.
[127]Y.Zheng,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composites.ⅩⅧ.Preparation,characterization,and property evaluation of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/organomontmorillonite/sodium humate superabsorbent composites.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2008,108:211-219.
[128]W.B.Wang,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis,swelling behaviors,and slow-release characteristics of a guar gum-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/sodium humate superabsorbent.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2009,112:2102-2111.
[129]S.B.Hua,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis,characterization and swelling behaviors of sodium alginate-g-poly(acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent.Carbohyd.Polym.,2009,75:79-84.
[130]王云普,郝晋清,袁昆,刘小军,李玉峰,王荣民,张继.膨润土杂化吸水材料及其制备方法.中国发明专利:CN 031,144,861,2005.
[131]王云普,杨宝芸,王荣民.键联型吸水性高分子植物生长调节剂及其制备工艺.中国发明专利:CN 971,016,240,2001.
[132]王云普,袁昆,张继,李玉峰,刘小军,王永峰.用微波辐射制备膨润土插层杂化吸水材料.中国发明专利:CN 1,589,958,2003.
[133]J.Zhang,K.Yuan,Y.P.Wang,S.J.Gu,S.T.Zhang.Preparation and properties of polyacrylate/bentonite superabsorbent hybrid via intercalated polymerization.Mater.Lett.,2007,61:316-320.
[134]王云普,张继,袁昆,王永峰,李玉峰,刘小军.用微波辐射沙蒿胶接枝聚合丙烯酸盐制备高吸水材料.中国发明专利:CN 01,345,336,2006.
[135]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[136]柳明珠,江洪申,高强度超强吸水剂研究.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38:106-110.
[137]柳明珠,曹丽歆.丙烯酸与海藻酸钠共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.应用化学,2002,19:455-458.
[138]马松梅,柳明珠,陈振斌.氧化铝交联的耐盐性高吸水树脂的合成及性能.应用化学,2004,21:388-391.
[139]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,S.M.Ma.Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,62:85-92.
[140]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi.Synthesis and properties of a superabsorbent polymer prepared by copolymerization of sodium acrylate with sodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate.Macromol.React.Eng.,2007,1:275-283.
[141]F.Zhang,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.B.Chen.Synthesis and swelling behaviors of fast-swelling superabsorbent composites.e-Polymers,2008,no.029.
[142]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,F.L.Zhan,Z.Liu.Conductance method study on the swelling kinetics of the superabsorbent.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:1839-1846.
[143]X.H.Qi,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen,F.Zhang.Study on the swelling kinetics of superabsorbent using open circuit potential measurement.Eur.Polym.J.,2008,44:743-754.
[144]P.K.Sahoo,P.K.Rana,N.D.Sarkar.Characterization and properties of chemically modified corchorus capsularis jute fiber via pulping and grafting:infrared,thermogravimetric analysis,differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,biodegradation,and superabsorbency.J.Polym.Sci.,Part A,Polym.Chem.,2003,41:2696-2703.
[145]D.Capitani,V.Crescenzi,A.A.De Angelis.Water in hydrogels.An NMR study of water/polymer interactions in weakly cross-linked chitosan networks.Macromolecules,2001,34:4136-4144.
[146]葛辽海,张伯兰,季鸿渐等.高吸水性树脂的SEM研究方法.应用化学,1992,9:87-88.
[147]F.Lionetto,A.Sannino,G.Mensitieri.Evaluation of the degree of crosslinking of cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogel:A comparison between different techniques.Macromol.Symp.,2003,200:199-207.
[148]D.J.Arriola,S.S.Cuti(?),D.E.Henton,et.al.Crosslinker reactivity and the structure ofsuperabsorbent gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,63:439-451.
[149]A.Suzuki,M.Yamazaki,Y.Kobiki.Direct observation of polymer gel surfaces by atomic force microscopy.J.Chem.Phys.,1996,104:1751-1757.
[150]S.S.Cuti(?),R.M.Van Effen,D.L.Rick,et.al.Sodium ion-selective electrode to determine superabsorbent polymers and to measure their degree of neutrarlization.Anal.Chim.Acta,1992,260:13-17.
[151]W.C.Buzanowski,S.S.Cuti(?),R.Howell.Determination of sodium polyacrylate by pyrolysis-gas chromatography.J.Chromatogr.A,1994,677:355-364.
[1]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[2]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.V.Synthesis,swelling behaviors and application of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:813-820.
[3]M.P.Raju,KM.Raju.Design and synthesis of superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[4]A.Pourjavadi,M.Sadeghi,H.Hosseinzadeh.Modified carrageenan.5.Preparation,swelling behavior,salt-and pH-sensitivity of partially hydrolyzed crosslinked carrageenan-graft-polymethacrylamide superabsorbent hydrogel.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2004,15:645-653.
[5]W.F.Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅻ.Effect of montmorillonite on water absorbency for poly(sodium acrylate)and montmorillonite nanocomposite superabsorbents.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3422-3429.
[6]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Porous superabsorbent hydrogel composites:synthesis,morphology and swelling rate.Macromol.Master.Eng.,2004,289:653-661.
[7]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[8]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.I.Synthesis and characterization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:1596-1603.
[9]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Study on starch-graft-acrylamide/mineral powder superabsorbent composite.Polymer,2003,44:6513-6520.
[10]J.M.Lin,J.H.Wu,Z.F.Yang,et.al.Synthesis and properties ofpoly(acrylic acid)/mica superabsorbent nanocomposite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2001,22:422-424.
[11]J.H.Wu,J.M.Lin,M.Zhou,et.al.Synthesis and properties of starch-graft-polyacrylamide/clay superabsorbent composite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2000,21:1032-1034.
[12]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Superabsorbent hydrogel composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2003,14:438-444.
[13]B.G.Gao,P.F.Jiang,F.Q.An,S.Y Zhao,Z.Ge.Studies on the surface modification of diatomite with polyethyleneimine and trapping effect of the modified diatomite for phenol.Appl.Surf.Sci.,2005,250:273-279.
[14]J.F.Lemonas.Diatomite.Am.Ceram.Soc.Bull.,1997,76:92-95.
[15]M.A.M.Khraisheha,M.A.Al-Ghoutib,S.J.Allenb,M.N.Ahmadb.Effect of OH and silanol groups in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution using diatomite.Wat.Res.,2005,39:922-932.
[16]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,S.M.Ma.Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,62:85-92.
[17]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,L.X.Cao,Z.B.Chen.Preparation of a superabsorbent resistant to saline solution by copolymerization of acrylate with acrylamide.J.Funct.Polym.,2003,16:502-506.
[18]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[19]F.L.Zhan,M.Z.Liu,M.Y.Guo,L.Wu.Preparation of superabsorbent polymer with slow release phosphate fertilizer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3417-3421.
[20]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,2004,93:2532-2541.
[21]H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,P.G.Sammes,I.G.Meldrum.Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers.Effect of temperature and initiator concentration.Polymer,1998,39:3459-3466.
[22]K.Makamura,T.Hatakeyama,H.Hatakeyama.Studies on bound water in poly (vinylalcohol).Eur.Polym.J.,1984,20:61-67.
[23]A.Shefer,A.J.Grodzinsky,K.L.Prime,J.P.Busnel.Novel model networks of poly(acrylic acid):synthesis and characterization.Macromolecules,1993,26:5009-5014.
[24]J.W.Chen,Y.M.Zhao.An efficient preparation method for superabsorbent polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1999,74:119-124.
[25]Y.C.You,J.L.Jiao,Z.Li,C.Y.Zhu.Synthesis and swelling behavior of crosslinked copolymers of neutralized maleic anhydride with other monomers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,88:2725-2731.
[26]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[27]Q.Z.Yan,W.F.Zhang,G.D.Lu,X.T.Su,C.C.Ge.Frontal copolymerization synthesis and property characterization of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid)Hydrogels.Chem.Eur.J.,2005,11:6609-6615.
[28]H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,P.G.Sammes,I.G.Meldrum.Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers(dependence on particle size and salinity).Polymer.1999.40:1753-1761.
[1]J.K.Dutkiewicz.Superabsorbent materials from shellfish waste-a review.J.Biomed.Mater.Res.,Part B:Appl.Bio.,2002,63:373-381.
[2]E.Karada(?),D.Saraydin,O.G(u|¨)ven.Radiation induced superabsorbent hydrogels,acrylamide/itaconic acid copolymers.Macro.Mater.Eng.,2001,286:34-42.
[3]J.Ruiz,A.Mantec(?)n,V.c(?)diz.Synthesis and swelling characteristics of acid containing poly(vinyl alcohol)hydrogels,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:1444-1450.
[4]Y.M.Mohan,P.S.K.Murthy,K.M.Raju.Synthesis,characterization and effect of reaction parameters on swelling properties of acrylamide-sodium methacrylate superabsorbent copolymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,63:11-26.
[5]G.Christian,C.Nathalie,L.Monique,et.al.Superabsorbent composition used for producing sanitary article such as underwear,diaper and disposable diaper which do not develop unpleasant smell,JP patent:08,332,379,1996.
[6]C.J.Chang,W.Dewitt.Polymer composition having super absorption property.JP patent:01,165,610,1989.
