机会型新企业创业过程研究
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摘要
中国正经历创业转型,由以生存型创业为主转变为以机会型创业为主,然而,国内理论研究滞后于创业实践,科技查新结果显示国内数据库关于机会型创业的文章仅有两篇,这一类型的创业研究尚属空白。机会型新企业更多地出现在新创造出来的市场上,是新兴产业的缔造者,对国家经济发展贡献巨大,但其发展在很大程度上依赖于外部的政策、经济、法律等创业环境。创业过程是各种因素相结合的多纬度的复杂的动态过程,国内外在创业研究方法上的差距是国内缺少跟踪研究。因此,研究机会型新企业的创业过程具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
本文聚焦机会型新企业的创业过程,采用实证研究和跟踪研究等方法,重点研究机会型新企业创业过程中的创业者特征、创业机会的识别与评价、新企业的创立和成长过程、创业环境对机会型创业的影响等关键要素,探索这一类型创业的内在规律。所做的主要工作及创新性研究成果如下:
(1)阐明了机会型创业概念的起源、界定和基本特征,研究了机会型创业者的基本特征、素质特征和成功者所具有的典型特质。文中基于所参与的“2007年中国城市创业观察”项目的成人问卷调查,通过与生存型创业者的比较,总结了机会型创业者作为一个创业群体的基本特征;构建了评价创业者素质的模型,比较了合肥市与深圳市的机会型创业者素质特征;并通过企业核心创始人访谈及案例研究归纳了成功的机会型创业者所具有的典型特质。
(2)关于创业机会的评价,文中基于Timmons创业机会评价模型设计了问卷,对合肥、安庆、深圳三个地区的创业者进行了调查,发现如下特点:一是我国的创业者在进行机会评价时都重视管理团队的组成和行业的进入优势。二是不同地区的创业者进行机会评价时的侧重因素存在差异,该差异源于地区间的创业环境与文化的差异,深圳、合肥、安庆创业者的重要指标序列体现了我国经济发达城市、中等发达城市和不发达城市的创业者对创业机会重要因素的看法。
(3)关于机会型新企业的创立与成长过程研究,文中基于所参与的“2007中国城市创业观察”项目中的新企业调查,通过对合肥市104家机会型企业核心创始人的访谈及问卷调查,实证研究了提高新企业创立、生存和成长能力的有效途径;通过案例研究总结了机会型创业企业的盈利模式;并通过案例跟踪研究总结了机会型创业企业成功的关键因素。
(4)运用全球创业观察(GEM)的研究方法,依托所参加的“2007中国城市创业观察”项目,对作者所在城市的创业环境进行了评价,在此基础上分析了创业环境对机会型创业的影响,并提出了对策建议。
上述研究理论上可以填补创业研究领域的空白,在实践上可以指导国内机会型创业者的创业活动,并为政府部门制定相关创业政策提供参考。
China is undergoing entrepreneurship restructuring, which is from necessity-driven to opportunity- driven. However, the domestic theoretical research lags the entrepreneurial practices. Novelty search results showed that there were only two articles about opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in the domestic-based database. This type of entrepreneurial research is blank. As the founder of new industries, new opportunity-driven ventures often emerged in new markets, and made great contributions to economic development. However, its development is heavily dependent on external entrepreneurial environment, such as policy, economic and legal. Entrepreneurship is a combination of factors, and multi-latitude complex dynamic process. Lack of tracking study in China is the main disparity between inland and abroad. Therefore, researching entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures takes on an important academic significance and application value.
