牛AMPK家族7个基因SNP检测及其与生长和肉质性状的关联分析
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摘要
本研究以秦川牛、南阳牛、鲁西牛和安格斯牛4个肉用品种共计630头个体为研究对象,利用PCR-SSCP、PCR-RFLP、DNA随机个体直接测序、创造酶切位点酶切(ACRS-PCR-RPLP)、飞行质谱MALDI-TOF技术研究分析了牛AMPK家族中7个基因的遗传变异,分析了其遗传结构和遗传多样性。对7个基因的多态位点与200头秦川牛的生长及肉质性状进行了关联分析,同时应用生物信息学方法,分析了这7个基因的DNA和蛋白质序列特征,从分子水平上深入了解了它们的作用规律和机理,以期筛选对肉牛重要经济性状具有显著效应的功能基因或分子标记,为肉牛的高效选育和分子标记数据库的建立、种质资源保护和利用提供遗传学依据。本研究主要获得了以下结果：
1、系统分析了牛PRKAA1、PRKAA2、PRKAB1、PRKAB2、PRKAG1、PRKAG2、 PRKAG3共7个基因序列和蛋白序列,借助生物信息学理论和方法,分析归纳了7个基因的组织表达差异,预测了各基因蛋白二级和三级结构、信号肽、跨膜螺旋、结构域特征和亚细胞定位,并将牛各基因蛋白与其它物种进行同源比较,构建了系统发生树,阐释了这一基因家族的高度保守性和在各物种起源进化过程中的重要作用。
2、采用PCR-SSCP与基因测序相结合的方法,研究了秦川牛、南阳牛、鲁西牛、安格斯牛四个品种PRKAA1基因5、7、8、9、10外显子的多态性,发现了PRKAA1基因第7外显子上的213T>A多态位点与秦川牛肌内脂肪含量极显著关联(P<0.01)。
3、将随机个体测序与飞行质谱技术相结合,发现存在于牛PRKAA2基因第4外显子27G>C、60T>C、第8内含子1046G>C、1188T>A四个突变。27G>C位点与秦川牛背膘厚和眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)；60T>C位点与秦川牛体斜长、体高、尻长、腰角宽、坐骨端宽、眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)；1046G>C位点与秦川牛胸深、背膘厚显著关联(P<0.05)；1188T>A位点与秦川牛坐骨端宽、背膘厚及眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。单倍型和连锁不平衡分析,以上4个SNPs存在5个频率大于0.03的单倍型。27G>C与60T>C位点合并效应分析,CCTT、CGCT、CGTT、GGCC、GGCT、GGTT6种组合基因型中GGCC基因型优于其他基因型组合效应；1046G>C、1188T>A位点合并分析,CCTT、CGAT、CGTT、GGAA、GGAT、GGTT6种组合基因型中GGAT基因型优于其他基因型组合效应。
4、采用PCR-SSCP方法结合直接测序技术,在秦川牛PRKAB1基因上共检测到18个多态位点。其中第一外显子129T/C多态位点与秦川牛肌内脂肪含量、眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。第二外显子63T/C多态位点与秦川牛体斜长、腰高、眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。第3内含子、第4外显子、第4内含子上15个SNPs中12个位点与秦川牛体高、腰高、尻长、腰角宽、胸深、胸围六个体尺性状显著关联(P<0.05), In444G/A位点多态性与眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。第5内含子57C／T位点与胸围、眼肌面积极显著关联(P<0.01)。单倍型和连锁不平衡分析表明,存在于intron3、exon4、intron4上的15个SNPs中仅有5个频率大于0.03的单倍型。In423A/G与In424C/T位点合并基因型组合效应分析,AACT基因型优于其他组合基因型。
5、SSCP结合测序方法在牛PRKAB2基因上共检测到10个突变。其中第三内含子上的In336C/A和In385T/G位点与秦川牛体尺和肉质性状没有关联,第五内含子上的8个SNPs中,In5130C/G、In5410T/C三个位点与秦川牛体尺性状没有关联(P>0.05),其他5个位点In560A/G、In5118A/G、In5396A/G、In5421A/C)与秦川牛体尺性状都有不同程度的关联性(P<0.05),In548T/C、In561A/G、 Ins118A/G、In5130C/G、In5421A/C位点与肌内脂肪含量显著关联(P<0.05)。第五内含子8个SNPs位点可能形成5个频率大于0.03的单倍型,In560A/G与In561A/G位点组合效应值分析,AAAA、AAAG组合基因型为最优组合型。
6、测序结合创造酶切法和飞行质谱技术在秦川牛PRKAG1基因上共检测到In21174T>G和In51248T>C两个多态性位点,均为中度多态,秦川牛群体在两位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。 In211746T>G位点与秦川牛体尺和肉质没有相关(P>0.05),In512482T>C位点与体高、腰角宽、胸围、坐骨端宽、眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量显著关联(P<0.05)。