[7]M.P.Raju,K.M.Raju.Design and Synthesis of Superabsorbent Polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[8]M.R.Guilherme,A.V.Reis,S.H.Takahashi.Synthesis of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel by copolymerization of acrylamide and cashew gum modified with glycidyl methacrylate,Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,61:464-471.
[9]G.B.Marandi,N.Sharifnia,H.Hosseinzadeh.Synthesis of an alginate-poly (sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide)superabsorbent hydrogel with low salt sensitivity and high ph sensitivity.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:2927-2937.
[10]胡宏纹.有机化学.北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[11]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi.Synthesis and properties of a superabsorbent polymer prepared by copolymerization of sodium acrylate with sodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate.Macromol.React.Eng.,2007,1: 275-283.
[12]A.Pourjavadi,H.Ghasemzadeh,R.Soleyman.Synthesis,characterization,and swelling behavior of alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,105:2631-2639.
[13]T.Wan,X.Q.Wang,Y.Yuan,W.Q.He.Preparation of a kaolinite-poly(acrylic acid acrylamide)water superabsorbent by photopolymerization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:2875-2881.
[14]J.H.Wu,J.F.Zhong,J.M.Lin,et.al.Swelling behavior of poly(sodium acrylate)/kaoline superabsorbent composite.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2006,46:324-328.
[15]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Porous superabsorbent hydrogel composites:synthesis,morphology and swelling rate.Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2004,289:653-661.
[16]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Preparation of a starch-graft-acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1909-1912.
[17]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Superabsorbent hydrogel composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2003,14:438-444.
[18]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[19]马松梅,柳明珠,曹丽歆等.丙烯酸盐与丙烯酰胺共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.功能高分子学报,2003,16:502-505.
[20]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,93:2532-2541.
[21]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,F.L.Zhan,Z.Liu.Conductance method study on the swelling kinetics of the superabsorbent.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:1839-1846.
[22]陈康,汪祖模,陆仁杰,蔡兰坤.新型有机膦均聚物的合成及缓蚀性能的研究.华东理工大学学报,1998,24:107-111.
[23]A.M.Dabdoub.Methods for synthesizing phosphonic compounds and compounds thereof.US patent:20,060,009,654,2006.
[24]J.A.Dian主编,尚久方,操时节,辛无名等译.兰氏化学手册.北京:科学出版社,1991.
[25]潘祖仁.高分子化学.北京:化学工业出版社,第二版,1997.
[26]A.Shefer,A.J.Grodzinsky,K.L.Prime,J.P.Busnel.Novel model networks of poly(acrylic acid):synthesis and characterization.Macromolecules,1993,26:5009-5014.
[27]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[28]H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,P.G.Sammes,I.G.Meldrum.Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers.Effect of temperature and initiator concentration.Polymer,1998,39:3459-3466.
[29]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[30]Y.Liu,J.J.Xie,M.F.Zhu,X.Y.Zhang.A Study of the Synthesis and Properties of AM/AMPS Copolymer as Superabsorbent.Macromol.React.Eng.,2004,289:1074-1078.
[1]F.L.Buchhoiz.Recent advances in superabsorbent poly-acrylates.Trends Polymer Science.Cambridge,U.K.,1994.
[2]S.S.Yilmaz,D.Kul,M.Erdol,M.Ozdemir,R.Abbasoglu.Synthesis of a novel crosslinked superabsorbent copolymer with diazacyclooctadecane crown ether and its sorption capability.Eur.Polym.J.,2007,43:1923-1932.
[3]H.Ka(?)g(o|¨)z,A.Durmu(?),A.Ka(?)g(o|¨)z.Enhanced swelling and adsorption properties of AAm-AMPSNa/clay hydrogel nanocomposites for heavy metal ion removal.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2008,19:213-220.
[4]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[5]章文.国内外丙烯酸及高吸水性树脂的市场分析.上海化工,2006,31:48-50.
[6]J.K.Dutkiewicz.Superabsorbent materials from shellfish waste-a review.J.Biomed.Mater.Res.,Part B:Appl.Bio.,2002,63:373-381.
[7]E.Karada(?),D.Saraydin,O.G(u|¨)ven.Radiation induced superabsorbent hydrogels,acrylamide/itaconic acid copolymers.Macro.Mater.Eng.,2001,286:34-42.
[8]J.Ruiz,A.Mantec(?)n,V.c(?)diz.Synthesis and swelling characteristics of acid containing poly(vinyl alcohol)hydrogels,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:1444-1450.
[9]Y.M.Mohan,P.S.K.Murthy,K.M.Raju.Synthesis,characterization and effect of reaction parameters on swelling properties of acrylamide-sodium methacrylate superabsorbent copolymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,63:11-26.
[10]M.R.Guilherme,A.V.Reis,S.H.Takahashi.Synthesis of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel by copolymerization of acrylamide and cashew gum modified with glycidyl methacrylate,Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,61:464-471.
[11]D.W.Lim,K.J.Yoon,S.W.Ko.Synthesis of AA-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,78:2525-2532.
[12]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[13]S.W.Ali,S.A.R.Zaidi.Synthesis of copolymeric acrylamide/potassium acrylate hydrogels blended with poly(vinyl alcohol):effect of crosslinking and the amount of poly(vinyl alcohol)on swelling behavior.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98,1927-1931.
[14]P.B.Smith,S.S.Cuti(?),D.E.Henton,et.al.Allyl endcapped polyethylene oxide crosslinkers and their use in superabsorbents,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,35:799-806.
[15]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,et.A1.Synthesis of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels:effect of crosslinker type and concentration on porosity and absorption rate.Eur.Polym.J.,2003,39:1341-1348.
[16]D.J.Arriola,S.S.Cuti(?),D.E.Henton,et.al.Crosslinker reactivity and the structure of superabsorbent gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,63:439-451.
[17]M.P.Raju,K.M.Raju.Design and synthesis of superabsorbent polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[18]Y.M.Mohan,P.S.K.Murthy,K.M.Raju.Preparation and swelling behavior of macroporous poly(acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate)superabsorbent hydrogels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:3202-3214.
[19]王立勇,任天瑞.丙烯酸/马来酸酐高吸水树脂的合成.过程工程学报,2004,5:162-165.
[20]J.Huang,Z.M.Huang,Y.Z.Bao.Synthesis and characterization of reinforced acrylic-based superabsorbents crosslinked with divinylbenzene.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,100:1594-1600.
[21]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,93:2532-2541.
[22]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,S.M.Ma.Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,62:85-92.
[23]杨海燕.聚丙烯酸钠类吸水树脂表面性能的改进.精细化工,1997,14:27-30.
[24]P.J.George.Radiation polymerized hydrophilic interpolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acid and esters.BE patent:885,157,1980.
[25]A.Sannino,S.Pappad(?),M.Madaghiele.Crosslinking of cellulose derivatives and hyaluronic acid with water-soluble carbodiimide.Polymer,2005,46:11206-11212.
[26]Y.Mizutani.Superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid)complex.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1996,61:735-739.
[27]P.K.Sahoo,G.C.Sahu,P.K.Rana.Preparation,characterization,and biodegradability of Jute-based natural fiber composite superabsorbents.Adv.Polym.Technol.,2005,24:208-214.
[28]F.Santiago,A.E.Mucientes,M.Osoriol.Synthesis and swelling behaviour of poly(sodium acrylate)/sepiolite superabsorbent composites and nanocomposites.Polym.Int.,2006,55:843-848.
[29]荣庸,姜永禄,李寅等.辐射制备超级复合吸水材料的方法.中国发明专利:CN 85,102,156,1985.
[30]Y.Zhao,L.Fang,T.W.Tan.Optimization of the preparation of a poly(aspartic acid)superabsorbent resin with response surface methodology.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:2616-2622.
[31]张健,孙民伟,张乐等.高吸水性树脂的耐盐性与凝胶强度改善的研究.石油化工,2002,31:994-997.
[32]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Q.Wang.Preparation of starch-graft-poly (acrylamide)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98,1351-1357.
[33]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅶ.Effects of organification of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/organo-attapulgite composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:379-385.
[34]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.I.Synthesis and characterization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:1596-1603.
[35]J.Chen,H.Park,K.Park.Synthesis of superporous hydrogels:hydrogels with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties.J.Bio.Mater.Res.,1999,44:53-62.
[36]M.M.Pradas,J.L.G.Ribelles,A.S.Aroca.Porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)hydrogels.Polymer,2001,42:4667-4674.
[37]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Novel approach to highly porous superabsorbent hydrogels:synergistic effect of porogens on porosity and swelling rate.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1158-1164.
[38]J.Chen,K.Park.Synthesis and characterization of superporous hydrogel composites.J.Control.Rel.,2000,65:73-82.
[39]F.Rosa,J.Bordado,M.Casquilho.Hydrosoluble copolymers of acrylamide-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid).Synthesis and characterization by spectroscopy and viscometry.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,87:192-198.
[40]C.L.McCormick,C.B.Johnson.Water-soluble polymers.28.Ampholytic copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl)dimethylammonium chloride:Synthesis and characterization.Macromolecules,1988,21:686-693.
[41]K.Kabiri,S.Faraji-Dana,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Novel sulfobetaine-sulfonic acid-contained superswelling hydrogels.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:659-666.