This paper focuses on the entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures. Through using the empirical research and tracking study, it studies four grand essentials of the entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures, including entrepreneur characteristics, identification and evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunity, foundation and growth of new ventures as well as entrepreneurial environment. Based on these, this paper tries to explore the inherent law of this type of entrepreneurship. The main research and innovative results are as follows:
(1) Study on the origin, definition and basic characteristics of the opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. In addition, it discusses the basic characteristics and quality characteristics of entrepreneur groups as well as the typical characteristics of successful ones. Firstly, on the basis of City Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007, it does a comparative study on the characteristics of opportunity-driven entrepreneurs and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in Hefei, and summarizes the basic features of opportunity-driven entrepreneur groups. Secondly, the author builds an entrepreneur quality evaluation model, and compares the characteristics of opportunity- driven entrepreneurs in Hefei and Shenzhen. Finally, this paper sums up the typical characteristics of successful opportunity-driven entrepreneurs by interviewing the core entrepreneurial founders and studying cases.
(2) Study on the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Based on Timmons opportunity evaluation model, this paper designs a questionnaire to investigate entrepreneurs in Hefei, Anqing and Shenzhen in order to testify the model's application in China. The key points are as follows: First, Chinese entrepreneurs always attach great importance to the composition of management team and first-enter industry advantages when they evaluate opportunities. Second, on account of the environmental and cultural differences among regions, the entrepreneurs focus on different factors when they evaluate opportunities. Entrepreneurs' main index series in these three cities reflected their views of entrepreneurial opportunity significant factors, respectively represented China's economically developed cities, medium-developed cities and undeveloped cities.
(3) Study on foundation and growth of new opportunity-driven ventures. In the first place, an empirical study involving 104 opportunity-driven ventures in Hefei had been carried out. This work is a sub-investigation of the project named "City Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007". Based on these efforts the factors favoring the foundation and development of new ventures are summarized from three aspects. They are the foundation of new ventures, the analysis of survival capacity and the development of new ventures. Moreover, this paper constructs the profitable pattern of new opportunity-driven ventures on the basis of case study. In the last place, it sums up the key elements of successful opportunity ventures.
(4) Study and evaluation on elements of environment related to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Based on the reflection of the research process of City Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007, this paper evaluates the entrepreneurship environment of Hefei by adopting the studying method of Global Entrepreneurship Management. Then the author discusses impact of entrepreneurship environment upon opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. And then the suggestions on how to promote the opportunity-driven entrepreneurship are purposely put forward.
The above study on the entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures is significant. Firstly from theory aspects, it will supply a gap in the research field of entrepreneurship. Secondly from practice aspects, it can give guidance to the domestic opportunity entrepreneurs and references to related government sectors for policies making.
本文聚焦机会型新企业的创业过程,采用实证研究和跟踪研究等方法,重点研究机会型新企业创业过程中的创业者特征、创业机会的识别与评价、新企业的创立和成长过程、创业环境对机会型创业的影响等关键要素,探索这一类型创业的内在规律。所做的主要工作及创新性研究成果如下:
(1)阐明了机会型创业概念的起源、界定和基本特征,研究了机会型创业者的基本特征、素质特征和成功者所具有的典型特质。文中基于所参与的“2007年中国城市创业观察”项目的成人问卷调查,通过与生存型创业者的比较,总结了机会型创业者作为一个创业群体的基本特征;构建了评价创业者素质的模型,比较了合肥市与深圳市的机会型创业者素质特征;并通过企业核心创始人访谈及案例研究归纳了成功的机会型创业者所具有的典型特质。
(2)关于创业机会的评价,文中基于Timmons创业机会评价模型设计了问卷,对合肥、安庆、深圳三个地区的创业者进行了调查,发现如下特点:一是我国的创业者在进行机会评价时都重视管理团队的组成和行业的进入优势。二是不同地区的创业者进行机会评价时的侧重因素存在差异,该差异源于地区间的创业环境与文化的差异,深圳、合肥、安庆创业者的重要指标序列体现了我国经济发达城市、中等发达城市和不发达城市的创业者对创业机会重要因素的看法。
(3)关于机会型新企业的创立与成长过程研究,文中基于所参与的“2007中国城市创业观察”项目中的新企业调查,通过对合肥市104家机会型企业核心创始人的访谈及问卷调查,实证研究了提高新企业创立、生存和成长能力的有效途径;通过案例研究总结了机会型创业企业的盈利模式;并通过案例跟踪研究总结了机会型创业企业成功的关键因素。
(4)运用全球创业观察(GEM)的研究方法,依托所参加的“2007中国城市创业观察”项目,对作者所在城市的创业环境进行了评价,在此基础上分析了创业环境对机会型创业的影响,并提出了对策建议。
上述研究理论上可以填补创业研究领域的空白,在实践上可以指导国内机会型创业者的创业活动,并为政府部门制定相关创业政策提供参考。
China is undergoing entrepreneurship restructuring, which is from necessity-driven to opportunity- driven. However, the domestic theoretical research lags the entrepreneurial practices. Novelty search results showed that there were only two articles about opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in the domestic-based database. This type of entrepreneurial research is blank. As the founder of new industries, new opportunity-driven ventures often emerged in new markets, and made great contributions to economic development. However, its development is heavily dependent on external entrepreneurial environment, such as policy, economic and legal. Entrepreneurship is a combination of factors, and multi-latitude complex dynamic process. Lack of tracking study in China is the main disparity between inland and abroad. Therefore, researching entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures takes on an important academic significance and application value.