7、采用同样方法在秦川牛PRKAG2基因上发现了8个SNPs,其中En3223A>G突变为错义突变,引起编码氨基酸由丝氨酸到甘氨酸的改变。生物信息学分析,该位点氨基酸突变引起了PRKAG2三级结构较大变化。关联分析显示该位点与秦川牛体高、腰高、腰角宽、尻长、胸深、胸围、眼肌面积等性状显著关联(P<0.05),In516C>T位点只与秦川牛体高性状显著关联(P<0.05), En,3112T>C位点与秦川牛体高、尻长及腰角宽性状显著关联(P<0.05)。其他5个位点与秦川牛体尺和肉质性状并不相关(P>0.05)。
8、采用直接测序、飞行质谱、ACRS-RFLP-PCR多种方法,在牛PRKAG3基因上共检出45个SNPs位点,其中编码区10个,3'UTR区18个,部分内含子上17个。关联分析表明,4个SNPs位点与秦川牛体斜长显著相关,8个位点与体高显著相关,21个位点与腰高和尻长相关,17个位点与腰角宽和胸深相关,6个位点与胸围相关,5个位点与坐骨端宽相关,2个位点与肌内脂肪含量相关,7个位点与眼肌面积相关,3个位点与背膘厚相关。
Polymorphism of seven genes from AMPK family on630individuals from four cattle breeds (Qinchuan, Nanyang, Luxi and Angus) were detected by PCR-SSCP, PCR-RFLP, ACRS-PCR-RFLP, MALDI-TOF to analyze genes genetic structures and varieties. We also analyzed the association of the different genotypes with200Qinchuan cattle body measurements and meat quality traits, and further analyzed the gene and protein structure characters of the seven genes via bioinformation in order to profoundly understand their regularization and mechanism in molecular level.The objectives of the present study were to select candidate functional genes or gene markers which were important to beef cattle economic traits, to set up efficient breeding and molecular markers data base and to provide useful genetic information for cattle germplasm protection and usage. The main results of our study were as follows.
1. Systematical analysis on nucleotide sequences and their protein sequences of7gengs including PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, RKAB2, PRKAG1, PRKAG2and PRKAG3. By theories and methods of bioinformation, the tissue expression patterns of7genes were analyzed and induced. We predicted the secondary and tertiary structure, hydrophobic nature, signal peptide, transmembrane helices region, functional domain and subcellular localization of the seven genes coding protein. Moreover, we compared the amino acid sequences of target genes with other corresponding proteins from other species, and further constructed the phylogenetic trees of them. It is demonstrated that AMPK family gene are homologous and conservative highly and plays a significant role in the origin of species evolution process.
2. PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing method were used to study genetic variations of exon5, exon7, exon8, exon9, and exon10of PRKAA1gene on four bovine breeds, including Qinchuan, Nanyang, Luxi as well as Angus.213T>A mutation were detected in exon7affected the intramuscular fat content (IFC) of beef in Qinchuan cattle (P<0.01) significantly. No SNPs were found in PRKAA1gene exon5, exon8, exon9and exon10.