[42]A.Pourjavadi,H.Hosseinzadeh,R.Mazidi.Modified carrageenan.4.Synthesis and swelling behavior of crosslinked κC-g-AMPS superabsorbent hydrogel with antisalt and pH-responsiveness properties.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98:255-263.
[43]Q.Y.Tong,G.W.Zhang.Rapid synthesis of a superabsorbent from a saponified starch and acrylonitrile/AMPS graft copolymers.Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,62:74-79.
[44]F.Zhang,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.B.Chen.Synthesis and swelling behaviors of fast-swelling superabsorbent composites.e-Polymers,2008,no.029.
[45]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.Liu.Synthesis of poly(sodium acrylate-co-sodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate)and comparative study on its swelling properties with poly(sodium acrylate)and poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate).Polym.Eng.Sci.,2007,47:728-737.
[46]马松梅,柳明珠,曹丽歆等.丙烯酸盐与丙烯酰胺共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.功能高分子学报,2003,16:502-505.
[47]陶靖轩,王敏华,刘春雨.应用统计学.北京:中国计量出版社,2003.
[48]M.Su(?)rez,E.Garc(?)a-Romero.FTIR spectroscopic study of palygorskite:Influence of the composition of the octahedral sheet.Appl.Clay Sci.,2006,31:154-163.
[49]A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and properties of clay-based superabsorbent composite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:1630-1637.
[50]P.J.Flory.Principles of Polymer Chemistry.New York:Cornell University Press,1953.
[51]J.M.Lin,J.H.Wu,Z.F.Yang,et.al.Synthesis and properties of poly(acrylic acid)/mica superabsorbent nanocomposite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2001,22:422-424.
[52]G.奥迪安,聚合反应原理,科学出版社(第一版),P 67(1987).
[53]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[54]W.F.Lee,C.H.Hsu.Superabsorbent polymeric material.V.Synthesis and swelling behavior of sodium acrylate and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymeric gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,69:229-237.
[55]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Preparation of a starch-graft-acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1909-1912.
[56]Y.C.You,J.L.Jiao,Z.Li,C.Y.Zhu.Synthesis and swelling behavior of crosslinked copolymers of neutralized maleic anhydride with other monomers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,88:2725-2731.
[57]J.W.Chen,Y.M.Zhao.An efficient preparation method for superabsorbent polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1999,74:119-124.
[58]K.Yang,E.C.Teo,F.K.Fuss.Application of taguchi method in optimization of cervical ring cage.J.Biomechanics,2007,40:3251-3256.
[59]A.Pourjavadi,H.Hosseinzadeh.Carrageenan-g-poly(acrylamide)/poly (vinylsulfonic acid,sodium salt)as a novel semi-IPN hydrogel:Synthesis,characterization,and swelling behavior.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2007,47:1388-1395.
[60]J.T.Alfrey,E.F.Gurnee,W.G.Lloyd.Diffusion in glassy polymers,J.Polym.Sci.:Part C 1966,12:249-261.
[61]S.M.Xu,L.Q.Cao,R.L.Wu,J.D.Wang.Salt and pH responsive property of a starch-based amphoteric superabsorbent hydrogel with quaternary ammonium and carboxyl groups(Ⅱ).J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:1995-1999.
[62]R.G.Parr,R.G.Pearson.Absolute hardness:companion parameter to absolute elect ronegativity.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1983,105:7512-7516.
[63]F.Basolo,R.C.Johnson,Coordination Chemistry-The Chemistry of Metal Complexs,W.A.Benjamin INC.,1964.
[64]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Li,et.al.Preparation,swelling behaviors and application of polyacrylamide/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:12-19.
[65]E.Drez-Pe(?)a,I.Quijada-Garrido,J.M.Barrales-Rienda.Analysis of the swelling dynamics of cross-linked P(N-iPAAm-co-MAA)copolymers and their homopolymers under acidic medium:A kinetics interpretation of the overshooting effect.Macromolecules,2003,36:2475-2483.
[66]Y.H.Yin,X.M.Ji,H.Dong,Y.Ying,H.Zheng.Study of the swelling dynamics with overshooting effect of hydrogels based on sodium alginate-g-acrylic acid.Carbohyd.Polym.,2008,71:682-689.
[67]J.Valencia,I.F.Pi(?)rola.Swelling kinetics of poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-sodium styrenesulfonate)hydrogels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,83:191-200.
[68]M.J.Smith,N.A.Peppas.Effect of the degree of crosslinking on penetrant transport in polystyrene.Polymer,1985,26:569-574.
[1]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[2]V.D.Athawale,S.C.Rathi.Graft polymerization:Starch as a model substrate.J.Macromol.Sci.,Rev.Macromol.Chem.Phys.,1999,39:445-480.
[3]M.P.Raju,K.M.Raju.Design and synthesis of superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[4]E.Karadag,O.B.Uzum,D.Saraydin.Swelling equilibria and dye adsorption studies of chemically crosslinked superabsorbent acrylamide/maleic acid hydrogels.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:2133-2141.
[5]Y.Zheng,P.Li,J.P.Zhang,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite XVI.Synthesis,characterization and swelling behaviors ofpoly(sodium acrylate)/vermiculite superabsorbent composites.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,43:1691-1698.
[6]S.Liu,Z.Wan,Y.F.Jin.Superabsorbent polymer analysis and network structure.Polym.Mater.Sci.Eng.,2002,18:26-29.
[7]A.Peters,S.J.Candau.Kinetics of swelling of spherical and cylindrical gels.Macromolecules,1988,21:2278-2282.
[8]I.Ogawa,H.Yamno,K.Miyagawa.Rate of swelling of sodium polyacrylate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1993,47:217-222.
[9]M.Yoshinobu,M.Morita,I.Sakata.Porous structure and rheological properties of hydrogels of highly water-absorptive cellulose graft copolymers.J.Appl. Polym.Sci.,1992,45:805-812.
[10]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,F.L.Zhan,Z.Liu.Conductance method study on the swelling kinetics of the superabsorbent.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:1839-1846.
[11]M.B.Gholivand,F.Sharifpour.Chromium(Ⅲ)ion selective electrode based on glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil).Talanta,2003,60:707-713.
[12]J.A.Ortuno,J.Hernandez,C.Sanchez-Pedreno.Ion-selective electrode for the determination of some multidrug resistance reversers.Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2006,119:282-287.
[13]W.H.Mahmoud.Iron ion-selective electrodes for direct potentiometry and potentiotitrimetry in pharmaceuticals.Anal.Chim.Acta,2001,436:199-206.
[14]S.S.Cuti(?),R.M.Van Effen,D.L.Rick,et.al.Sodium ion-selective electrode to determine superabsorbent polymers and to measure their degree of neutrarlization.Anal.Chim.Acta,1992,260:13-17.
[15]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[16]柳明珠,曹丽歆.丙烯酸与海藻酸钠共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.应用化学,2002,19:455-458.
[17]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,2004,93:2532-2541.
[18]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.Liu.Synthesis of poly(sodium acrylate-cosodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate)and comparative study on its swelling properties with poly(sodium acrylate)and poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate).Polym.Eng.Sci.,2007,47:728-737.
[19]P.J.Flory.Principles of polymer chemistry.New York:Cornell University Press, 1953.
[20]何曼君,陈维孝,董西侠.高分子物理(修订版),复旦大学出版社,1990.
[2]吴季怀,林建明,魏月琳等.超强吸水剂.北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[3]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[4]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch Ⅱ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,influence of reaction conditions on copolymer compounds.J.Polym.Sci.,Part B,1966,10:765-769.
[5]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅲ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile.Influence of chain modifies on copolymer compounds.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1967,11:457-461.
[6]Chemical weekly group.Superabsorbent polymer market to grow at 8%～ 10%per year worldwide.Chemical Weekly,1997,43:121-122.
[7]Japan chemical weekly group.Sanyo chemical to add superabsorbent polymer.Japan Chemical Weekly,1999,40:3.
[8]林润雄,王基伟.高吸水树脂的研究、生产与市场.化工科技,2001,9(3):44-54.
[9]李敏,王力,蒋爱玲.耐盐性高吸水树脂的研究进展.广东化工,2006,33(3):68-70.
[10]柳明珠,詹发禄,江洪申.超强吸水剂结构与性能研究.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2003,39(3):46-49.
[11]龙明策,王鹏,郑彤.高吸水性树脂溶胀热力学及吸水机理.化学通报,2002,10:705-709.
[12]P.J.Flory.Principles of Polymer Chemistry.New York:Cornell University Press,1954.
[13]G.Odian.Principles of polymerization,2nd edition(H.Li,W.Q.Huang,Z.W.Gu.1st edition,Beijing:Science Publication,1987,Trans.).New York:Wiley,1981.(in Chinese).
[14]周晓辉,廖列文,史爱华.丙烯酸/甲基丙烯酸-β-羟丙酯共聚物耐盐性高吸水树脂研究.广东轻工职业技术学院学报,2005,4(1):16-19.
[15]闫辉,张丽华,周秀苗.耐盐性高吸水性树脂.化工新型材料,2001,29(12):11-13.