This paper focuses on the entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures. Through using the empirical research and tracking study, it studies four grand essentials of the entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures, including entrepreneur characteristics, identification and evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunity, foundation and growth of new ventures as well as entrepreneurial environment. Based on these, this paper tries to explore the inherent law of this type of entrepreneurship. The main research and innovative results are as follows:
(1) Study on the origin, definition and basic characteristics of the opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. In addition, it discusses the basic characteristics and quality characteristics of entrepreneur groups as well as the typical characteristics of successful ones. Firstly, on the basis of City Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007, it does a comparative study on the characteristics of opportunity-driven entrepreneurs and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in Hefei, and summarizes the basic features of opportunity-driven entrepreneur groups. Secondly, the author builds an entrepreneur quality evaluation model, and compares the characteristics of opportunity- driven entrepreneurs in Hefei and Shenzhen. Finally, this paper sums up the typical characteristics of successful opportunity-driven entrepreneurs by interviewing the core entrepreneurial founders and studying cases.
(2) Study on the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Based on Timmons opportunity evaluation model, this paper designs a questionnaire to investigate entrepreneurs in Hefei, Anqing and Shenzhen in order to testify the model's application in China. The key points are as follows: First, Chinese entrepreneurs always attach great importance to the composition of management team and first-enter industry advantages when they evaluate opportunities. Second, on account of the environmental and cultural differences among regions, the entrepreneurs focus on different factors when they evaluate opportunities. Entrepreneurs' main index series in these three cities reflected their views of entrepreneurial opportunity significant factors, respectively represented China's economically developed cities, medium-developed cities and undeveloped cities.
(3) Study on foundation and growth of new opportunity-driven ventures. In the first place, an empirical study involving 104 opportunity-driven ventures in Hefei had been carried out. This work is a sub-investigation of the project named "City Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007". Based on these efforts the factors favoring the foundation and development of new ventures are summarized from three aspects. They are the foundation of new ventures, the analysis of survival capacity and the development of new ventures. Moreover, this paper constructs the profitable pattern of new opportunity-driven ventures on the basis of case study. In the last place, it sums up the key elements of successful opportunity ventures.
(4) Study and evaluation on elements of environment related to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Based on the reflection of the research process of City Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007, this paper evaluates the entrepreneurship environment of Hefei by adopting the studying method of Global Entrepreneurship Management. Then the author discusses impact of entrepreneurship environment upon opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. And then the suggestions on how to promote the opportunity-driven entrepreneurship are purposely put forward.
The above study on the entrepreneurial process of new opportunity-driven ventures is significant. Firstly from theory aspects, it will supply a gap in the research field of entrepreneurship. Secondly from practice aspects, it can give guidance to the domestic opportunity entrepreneurs and references to related government sectors for policies making.
引文
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