3. Two SNPs (27G>C,60T>C) located in exon4and two SNPs (1046G>C,1188T>A) in intro8were detected in PRKAA2gene by random DNA sequencing method and MALDI-TOF technology. To analyze genetic structures and varieties on the detected4SNPs in four cattle populations and association with body measurement or meat quality traits in Qinchuan cattle, the27G>C SNP were associated with Back Fat thickness (BF) and Loin Muscle Area (LMA)(P<0.05) significantly. The60T>C SNP were associated with Body Length (BL), Withers Height (WH), Rump Length (RL), Hip Width (HW), Pin Bone Width (PBW) and LMA (P<0.05) significantly. The1046G>C SNP were associated with BF and Chest Depth (CD)(P<0.05) significantly. The1188T>A SNP affected PBW, BF and LMA (P<0.05) significantly. Haplotype analysis results showed there were5genotypes from the4SNPs had the haplotype frequencies over0.03. Combined27G>C with60T>C, we obtained six genotypes, including CCTT, CGCT, CGTT, GGCC, GGCT, GGTT, and we found the cattle individuals of GGCC genotype had superior body measurements and meat quality traits, and maybe can be selected as the candidate genotype. Combined1046G>C with1188T>A, we obtained six genotypes, including CCTT、CGA、CGTT、GGAA、GGA、GGTT, and we found the cattle individuals of GGAT genotype had superior body measurements and meat quality traits.
4. Eighteen SNPs were detected in PRKABI gene of Qinchuan cattle population by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing respectively. All the mutations found in the three exons caused amino acids synonymous mutations. SNP129T>C effected IMC and LMA of Qinchuan cattle (P<0.05) significantly, SNPs63T>C were associated with BL, HW and LMA of Qinchuan cattle (P<0.05) significantly.12SNPs of the detected15SNPs in intron3, exon4and intron4were associated with WH, HW, RL, CD and Heart Girth (HG) of Qinchuan cattle (P<0.05) significantly. Only In444G/A SNP affected LMA (P<0.05) significantly. SNP57C>T in intron5had significant differences on HG and LMA (P<0.01).The analysis results of detected15SNPs in intron3, exon4and intron4haplotype showed only5haplotypes frequencies were higher than0.03. Based on the association results between In423A/G and In424C/T with cattle related production traits, we selected AACT as candidate genotype.
5. Through PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing technology, ten SNPs have been found in intron3and intron5of PRKAB2gene. The association analysis suggested that In336C/A and In385T/G in intron3no relationship with body measurement traits and meat quanlity traits, In561A/G、In5130C/G, In5410T/C SNPs of the8SNPs in intron5had no relationship with body measurement traits in Qinchuan cattle population (P>0.05); whereas, the other5SNPs (In548T/C、In560A/G、In5118A/G、In5396A/G、In5421A/C) were associated with body measurement traits (P<0.05); In548T/C, In560A/G, In561A/G, In5118A/G, In5130C/G, and In5421A/C SNPs were associated with IMF (P<0.05) significantly. The possibility of forming haplotypes of the8SNPs in intron5was carried out by the online software SHEsis,5 haplotypes frequencies were higher than0.03.After analyzing the combined effects of Ins60A/G and Ins61A/G SNPs, AAAA and AAAG were found to be the best genotype.
6. Throuth DNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF,11746T>G SNP was found in intron2of PRKAG1gene. Via DNA sequencing and ACRS-PCR-RFLP technology,12482T>C SNP was detected in intron5of PRKAG1gene. The two SNPs were both in medium polymorphism level. In Qinchuan cattle population, they were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.11746T>G SNP had no association with body measurement and meat quality traits (P>0.05).However,12482T>C SNP was associated with Withers height (WH), Hip width (HW), Heart girth (HG), Pin bone width (PBW), LMA and IMF (P<0.05) significantly.
7. Eight SNPs were found in PRKAG2gene, only En3223A>G was missense mutation with the change of Ser into Gly. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that this missense mutation led to great change in tertiary structure of PRKAG2gene. En3223A>G introduced a restriction enzyme cutting site for Msp I. Association analysis suggested that En3204G>C, En3223A>G, and In39T>C SNPs were related to WH, HH, HW, RL, CD, HG and LMA (P <0.05);En13112T>C SNP was associated with WH, RL, and HW (P<0.05).