[16]F.Masuda,K.Nishida,A.Nakamura.Water absorbing starch resins.Ger.Patent:2,612,846,1976.
[17]P.Chatterjee,G.Morbey.Powdered grafted cellulose.US Patent:4,105,033,1977.
[18]W.F.Lindsay.Absorbent starch based co-polymers their characteristics and applications,nonwoven technology:merging mult technology.Symposia Paper,Technology Symposia,1977,72-80.
[19]Y.Tsuchiya,H.Mizutani,A.Sakurai.Sanitary articles for absorbing bodily fluids.Ger.Offen.Patent:2,550,377,1977.
[20]D.C.Spauding.Flexible water absorbent polymer compositions comprising(A)unsaturated carboxylic acid,acrylic ester containing alkyl group 10-30 carbon atoms,additional monomer plus(B)aliphatic diol.US Patent:4,066,583,1977.
[21]Vereinigte Papierwerke Schickedanz und Co..Absorbent material for water-containing physiological fluids.Neth.Appl.Patent:7,708,032,1978.
[22]H.Pietsch,W.Horn.Absorbent material for aqueous physiological fluids and process for its production.US Patent:4,169,121,1979.
[23]H.Asaka,A.Yada,S.Saeki.Absorbents for salt-containing water.JP patent:8016,016,1980.
[24]P.J.George.Radiation polymerized hydrophilic interpolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acid and esters.BE patent:885,157,1980.
[25]T.Tsubakimoto,T.Shimomura,H.Kobayashi.Water-swelling material having salt resistance.JP patent:6,136,309,1986.
[26]C.L.Cretenet,B.Wiegert.Water absorbing resins:process for their preparation and their use in the preparation of articles absorbing aqueous fluids.FR patent:2,575,479,1986.
[27]J.Qin,J.Gross,J.Mui,et.al.Modified polysaccharides having improved absorbent properties and process for the preparation thereof.US Patent:5,550,189,1993.
[28]J.Dutkiewicz,X.Ning,J.Qin.Chitosan salts having improved absorbent properties and process for the preparation thereof.US Patent:5,599,916,1997.
[29]Y.Mizutani.Superabsorbent poly (acrylic acid)complex.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1996,61:735-739.
[30]S.Kiatkamjornwong,P.Suwanmala.Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)copolymers as superabsorbents synthesized by gamma irradiation.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,68:191-203.
[31]A.B.Argade,N.A.Peppas.Poly (acrylic acid)-poly(vinyl alcohol)copolymers with superabsorbent properties.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,70:817-829.
[32]J.Chen,H.Park,K.Park.Synthesis of superporous hydrogels:hydrogels with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties.J.Bio.Mater.Res.,1999,44:53 -62.
[33]J.Chen,W.E.Blevins,H.Park,K.Park.Gastric retention properties of superporous hydrogel composites.J.Control.Rel.,2000,64:39 - 51.
[34]J.Chen,K.Park.Synthesis and characterization of superporous hydrogel composites.J.Control.Rel,2000,65:73 - 82.
[35]D.W.Lim,K.J.Yoon,S.W.Ko.Synthesis of AA-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,78:2525-2532.
[36]Y.J.Kim,K.J.Yoon,S.W.Ko.Preparation and properties of alginate superabsorbent filament fibers crosslinked with glutaraldehyde.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,78:1797-1804.
[37]M.M.Pradas,J.L.G Ribelles,A.S.Aroca.Porous poly (2 - hydroxyethyl acrylate)hydrogels.Polymer,2001,42:4667-4674.
[38]D.W.Lim,H.S Whang,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis and absorbency of a superabsorbent from sodium starch sulfate-g-polyacrylonitrile.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,79:1423-1430.
[39]E.Karada(?),,D.Saraydin,O.G(u|¨)ven.Radiation induced superabsorbent hydrogels,acrylamide/itaconic acid copolymers.Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2001,286:34-42.
[40]G.V.N.Rathna,S.Damodaran.Swelling behavior of protein-based superabsorbent hydrogels treated with ethanol.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:2190-2196.
[41]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[42]S.Kiatkamjornwong,K.Mongkolsawat,M.Sonsuk.Synthesis and property characterization cassava starch grafted poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)]superabsorbent via γ-irradiation.Polymer,2002,43:3915-3924.
[43]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,et.A1.Synthesis of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels:effect of crosslinker type and concentration on porosity and absorption rate.Eur.Polym.J.,2003,39:1341-1348.
[44]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Novel approach to highly porous superabsorbent hydrogels:synergistic effect of porogens on porosity and swelling rate.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1158-1164.
[45]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Superabsorbent hydrogel composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2003,14:438-444.
[46]S.Franeisa,M.Kumarb,L.Varshney.Radiation synthesis of superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid)-carrageenan hydrogels.Radiat.Phys.Chem.,2004,69:481-486.
[47]A.Pourjavadi,M.Sadeghi,H.Hosseinzadeh.Modified carrageenan.5.Preparation,swelling behavior,salt-and pH-sensitivity of partially hydrolyzed crosslinked carrageenan-graft-polymethacrylamide superabsorbent hydrogel.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2004,15:645-653.
[48]T.Yoshimura,I.Uchikoshi,Y.Yoshiura.Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels based on chitin and succinic anhydride. Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,61:322-326.
[49]A.Ruttscheid,W.Borchard.Synthesis and characterization of glass-containing superabsorbent polymers.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:1927-1933.
[50]A.Pourjavadi,H.Salimi,M.S.Amini-Fazl.Optimization of synthetic conditions of a novel collagen-based superabsorbent hydrogel by taguchi method and investigation of its metal ions adsorption.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:4878-4885.
[51]G.B.Marandi,N.Sharifnia,H.Hosseinzadeh.Synthesis of an alginate-poly (sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide)superabsorbent hydrogel with low salt sensitivity and high ph sensitivity.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:2927-2937.
[52]A.Pourjavadi,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr,S.N.Ghasempoori,et.Al.Modified CMC.V:synthesis and super-swelling behavior of hydrolyzed CMC-g-PAN hydrogel.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,103:877-883.
[53]A.Pourjavadi,H.Hosseinzadeh,M.Sadeghi.Synthesis,characterization and swelling behavior of gelatin-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites.J.Compos.Mater.,2007,41:2057-2069.
[54]A.Pourjavadi,H.Ghasemzadeh,R.Soleyman.Synthesis,characterization,and swelling behavior of alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,105:2631-2639.
[55]A.Pourjavadi,M.S.Amini-fazl,M.Ayyarei.Optimization of synthetic conditions CMC-g-poly(acrylic acid)/celite composite superabsorbent by taguchi method and determination of its absorbency under load.Polym.Lett.2007,1:488-494.
[56]M.K.Okajima,T.Bamba,Y.Kaneso,K.Hirata,E.Fukusaki,S.Kajiyama,T.Kaneko.Supergiant ampholytic sugar chains with imbalanced charge ratio form saline ultra-absorbent hydrogels.Macromolecules,2008,41:4061-4064.
[57]G.B.Marandi,K.Esfandiari,F.Biranvand,M.Babapour,S.Sadeh,G.R.Mahdavinia.pH sensitivity and swelling behavior of partially hydrolyzed formaldehyde-crosslinked poly(acrylamide)superabsorbent hydrogels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2008,109:1083-1092.
[58]G.R.Bardajee,A.Pourjavadi,N.Sheikh,M.S.Amini-Fazl.Grafting of acrylamide onto kappa-carrageenan via γ-irradiation:optimization and swelling behavior.Radiat.Phys.Chem.,2008,77:131-137.
[59]G.B.Marandi,S.Hariria,G.RezaMahdaviniac.Effect of hydrophobicmonomer on the synthesis and swelling behaviour of a collagen-graft-poly[(acrylic acid)-co-(sodium acrylate)]hydrogel.Polym.Int.,2009,58:227-235.
[60]S.Jockusch,N.J.Turro,Y.Mitsukami,M.Matsumoto,T.Iwamura,T.Lindner,A.Flohr,G.Massimo.Photoinduced surface crosslinking of superabsorbent polymer particles.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2009,111:2163-2170.
[61]黄美玉,吴如.超高吸水性聚丙烯酸钠的制备.高分子通讯,1984,2:129-130.
[62]荣庸,姜永禄,李寅等.辐射制备超级复合吸水材料的方法,中国发明专利:CN 85,102,156,1985.
[63]周勤,郑邦乾.高吸水性H(MA-VAC)树脂的结构与性能.四川大学学报(工程科学版),1990,1:9-16.
[64]朱秀林,顾梅,赵峰.高岭土-聚丙烯酸钠高吸水性复合树脂的合成及性能研究.高分子材料科学与工程,1994,5:46-49.
[65]刘德荣,颜杰,刘习奎等.以锆盐为交联剂的耐盐型聚乙烯醇高吸水树脂的合成.高分子学报,1996,4:490-493.
[66]孙举,李旭东,王中华.AMPS/AA/AM三元共聚物高吸水树脂的合成.石油与天然气化工,1998,27:184-185.
[67]何培新,肖卫东,黄鹤等.高吸水性三元共聚树脂的合成及性能研究.高分子材料科学与工程,1999,15:65-68.
[68]郭建维,崔英德,康正等.反相悬浮法合成高吸水树脂的研究.精细化工,2001,18:348-350.
[69]L.Ma,L.Zhang,J.C.Yang.Improvement in the water-absorbing properties of superabsorbent polymers(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)in Supercritical CO_2.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2002,86:2272-2278.
[70]由英才,焦京亮,李桢等.高耐盐性超强吸水剂的合成及性能研究.石油化工,2002,31:369-372.
[71]陈密锋,张秀娟,杨建茂.AA/AMPS共聚型吸水树脂反相悬浮合成工艺研 究.功能高分子学报,2002,15:451-456.
[72]张健,孙民伟,张乐等.高吸水性树脂的耐盐性与凝胶强度改善的研究.石油化工,2002,31:994-997.
[73]张小红,崔笔江,崔英德.聚丙烯酸钠/高岭土复合高吸水性树脂的制备、结构与性能.精细化工,2003,20:584-588.
[74]J.Zhang,M.W.Sun,L.Zhang.Water absorbency of poly(sodium acrylate)superabsorbents crosslinked with modified poly(ethylene glycol)s.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,90:1851-1856.
[75]褚建云,刘晓东,刘若冰等.半互穿网络聚丙烯酸高吸水树脂的合成及性能.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2004,36:62-65.
[76]尹国强,崔英德,廖列文等.AM/OADMAC二元共聚高吸水树脂的制备与性能研究.化学世界,2005,9:533-536.
[77]K.Xu,W.D.Zhang,Y.M.Yue,et.Al.Swelling behaviors of a three-component copolymer(starch graft sodium acrylate and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanosulfonic acid)synthesized by microwave polymerization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98:1050-1054.
[78]J.Huang,Z.M.Huang,Y.Z.Bao.Synthesis and characterization of reinforced acrylic-based superabsorbents crosslinked with divinylbenzene.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,100:1594-1600.
[79]Q.Z.Yan,W.F.Zhang,G.D.Lu,X.T.Su,C.C.Ge.Frontal copolymerization synthesis and property characterization of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid)Hydrogels.Chem.Eur.J.,2005,11:6609-6615.
[80]Q.Z.Yan,W.F.Zhang,G.D.Lu.Frontal polymerization synthesis of starch-grafted hydrogels:effect of temperature and tube size on propagating front and properties ofhydrogels.Chemistry:A Europe Journal,2006,12:3303-3309.
[81]Y.Zhao,L.Fang,T.W.Tan.Optimization of the preparation of a poly(aspartic acid)superabsorbent resin with response surface methodology.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:2616-2622.
[82]P.S.Liu,L.Li,N.L.Zhou,J.Zhang,S.H.Wei,J.Shen.Waste polystyrene foam graft -acrylic acid/montmorillonite superabsorbent nanocomposite.J.Appl. Polym.Sci.,2007,104:2341-2349.
[83]G.Peng,S.M.Xu,Y.Peng,J.D.Wang,L.C.Zheng.A new amphoteric superabsorbent hydrogel based on sodium starch sulfate.Bioresource Technol.,2008,99:444-447.
[84]H.X Qiu,J.G.Yu.Polyacrylate/(carboxymethylcellulose modified montmorillonite)superabsorbent nanocomposite:Preparation and water absorbenc.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2008,107:118-123.
[85]Y.Chen,Y.F.Liu,H.M.Tan,J.X.Jiang.Synthesis and characterization of a novel superabsorbent polymer of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan graft copolymerized with vinyl monomers.Carbohyd.Polym.,2009,75:287-292.
[86]W.F.Lee,R.J.Wu.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅰ:Swelling behaviors of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1996,62:1099-1114.
[87]W.F.Lee,R.J.Wu.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅱ.Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate]in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,64:1701-1712.
[88]W.F.Lee,P.L.Yeh.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅲ.Effect of initial total monomer concentration on the swelling behavior of crosslinked poly (sodium acrylate)in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,64:2371-2380.
[89]W.F.Lee,P.L.Yeh.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.IV.Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-n,n-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propane sulfonate]in aqueous salt solution.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,66:499-507.
[90]W.F.Lee,C.H.Hsu.Superabsorbent polymeric material.V.Synthesis and swelling behavior of sodium acrylate and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymeric gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,69:229-237.
[91]W.F.Lee,Y.M.Tu.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.VI.Effect of sulfobetaine structure on swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-cosulfobetaines)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1999,72:1221-1232.
[92]W.F.Lee,Y.L.Huang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅶ:Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-trimethyl methacrylamido-propyl ammonium iodide]in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,77:1749-1759.
[93]W.F.Lee,G.H.Lin.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅷ:Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly[sodium acrylate-co-trimethyl methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium iodide]in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,79:1665-1674.
[94]W.F.Lee,Y.L.Huang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅸ:Effect of cationic structure on swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-cationic monomers)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:1827-1837.
[95]W.F.Lee,Y.L.Huang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials Ⅹ:Effect of degree of neutralization on swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Polym.Res.,2001,8:9-15.
[96]W.F.Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅺ.Effect of nonionic monomers on the swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-nonionic monomers)in aqueous salt solutions.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3666-3674.
[97]W.F.Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅻ.Effect of montmorillonite on water absorbency for poly(sodium acrylate)and montmorillonite nanocomposite superabsorbents.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3422-3429.
[98]W.F,Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.ⅩⅢ.Effect of oxyethylene chain length on water absorbency for the sodium acrylate and poly (ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate(pegmean)copolymeric gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:927-934.
[99]J.H.Wu,J.M.Lin,M.Zhou,et.al.Synthesis and properties of starch-graft-polyacrylamide/clay superabsorbent composite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2000,21:1032-1034.
[100]J.M.Lin,J.H.Wu,Z.F.Yang,et.al.Synthesis and properties of poly(acrylic acid)/mica superabsorbent nanocomposite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2001,22:422-424.
[101]J.H.Wu,J.M.Lin,G.Q.Li,et.al.Influence of the COOH and COONa groups and crosslink density of poly(acrylic acid)/montmorillonite superabsorbent composite on water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2001,50:1050-1053.
[102]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Preparation of a starch-graft-acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1909-1912.
[103]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Study on starch-graft-acrylamide/mineral powder superabsorbent composite.Polymer,2003,44:6513-6520.
[104]J.H.Wu,J.F.Zhong,J.M.Lin,et.al.Swelling behavior of poly(sodium acrylate)/kaoline superabsorbent composite.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2006,46:324-328.
[105]J.M.Lin,Q.W.Tang,J.H.Wu.The synthesis and electrical conductivity of a polyacrylamide/Cu conducting hydrogel.React.Funct.Polym.,2007,67:489-494.
[106]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Ⅰ.Synthesis and characterization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:1596-1603.
[107]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Ⅱ.Swelling behaviors of superabsorbent composites in saline solutions and hydrophilic solvent-water mixtures.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,94:1869-1876.
[108]A.Li,J.P.Zhang,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis,characterization and water absorbency properties of poly(acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:675-680.
[109]A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and properties of clay-based superabsorbent composite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:1630-1637.
[110]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[111]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Q.Wang.Preparation of starch-graft-poly (acrylamide)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98,1351-1357.
[112]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅴ.Synthesis,swelling behaviors and application of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:813-820.
[113]陈浩,张俊平,王爱勤.有机凹凸棒粘土的制备及复合高吸水性树脂的性能.应用化学,2006,23:69-72.
[114]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Li,et.al.Preparation,swelling behaviors and application of polyacrylarnide/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:12-19.
[115]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅶ.Effects of organification of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/organo-attapulgite composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:379-385.
[116]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅳ.Effects of organification degree of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/organo-attapulgite composites.Eur.Polym.J.,2006,42:101-108.
[117]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and characterization of multifunctional poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.React.Funct.Polym.,2006,66:747-756.
[118]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅵ.Preparation,characterization and swelling behaviors of starch phosphate-graft-acrylamide/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Carbohyd.Polym.,2006,65:150-158.
[119]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Superabsorbent composite.X.Effects of saponification on properties of polyacrylamide/attapulgite.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2006,46:1762-1767.
[120]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Preparation and swelling behavior of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels based on starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-sodium acrylate).Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2006,291:612-620.
[121]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Li,et.al.Preparation,swelling behaviors and slow-release property of a poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2006,45:48-53.
[122]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,P.Li,et.al.Study on superabsorbent composite,14.Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2006,291:1529-1538.
[123]A.Li,J.P.Zhang,A.Q.Wang.Utilization of starch and clay for the preparation of superabsorbent composite.Bioresource Technol.,2007,98:327-332.
[124]W.J.Wang,J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,et.al.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅷ.Effects of acid-and heat-activated attapulgite on water absorbency of polyacrylamide/attapulgite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,103:2419-2424.
[125]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Preparation and slow-release property of a poly (acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate superabsorbent composite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,103:37-45.
[126]J.P.Zhang,Q.Wang,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Carbohyd.Polym.,2007,68:367-374.
[127]Y.Zheng,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composites.ⅩⅧ.Preparation,characterization,and property evaluation of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/organomontmorillonite/sodium humate superabsorbent composites.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2008,108:211-219.
[128]W.B.Wang,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis,swelling behaviors,and slow-release characteristics of a guar gum-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/sodium humate superabsorbent.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2009,112:2102-2111.