8. By DNA sequencing, MALDI-TOF and ACRS-RFLP-PCR,45SNPs were found in PRKAG3gene,10in coding region,18in3'UTR and17in introns. The SNPs in coding region did not lead to amino acid change, except1794T/C,4002C/T, and5359C/T mutations. The association analysis suggested that4SNPs were associated with BL significantly;8SNPs were associated with WH significantly;21SNPs were associated with HH and RL;17SNPs were associated with HW and CD;6SNPs were associated with HG;5SNPs were associated with PBW;2SNPs were associated with IMF;7SNPs were associated with LMA;3SNPs were associated with BF;7SNPs had no association with body measurement or meat quality traits in Qinchuan cattle.
1、系统分析了牛PRKAA1、PRKAA2、PRKAB1、PRKAB2、PRKAG1、PRKAG2、 PRKAG3共7个基因序列和蛋白序列,借助生物信息学理论和方法,分析归纳了7个基因的组织表达差异,预测了各基因蛋白二级和三级结构、信号肽、跨膜螺旋、结构域特征和亚细胞定位,并将牛各基因蛋白与其它物种进行同源比较,构建了系统发生树,阐释了这一基因家族的高度保守性和在各物种起源进化过程中的重要作用。
2、采用PCR-SSCP与基因测序相结合的方法,研究了秦川牛、南阳牛、鲁西牛、安格斯牛四个品种PRKAA1基因5、7、8、9、10外显子的多态性,发现了PRKAA1基因第7外显子上的213T>A多态位点与秦川牛肌内脂肪含量极显著关联(P<0.01)。
3、将随机个体测序与飞行质谱技术相结合,发现存在于牛PRKAA2基因第4外显子27G>C、60T>C、第8内含子1046G>C、1188T>A四个突变。27G>C位点与秦川牛背膘厚和眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)；60T>C位点与秦川牛体斜长、体高、尻长、腰角宽、坐骨端宽、眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)；1046G>C位点与秦川牛胸深、背膘厚显著关联(P<0.05)；1188T>A位点与秦川牛坐骨端宽、背膘厚及眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。单倍型和连锁不平衡分析,以上4个SNPs存在5个频率大于0.03的单倍型。27G>C与60T>C位点合并效应分析,CCTT、CGCT、CGTT、GGCC、GGCT、GGTT6种组合基因型中GGCC基因型优于其他基因型组合效应；1046G>C、1188T>A位点合并分析,CCTT、CGAT、CGTT、GGAA、GGAT、GGTT6种组合基因型中GGAT基因型优于其他基因型组合效应。
4、采用PCR-SSCP方法结合直接测序技术,在秦川牛PRKAB1基因上共检测到18个多态位点。其中第一外显子129T/C多态位点与秦川牛肌内脂肪含量、眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。第二外显子63T/C多态位点与秦川牛体斜长、腰高、眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。第3内含子、第4外显子、第4内含子上15个SNPs中12个位点与秦川牛体高、腰高、尻长、腰角宽、胸深、胸围六个体尺性状显著关联(P<0.05), In444G/A位点多态性与眼肌面积显著关联(P<0.05)。第5内含子57C／T位点与胸围、眼肌面积极显著关联(P<0.01)。单倍型和连锁不平衡分析表明,存在于intron3、exon4、intron4上的15个SNPs中仅有5个频率大于0.03的单倍型。In423A/G与In424C/T位点合并基因型组合效应分析,AACT基因型优于其他组合基因型。
5、SSCP结合测序方法在牛PRKAB2基因上共检测到10个突变。其中第三内含子上的In336C/A和In385T/G位点与秦川牛体尺和肉质性状没有关联,第五内含子上的8个SNPs中,In5130C/G、In5410T/C三个位点与秦川牛体尺性状没有关联(P>0.05),其他5个位点In560A/G、In5118A/G、In5396A/G、In5421A/C)与秦川牛体尺性状都有不同程度的关联性(P<0.05),In548T/C、In561A/G、 Ins118A/G、In5130C/G、In5421A/C位点与肌内脂肪含量显著关联(P<0.05)。第五内含子8个SNPs位点可能形成5个频率大于0.03的单倍型,In560A/G与In561A/G位点组合效应值分析,AAAA、AAAG组合基因型为最优组合型。
6、测序结合创造酶切法和飞行质谱技术在秦川牛PRKAG1基因上共检测到In21174T>G和In51248T>C两个多态性位点,均为中度多态,秦川牛群体在两位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。 In211746T>G位点与秦川牛体尺和肉质没有相关(P>0.05),In512482T>C位点与体高、腰角宽、胸围、坐骨端宽、眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量显著关联(P<0.05)。
7、采用同样方法在秦川牛PRKAG2基因上发现了8个SNPs,其中En3223A>G突变为错义突变,引起编码氨基酸由丝氨酸到甘氨酸的改变。生物信息学分析,该位点氨基酸突变引起了PRKAG2三级结构较大变化。关联分析显示该位点与秦川牛体高、腰高、腰角宽、尻长、胸深、胸围、眼肌面积等性状显著关联(P<0.05),In516C>T位点只与秦川牛体高性状显著关联(P<0.05), En,3112T>C位点与秦川牛体高、尻长及腰角宽性状显著关联(P<0.05)。其他5个位点与秦川牛体尺和肉质性状并不相关(P>0.05)。
8、采用直接测序、飞行质谱、ACRS-RFLP-PCR多种方法,在牛PRKAG3基因上共检出45个SNPs位点,其中编码区10个,3'UTR区18个,部分内含子上17个。关联分析表明,4个SNPs位点与秦川牛体斜长显著相关,8个位点与体高显著相关,21个位点与腰高和尻长相关,17个位点与腰角宽和胸深相关,6个位点与胸围相关,5个位点与坐骨端宽相关,2个位点与肌内脂肪含量相关,7个位点与眼肌面积相关,3个位点与背膘厚相关。