[129]S.B.Hua,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis,characterization and swelling behaviors of sodium alginate-g-poly(acrylic acid)/sodium humate superabsorbent.Carbohyd.Polym.,2009,75:79-84.
[130]王云普,郝晋清,袁昆,刘小军,李玉峰,王荣民,张继.膨润土杂化吸水材料及其制备方法.中国发明专利:CN 031,144,861,2005.
[131]王云普,杨宝芸,王荣民.键联型吸水性高分子植物生长调节剂及其制备工艺.中国发明专利:CN 971,016,240,2001.
[132]王云普,袁昆,张继,李玉峰,刘小军,王永峰.用微波辐射制备膨润土插层杂化吸水材料.中国发明专利:CN 1,589,958,2003.
[133]J.Zhang,K.Yuan,Y.P.Wang,S.J.Gu,S.T.Zhang.Preparation and properties of polyacrylate/bentonite superabsorbent hybrid via intercalated polymerization.Mater.Lett.,2007,61:316-320.
[134]王云普,张继,袁昆,王永峰,李玉峰,刘小军.用微波辐射沙蒿胶接枝聚合丙烯酸盐制备高吸水材料.中国发明专利:CN 01,345,336,2006.
[135]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[136]柳明珠,江洪申,高强度超强吸水剂研究.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38:106-110.
[137]柳明珠,曹丽歆.丙烯酸与海藻酸钠共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.应用化学,2002,19:455-458.
[138]马松梅,柳明珠,陈振斌.氧化铝交联的耐盐性高吸水树脂的合成及性能.应用化学,2004,21:388-391.
[139]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,S.M.Ma.Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,62:85-92.
[140]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi.Synthesis and properties of a superabsorbent polymer prepared by copolymerization of sodium acrylate with sodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate.Macromol.React.Eng.,2007,1:275-283.
[141]F.Zhang,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.B.Chen.Synthesis and swelling behaviors of fast-swelling superabsorbent composites.e-Polymers,2008,no.029.
[142]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,F.L.Zhan,Z.Liu.Conductance method study on the swelling kinetics of the superabsorbent.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:1839-1846.
[143]X.H.Qi,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen,F.Zhang.Study on the swelling kinetics of superabsorbent using open circuit potential measurement.Eur.Polym.J.,2008,44:743-754.
[144]P.K.Sahoo,P.K.Rana,N.D.Sarkar.Characterization and properties of chemically modified corchorus capsularis jute fiber via pulping and grafting:infrared,thermogravimetric analysis,differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,biodegradation,and superabsorbency.J.Polym.Sci.,Part A,Polym.Chem.,2003,41:2696-2703.
[145]D.Capitani,V.Crescenzi,A.A.De Angelis.Water in hydrogels.An NMR study of water/polymer interactions in weakly cross-linked chitosan networks.Macromolecules,2001,34:4136-4144.
[146]葛辽海,张伯兰,季鸿渐等.高吸水性树脂的SEM研究方法.应用化学,1992,9:87-88.
[147]F.Lionetto,A.Sannino,G.Mensitieri.Evaluation of the degree of crosslinking of cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogel:A comparison between different techniques.Macromol.Symp.,2003,200:199-207.
[148]D.J.Arriola,S.S.Cuti(?),D.E.Henton,et.al.Crosslinker reactivity and the structure ofsuperabsorbent gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,63:439-451.
[149]A.Suzuki,M.Yamazaki,Y.Kobiki.Direct observation of polymer gel surfaces by atomic force microscopy.J.Chem.Phys.,1996,104:1751-1757.
[150]S.S.Cuti(?),R.M.Van Effen,D.L.Rick,et.al.Sodium ion-selective electrode to determine superabsorbent polymers and to measure their degree of neutrarlization.Anal.Chim.Acta,1992,260:13-17.
[151]W.C.Buzanowski,S.S.Cuti(?),R.Howell.Determination of sodium polyacrylate by pyrolysis-gas chromatography.J.Chromatogr.A,1994,677:355-364.
[1]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[2]J.P.Zhang,A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.V.Synthesis,swelling behaviors and application of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:813-820.
[3]M.P.Raju,KM.Raju.Design and synthesis of superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[4]A.Pourjavadi,M.Sadeghi,H.Hosseinzadeh.Modified carrageenan.5.Preparation,swelling behavior,salt-and pH-sensitivity of partially hydrolyzed crosslinked carrageenan-graft-polymethacrylamide superabsorbent hydrogel.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2004,15:645-653.
[5]W.F.Lee,L.G.Yang.Superabsorbent polymeric materials.Ⅻ.Effect of montmorillonite on water absorbency for poly(sodium acrylate)and montmorillonite nanocomposite superabsorbents.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3422-3429.
[6]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Porous superabsorbent hydrogel composites:synthesis,morphology and swelling rate.Macromol.Master.Eng.,2004,289:653-661.
[7]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[8]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.I.Synthesis and characterization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:1596-1603.
[9]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Study on starch-graft-acrylamide/mineral powder superabsorbent composite.Polymer,2003,44:6513-6520.
[10]J.M.Lin,J.H.Wu,Z.F.Yang,et.al.Synthesis and properties ofpoly(acrylic acid)/mica superabsorbent nanocomposite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2001,22:422-424.
[11]J.H.Wu,J.M.Lin,M.Zhou,et.al.Synthesis and properties of starch-graft-polyacrylamide/clay superabsorbent composite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2000,21:1032-1034.
[12]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Superabsorbent hydrogel composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2003,14:438-444.
[13]B.G.Gao,P.F.Jiang,F.Q.An,S.Y Zhao,Z.Ge.Studies on the surface modification of diatomite with polyethyleneimine and trapping effect of the modified diatomite for phenol.Appl.Surf.Sci.,2005,250:273-279.
[14]J.F.Lemonas.Diatomite.Am.Ceram.Soc.Bull.,1997,76:92-95.
[15]M.A.M.Khraisheha,M.A.Al-Ghoutib,S.J.Allenb,M.N.Ahmadb.Effect of OH and silanol groups in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution using diatomite.Wat.Res.,2005,39:922-932.
[16]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,S.M.Ma.Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,62:85-92.
[17]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,L.X.Cao,Z.B.Chen.Preparation of a superabsorbent resistant to saline solution by copolymerization of acrylate with acrylamide.J.Funct.Polym.,2003,16:502-506.
[18]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[19]F.L.Zhan,M.Z.Liu,M.Y.Guo,L.Wu.Preparation of superabsorbent polymer with slow release phosphate fertilizer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:3417-3421.
[20]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,2004,93:2532-2541.
[21]H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,P.G.Sammes,I.G.Meldrum.Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers.Effect of temperature and initiator concentration.Polymer,1998,39:3459-3466.
[22]K.Makamura,T.Hatakeyama,H.Hatakeyama.Studies on bound water in poly (vinylalcohol).Eur.Polym.J.,1984,20:61-67.
[23]A.Shefer,A.J.Grodzinsky,K.L.Prime,J.P.Busnel.Novel model networks of poly(acrylic acid):synthesis and characterization.Macromolecules,1993,26:5009-5014.
[24]J.W.Chen,Y.M.Zhao.An efficient preparation method for superabsorbent polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1999,74:119-124.
[25]Y.C.You,J.L.Jiao,Z.Li,C.Y.Zhu.Synthesis and swelling behavior of crosslinked copolymers of neutralized maleic anhydride with other monomers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,88:2725-2731.
[26]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[27]Q.Z.Yan,W.F.Zhang,G.D.Lu,X.T.Su,C.C.Ge.Frontal copolymerization synthesis and property characterization of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid)Hydrogels.Chem.Eur.J.,2005,11:6609-6615.
[28]H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,P.G.Sammes,I.G.Meldrum.Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers(dependence on particle size and salinity).Polymer.1999.40:1753-1761.
[1]J.K.Dutkiewicz.Superabsorbent materials from shellfish waste-a review.J.Biomed.Mater.Res.,Part B:Appl.Bio.,2002,63:373-381.
[2]E.Karada(?),D.Saraydin,O.G(u|¨)ven.Radiation induced superabsorbent hydrogels,acrylamide/itaconic acid copolymers.Macro.Mater.Eng.,2001,286:34-42.
[3]J.Ruiz,A.Mantec(?)n,V.c(?)diz.Synthesis and swelling characteristics of acid containing poly(vinyl alcohol)hydrogels,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:1444-1450.
[4]Y.M.Mohan,P.S.K.Murthy,K.M.Raju.Synthesis,characterization and effect of reaction parameters on swelling properties of acrylamide-sodium methacrylate superabsorbent copolymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,63:11-26.
[5]G.Christian,C.Nathalie,L.Monique,et.al.Superabsorbent composition used for producing sanitary article such as underwear,diaper and disposable diaper which do not develop unpleasant smell,JP patent:08,332,379,1996.
[6]C.J.Chang,W.Dewitt.Polymer composition having super absorption property.JP patent:01,165,610,1989.
[7]M.P.Raju,K.M.Raju.Design and Synthesis of Superabsorbent Polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[8]M.R.Guilherme,A.V.Reis,S.H.Takahashi.Synthesis of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel by copolymerization of acrylamide and cashew gum modified with glycidyl methacrylate,Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,61:464-471.
[9]G.B.Marandi,N.Sharifnia,H.Hosseinzadeh.Synthesis of an alginate-poly (sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide)superabsorbent hydrogel with low salt sensitivity and high ph sensitivity.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:2927-2937.
[10]胡宏纹.有机化学.北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[11]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi.Synthesis and properties of a superabsorbent polymer prepared by copolymerization of sodium acrylate with sodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate.Macromol.React.Eng.,2007,1: 275-283.
[12]A.Pourjavadi,H.Ghasemzadeh,R.Soleyman.Synthesis,characterization,and swelling behavior of alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2007,105:2631-2639.
[13]T.Wan,X.Q.Wang,Y.Yuan,W.Q.He.Preparation of a kaolinite-poly(acrylic acid acrylamide)water superabsorbent by photopolymerization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:2875-2881.
[14]J.H.Wu,J.F.Zhong,J.M.Lin,et.al.Swelling behavior of poly(sodium acrylate)/kaoline superabsorbent composite.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2006,46:324-328.
[15]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Porous superabsorbent hydrogel composites:synthesis,morphology and swelling rate.Macromol.Mater.Eng.,2004,289:653-661.
[16]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Preparation of a starch-graft-acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1909-1912.
[17]K.Kabiri,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Superabsorbent hydrogel composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2003,14:438-444.
[18]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[19]马松梅,柳明珠,曹丽歆等.丙烯酸盐与丙烯酰胺共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.功能高分子学报,2003,16:502-505.
[20]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,93:2532-2541.
[21]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,F.L.Zhan,Z.Liu.Conductance method study on the swelling kinetics of the superabsorbent.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:1839-1846.
[22]陈康,汪祖模,陆仁杰,蔡兰坤.新型有机膦均聚物的合成及缓蚀性能的研究.华东理工大学学报,1998,24:107-111.
[23]A.M.Dabdoub.Methods for synthesizing phosphonic compounds and compounds thereof.US patent:20,060,009,654,2006.
[24]J.A.Dian主编,尚久方,操时节,辛无名等译.兰氏化学手册.北京:科学出版社,1991.
[25]潘祖仁.高分子化学.北京:化学工业出版社,第二版,1997.
[26]A.Shefer,A.J.Grodzinsky,K.L.Prime,J.P.Busnel.Novel model networks of poly(acrylic acid):synthesis and characterization.Macromolecules,1993,26:5009-5014.
[27]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[28]H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,P.G.Sammes,I.G.Meldrum.Modified acrylic-based superabsorbent polymers.Effect of temperature and initiator concentration.Polymer,1998,39:3459-3466.
[29]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[30]Y.Liu,J.J.Xie,M.F.Zhu,X.Y.Zhang.A Study of the Synthesis and Properties of AM/AMPS Copolymer as Superabsorbent.Macromol.React.Eng.,2004,289:1074-1078.
[1]F.L.Buchhoiz.Recent advances in superabsorbent poly-acrylates.Trends Polymer Science.Cambridge,U.K.,1994.
[2]S.S.Yilmaz,D.Kul,M.Erdol,M.Ozdemir,R.Abbasoglu.Synthesis of a novel crosslinked superabsorbent copolymer with diazacyclooctadecane crown ether and its sorption capability.Eur.Polym.J.,2007,43:1923-1932.
[3]H.Ka(?)g(o|¨)z,A.Durmu(?),A.Ka(?)g(o|¨)z.Enhanced swelling and adsorption properties of AAm-AMPSNa/clay hydrogel nanocomposites for heavy metal ion removal.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2008,19:213-220.
[4]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[5]章文.国内外丙烯酸及高吸水性树脂的市场分析.上海化工,2006,31:48-50.
[6]J.K.Dutkiewicz.Superabsorbent materials from shellfish waste-a review.J.Biomed.Mater.Res.,Part B:Appl.Bio.,2002,63:373-381.
[7]E.Karada(?),D.Saraydin,O.G(u|¨)ven.Radiation induced superabsorbent hydrogels,acrylamide/itaconic acid copolymers.Macro.Mater.Eng.,2001,286:34-42.
[8]J.Ruiz,A.Mantec(?)n,V.c(?)diz.Synthesis and swelling characteristics of acid containing poly(vinyl alcohol)hydrogels,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,81:1444-1450.
[9]Y.M.Mohan,P.S.K.Murthy,K.M.Raju.Synthesis,characterization and effect of reaction parameters on swelling properties of acrylamide-sodium methacrylate superabsorbent copolymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,63:11-26.
[10]M.R.Guilherme,A.V.Reis,S.H.Takahashi.Synthesis of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel by copolymerization of acrylamide and cashew gum modified with glycidyl methacrylate,Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,61:464-471.
[11]D.W.Lim,K.J.Yoon,S.W.Ko.Synthesis of AA-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2000,78:2525-2532.
[12]D.W.Lim,K.G.Song,K.J.Yoon.Synthesis of acrylic acid-based superabsorbent interpenetrated with sodium PVA sulfate using inverse-emulsion polymerization.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:579-586.
[13]S.W.Ali,S.A.R.Zaidi.Synthesis of copolymeric acrylamide/potassium acrylate hydrogels blended with poly(vinyl alcohol):effect of crosslinking and the amount of poly(vinyl alcohol)on swelling behavior.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98,1927-1931.
[14]P.B.Smith,S.S.Cuti(?),D.E.Henton,et.al.Allyl endcapped polyethylene oxide crosslinkers and their use in superabsorbents,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,35:799-806.
[15]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,S.A.Hashemi,et.A1.Synthesis of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels:effect of crosslinker type and concentration on porosity and absorption rate.Eur.Polym.J.,2003,39:1341-1348.
[16]D.J.Arriola,S.S.Cuti(?),D.E.Henton,et.al.Crosslinker reactivity and the structure of superabsorbent gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1997,63:439-451.
[17]M.P.Raju,K.M.Raju.Design and synthesis of superabsorbent polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[18]Y.M.Mohan,P.S.K.Murthy,K.M.Raju.Preparation and swelling behavior of macroporous poly(acrylamide-co-sodium methacrylate)superabsorbent hydrogels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:3202-3214.
[19]王立勇,任天瑞.丙烯酸/马来酸酐高吸水树脂的合成.过程工程学报,2004,5:162-165.
[20]J.Huang,Z.M.Huang,Y.Z.Bao.Synthesis and characterization of reinforced acrylic-based superabsorbents crosslinked with divinylbenzene.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,100:1594-1600.
[21]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,93:2532-2541.
[22]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,S.M.Ma.Synthesis and modification of salt-resistant superabsorbent polymers.React.Funct.Polym.,2005,62:85-92.
[23]杨海燕.聚丙烯酸钠类吸水树脂表面性能的改进.精细化工,1997,14:27-30.
[24]P.J.George.Radiation polymerized hydrophilic interpolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acid and esters.BE patent:885,157,1980.
[25]A.Sannino,S.Pappad(?),M.Madaghiele.Crosslinking of cellulose derivatives and hyaluronic acid with water-soluble carbodiimide.Polymer,2005,46:11206-11212.
[26]Y.Mizutani.Superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid)complex.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1996,61:735-739.
[27]P.K.Sahoo,G.C.Sahu,P.K.Rana.Preparation,characterization,and biodegradability of Jute-based natural fiber composite superabsorbents.Adv.Polym.Technol.,2005,24:208-214.
[28]F.Santiago,A.E.Mucientes,M.Osoriol.Synthesis and swelling behaviour of poly(sodium acrylate)/sepiolite superabsorbent composites and nanocomposites.Polym.Int.,2006,55:843-848.
[29]荣庸,姜永禄,李寅等.辐射制备超级复合吸水材料的方法.中国发明专利:CN 85,102,156,1985.
[30]Y.Zhao,L.Fang,T.W.Tan.Optimization of the preparation of a poly(aspartic acid)superabsorbent resin with response surface methodology.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,102:2616-2622.
[31]张健,孙民伟,张乐等.高吸水性树脂的耐盐性与凝胶强度改善的研究.石油化工,2002,31:994-997.
[32]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Q.Wang.Preparation of starch-graft-poly (acrylamide)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98,1351-1357.
[33]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅶ.Effects of organification of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/organo-attapulgite composite.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:379-385.
[34]A.Li,A.Q.Wang,J.M.Chen.Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composite.I.Synthesis and characterization.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,92:1596-1603.
[35]J.Chen,H.Park,K.Park.Synthesis of superporous hydrogels:hydrogels with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties.J.Bio.Mater.Res.,1999,44:53-62.
[36]M.M.Pradas,J.L.G.Ribelles,A.S.Aroca.Porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)hydrogels.Polymer,2001,42:4667-4674.
[37]K.Kabiri,H.Omidian,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Novel approach to highly porous superabsorbent hydrogels:synergistic effect of porogens on porosity and swelling rate.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1158-1164.
[38]J.Chen,K.Park.Synthesis and characterization of superporous hydrogel composites.J.Control.Rel.,2000,65:73-82.
[39]F.Rosa,J.Bordado,M.Casquilho.Hydrosoluble copolymers of acrylamide-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid).Synthesis and characterization by spectroscopy and viscometry.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,87:192-198.