Polymorphism of seven genes from AMPK family on630individuals from four cattle breeds (Qinchuan, Nanyang, Luxi and Angus) were detected by PCR-SSCP, PCR-RFLP, ACRS-PCR-RFLP, MALDI-TOF to analyze genes genetic structures and varieties. We also analyzed the association of the different genotypes with200Qinchuan cattle body measurements and meat quality traits, and further analyzed the gene and protein structure characters of the seven genes via bioinformation in order to profoundly understand their regularization and mechanism in molecular level.The objectives of the present study were to select candidate functional genes or gene markers which were important to beef cattle economic traits, to set up efficient breeding and molecular markers data base and to provide useful genetic information for cattle germplasm protection and usage. The main results of our study were as follows.
1. Systematical analysis on nucleotide sequences and their protein sequences of7gengs including PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, RKAB2, PRKAG1, PRKAG2and PRKAG3. By theories and methods of bioinformation, the tissue expression patterns of7genes were analyzed and induced. We predicted the secondary and tertiary structure, hydrophobic nature, signal peptide, transmembrane helices region, functional domain and subcellular localization of the seven genes coding protein. Moreover, we compared the amino acid sequences of target genes with other corresponding proteins from other species, and further constructed the phylogenetic trees of them. It is demonstrated that AMPK family gene are homologous and conservative highly and plays a significant role in the origin of species evolution process.
2. PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing method were used to study genetic variations of exon5, exon7, exon8, exon9, and exon10of PRKAA1gene on four bovine breeds, including Qinchuan, Nanyang, Luxi as well as Angus.213T>A mutation were detected in exon7affected the intramuscular fat content (IFC) of beef in Qinchuan cattle (P<0.01) significantly. No SNPs were found in PRKAA1gene exon5, exon8, exon9and exon10.
3. Two SNPs (27G>C,60T>C) located in exon4and two SNPs (1046G>C,1188T>A) in intro8were detected in PRKAA2gene by random DNA sequencing method and MALDI-TOF technology. To analyze genetic structures and varieties on the detected4SNPs in four cattle populations and association with body measurement or meat quality traits in Qinchuan cattle, the27G>C SNP were associated with Back Fat thickness (BF) and Loin Muscle Area (LMA)(P<0.05) significantly. The60T>C SNP were associated with Body Length (BL), Withers Height (WH), Rump Length (RL), Hip Width (HW), Pin Bone Width (PBW) and LMA (P<0.05) significantly. The1046G>C SNP were associated with BF and Chest Depth (CD)(P<0.05) significantly. The1188T>A SNP affected PBW, BF and LMA (P<0.05) significantly. Haplotype analysis results showed there were5genotypes from the4SNPs had the haplotype frequencies over0.03. Combined27G>C with60T>C, we obtained six genotypes, including CCTT, CGCT, CGTT, GGCC, GGCT, GGTT, and we found the cattle individuals of GGCC genotype had superior body measurements and meat quality traits, and maybe can be selected as the candidate genotype. Combined1046G>C with1188T>A, we obtained six genotypes, including CCTT、CGA、CGTT、GGAA、GGA、GGTT, and we found the cattle individuals of GGAT genotype had superior body measurements and meat quality traits.