[40]C.L.McCormick,C.B.Johnson.Water-soluble polymers.28.Ampholytic copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate with (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl)dimethylammonium chloride:Synthesis and characterization.Macromolecules,1988,21:686-693.
[41]K.Kabiri,S.Faraji-Dana,M.J.Zohuriaan-Mehr.Novel sulfobetaine-sulfonic acid-contained superswelling hydrogels.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2005,16:659-666.
[42]A.Pourjavadi,H.Hosseinzadeh,R.Mazidi.Modified carrageenan.4.Synthesis and swelling behavior of crosslinked κC-g-AMPS superabsorbent hydrogel with antisalt and pH-responsiveness properties.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2005,98:255-263.
[43]Q.Y.Tong,G.W.Zhang.Rapid synthesis of a superabsorbent from a saponified starch and acrylonitrile/AMPS graft copolymers.Carbohyd.Polym.,2005,62:74-79.
[44]F.Zhang,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.B.Chen.Synthesis and swelling behaviors of fast-swelling superabsorbent composites.e-Polymers,2008,no.029.
[45]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.Liu.Synthesis of poly(sodium acrylate-co-sodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate)and comparative study on its swelling properties with poly(sodium acrylate)and poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate).Polym.Eng.Sci.,2007,47:728-737.
[46]马松梅,柳明珠,曹丽歆等.丙烯酸盐与丙烯酰胺共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.功能高分子学报,2003,16:502-505.
[47]陶靖轩,王敏华,刘春雨.应用统计学.北京:中国计量出版社,2003.
[48]M.Su(?)rez,E.Garc(?)a-Romero.FTIR spectroscopic study of palygorskite:Influence of the composition of the octahedral sheet.Appl.Clay Sci.,2006,31:154-163.
[49]A.Li,A.Q.Wang.Synthesis and properties of clay-based superabsorbent composite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:1630-1637.
[50]P.J.Flory.Principles of Polymer Chemistry.New York:Cornell University Press,1953.
[51]J.M.Lin,J.H.Wu,Z.F.Yang,et.al.Synthesis and properties of poly(acrylic acid)/mica superabsorbent nanocomposite.Macromol.Rapid Commun.,2001,22:422-424.
[52]G.奥迪安,聚合反应原理,科学出版社(第一版),P 67(1987).
[53]J.P.Zhang,H.Chen,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite.Ⅲ.Swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/attapulgite composite based on acidified attapulgite and organo-attapulgite.Eur.Polym.J.,2005,41:2434-2442.
[54]W.F.Lee,C.H.Hsu.Superabsorbent polymeric material.V.Synthesis and swelling behavior of sodium acrylate and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymeric gels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1998,69:229-237.
[55]J.H.Wu,Y.L.Wei,J.M.Lin,et.al.Preparation of a starch-graft-acrylamide/kaolinite superabsorbent composite and the influence of the hydrophilic group on its water absorbency.Polym.Int.,2003,52:1909-1912.
[56]Y.C.You,J.L.Jiao,Z.Li,C.Y.Zhu.Synthesis and swelling behavior of crosslinked copolymers of neutralized maleic anhydride with other monomers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2003,88:2725-2731.
[57]J.W.Chen,Y.M.Zhao.An efficient preparation method for superabsorbent polymers.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1999,74:119-124.
[58]K.Yang,E.C.Teo,F.K.Fuss.Application of taguchi method in optimization of cervical ring cage.J.Biomechanics,2007,40:3251-3256.
[59]A.Pourjavadi,H.Hosseinzadeh.Carrageenan-g-poly(acrylamide)/poly (vinylsulfonic acid,sodium salt)as a novel semi-IPN hydrogel:Synthesis,characterization,and swelling behavior.Polym.Eng.Sci.,2007,47:1388-1395.
[60]J.T.Alfrey,E.F.Gurnee,W.G.Lloyd.Diffusion in glassy polymers,J.Polym.Sci.:Part C 1966,12:249-261.
[61]S.M.Xu,L.Q.Cao,R.L.Wu,J.D.Wang.Salt and pH responsive property of a starch-based amphoteric superabsorbent hydrogel with quaternary ammonium and carboxyl groups(Ⅱ).J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2006,101:1995-1999.
[62]R.G.Parr,R.G.Pearson.Absolute hardness:companion parameter to absolute elect ronegativity.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1983,105:7512-7516.
[63]F.Basolo,R.C.Johnson,Coordination Chemistry-The Chemistry of Metal Complexs,W.A.Benjamin INC.,1964.
[64]J.P.Zhang,R.F.Liu,A.Li,et.al.Preparation,swelling behaviors and application of polyacrylamide/attapulgite superabsorbent composites.Polym.Adv.Technol.,2006,17:12-19.
[65]E.Drez-Pe(?)a,I.Quijada-Garrido,J.M.Barrales-Rienda.Analysis of the swelling dynamics of cross-linked P(N-iPAAm-co-MAA)copolymers and their homopolymers under acidic medium:A kinetics interpretation of the overshooting effect.Macromolecules,2003,36:2475-2483.
[66]Y.H.Yin,X.M.Ji,H.Dong,Y.Ying,H.Zheng.Study of the swelling dynamics with overshooting effect of hydrogels based on sodium alginate-g-acrylic acid.Carbohyd.Polym.,2008,71:682-689.
[67]J.Valencia,I.F.Pi(?)rola.Swelling kinetics of poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-sodium styrenesulfonate)hydrogels.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,83:191-200.
[68]M.J.Smith,N.A.Peppas.Effect of the degree of crosslinking on penetrant transport in polystyrene.Polymer,1985,26:569-574.
[1]G.F.Fanta,R.C.Burr,C.R.Russell,C.E.Rist.Graft copolymers of starch.Ⅰ:Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile,formation of copolymer and effect of solvent on copolymer composition.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1966,10:929-937.
[2]V.D.Athawale,S.C.Rathi.Graft polymerization:Starch as a model substrate.J.Macromol.Sci.,Rev.Macromol.Chem.Phys.,1999,39:445-480.
[3]M.P.Raju,K.M.Raju.Design and synthesis of superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,80:2635-2639.
[4]E.Karadag,O.B.Uzum,D.Saraydin.Swelling equilibria and dye adsorption studies of chemically crosslinked superabsorbent acrylamide/maleic acid hydrogels.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,38:2133-2141.
[5]Y.Zheng,P.Li,J.P.Zhang,A.Q.Wang.Study on superabsorbent composite XVI.Synthesis,characterization and swelling behaviors ofpoly(sodium acrylate)/vermiculite superabsorbent composites.Eur.Polym.J.,2002,43:1691-1698.
[6]S.Liu,Z.Wan,Y.F.Jin.Superabsorbent polymer analysis and network structure.Polym.Mater.Sci.Eng.,2002,18:26-29.
[7]A.Peters,S.J.Candau.Kinetics of swelling of spherical and cylindrical gels.Macromolecules,1988,21:2278-2282.
[8]I.Ogawa,H.Yamno,K.Miyagawa.Rate of swelling of sodium polyacrylate.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,1993,47:217-222.
[9]M.Yoshinobu,M.Morita,I.Sakata.Porous structure and rheological properties of hydrogels of highly water-absorptive cellulose graft copolymers.J.Appl. Polym.Sci.,1992,45:805-812.
[10]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,F.L.Zhan,Z.Liu.Conductance method study on the swelling kinetics of the superabsorbent.Electrochim.Acta,2007,52:1839-1846.
[11]M.B.Gholivand,F.Sharifpour.Chromium(Ⅲ)ion selective electrode based on glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil).Talanta,2003,60:707-713.
[12]J.A.Ortuno,J.Hernandez,C.Sanchez-Pedreno.Ion-selective electrode for the determination of some multidrug resistance reversers.Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2006,119:282-287.
[13]W.H.Mahmoud.Iron ion-selective electrodes for direct potentiometry and potentiotitrimetry in pharmaceuticals.Anal.Chim.Acta,2001,436:199-206.
[14]S.S.Cuti(?),R.M.Van Effen,D.L.Rick,et.al.Sodium ion-selective electrode to determine superabsorbent polymers and to measure their degree of neutrarlization.Anal.Chim.Acta,1992,260:13-17.
[15]M.Z.Liu,T.H.Guo.Preparation and swelling properties of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2001,82:1515-1520.
[16]柳明珠,曹丽歆.丙烯酸与海藻酸钠共聚制备耐盐性高吸水树脂.应用化学,2002,19:455-458.
[17]S.M.Ma,M.Z.Liu,Z.B.Chen.Preparation and properties of a salt-resistant superabsorbent polymer.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.,2004,2004,93:2532-2541.
[18]Z.B.Chen,M.Z.Liu,X.H.Qi,Z.Liu.Synthesis of poly(sodium acrylate-cosodium 1-(acryloyloxy)propan-2-yl phosphate)and comparative study on its swelling properties with poly(sodium acrylate)and poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate).Polym.Eng.Sci.,2007,47:728-737.
[19]P.J.Flory.Principles of polymer chemistry.New York:Cornell University Press, 1953.
[20]何曼君,陈维孝,董西侠.高分子物理(修订版),复旦大学出版社,1990.