4. Eighteen SNPs were detected in PRKABI gene of Qinchuan cattle population by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing respectively. All the mutations found in the three exons caused amino acids synonymous mutations. SNP129T>C effected IMC and LMA of Qinchuan cattle (P<0.05) significantly, SNPs63T>C were associated with BL, HW and LMA of Qinchuan cattle (P<0.05) significantly.12SNPs of the detected15SNPs in intron3, exon4and intron4were associated with WH, HW, RL, CD and Heart Girth (HG) of Qinchuan cattle (P<0.05) significantly. Only In444G/A SNP affected LMA (P<0.05) significantly. SNP57C>T in intron5had significant differences on HG and LMA (P<0.01).The analysis results of detected15SNPs in intron3, exon4and intron4haplotype showed only5haplotypes frequencies were higher than0.03. Based on the association results between In423A/G and In424C/T with cattle related production traits, we selected AACT as candidate genotype.
5. Through PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing technology, ten SNPs have been found in intron3and intron5of PRKAB2gene. The association analysis suggested that In336C/A and In385T/G in intron3no relationship with body measurement traits and meat quanlity traits, In561A/G、In5130C/G, In5410T/C SNPs of the8SNPs in intron5had no relationship with body measurement traits in Qinchuan cattle population (P>0.05); whereas, the other5SNPs (In548T/C、In560A/G、In5118A/G、In5396A/G、In5421A/C) were associated with body measurement traits (P<0.05); In548T/C, In560A/G, In561A/G, In5118A/G, In5130C/G, and In5421A/C SNPs were associated with IMF (P<0.05) significantly. The possibility of forming haplotypes of the8SNPs in intron5was carried out by the online software SHEsis,5 haplotypes frequencies were higher than0.03.After analyzing the combined effects of Ins60A/G and Ins61A/G SNPs, AAAA and AAAG were found to be the best genotype.
6. Throuth DNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF,11746T>G SNP was found in intron2of PRKAG1gene. Via DNA sequencing and ACRS-PCR-RFLP technology,12482T>C SNP was detected in intron5of PRKAG1gene. The two SNPs were both in medium polymorphism level. In Qinchuan cattle population, they were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.11746T>G SNP had no association with body measurement and meat quality traits (P>0.05).However,12482T>C SNP was associated with Withers height (WH), Hip width (HW), Heart girth (HG), Pin bone width (PBW), LMA and IMF (P<0.05) significantly.
7. Eight SNPs were found in PRKAG2gene, only En3223A>G was missense mutation with the change of Ser into Gly. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that this missense mutation led to great change in tertiary structure of PRKAG2gene. En3223A>G introduced a restriction enzyme cutting site for Msp I. Association analysis suggested that En3204G>C, En3223A>G, and In39T>C SNPs were related to WH, HH, HW, RL, CD, HG and LMA (P <0.05);En13112T>C SNP was associated with WH, RL, and HW (P<0.05).
8. By DNA sequencing, MALDI-TOF and ACRS-RFLP-PCR,45SNPs were found in PRKAG3gene,10in coding region,18in3'UTR and17in introns. The SNPs in coding region did not lead to amino acid change, except1794T/C,4002C/T, and5359C/T mutations. The association analysis suggested that4SNPs were associated with BL significantly;8SNPs were associated with WH significantly;21SNPs were associated with HH and RL;17SNPs were associated with HW and CD;6SNPs were associated with HG;5SNPs were associated with PBW;2SNPs were associated with IMF;7SNPs were associated with LMA;3SNPs were associated with BF;7SNPs had no association with body measurement or meat quality traits in Qinchuan cattle.
引文
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