体育产业集群研究
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摘要
产业集群已发展成为全球化和知识经济背景下的世界经济现象。它具有的群体竞争优势和集聚发展的规模效益是其它产业组织形式难以相比的。体育产业集群在国内国外的发展实例表明,对于我国尚处在探索阶段的体育产业来说,它无疑是一条值得深入研究的发展路径。但其它产业领域尤其是工业领域内的集群现象国内外已经有大量的理论和实证研究,体育产业集群的系统研究至今几乎空白。同时,国内近年新兴的体育产业集聚区、体育产业园区还有体育产业基地的实践急需相关理论指导与借鉴。基于此种种原因与目的,本文在研究和借鉴其它领域产业集群理论和实践的基础上,采用实证分析与规范分析、定性分析和定量分析相结合的研究方法,系统研究体育产业集群的理论与实践,试图在一定程度上建立起符合我国实际的体育产业集群理论,并以此理论来为我国体育产业集群的形成、发展和完善提供一定的借鉴与指导,从而促进我国体育产业的快速可持续性发展。本文研究结果如下:
(1)体育产业集群是为了共享专业化的基础设施、劳动力市场和服务,同时共同面对机遇、挑战和危机,大量生产相同或相关体育产品的企业以及相关支撑机构在一定地域范围内组成的一种生产网络。我们可以根据体育产品属性把体育产业集群划分为体育服务业集群与体育用品产业集群两大类,也可以根据产业集群的成因把体育产业集群划分为企业自生型体育产业集群与政府主导型体育产业集群两大类。体育产业集群具备一定的产业规模和较长的产业链,集群种类较多,各具特色,具有一定的创新能力,与城市的关系紧密。
(2)体育产业集群形成机理较为复杂。除了体育产品特征、人文环境、区域优势、政府主导、历史机遇等诱因和条件外,还是多个行为主体,包括企业、政府、大学和研究机构、中介服务机构等共同发挥作用的结果。形成的体育产业集群具有明显的竞争优势,包括规模的外部经济、信息搜索成本的节约和劳动力市场的有效供给等方面体现出来的生产成本优势、产品差异化优势、区域品牌优势和创新优势等。
(3)国外发达国家成熟的赛车产业集群、体育旅游业集群和体育用品业集群的存在与发展已经展示了极强的竞争优势,充分体现了体育产业采取集群发展方式的必要性与重要性,可以为我国体育产业集群的形成与发展提供一定的启示与借鉴。
(4)我国体育用品产业的地理集聚趋势在不断增强,主要集聚地是在东南沿海发达地区,具体为广东、福建、上海、江苏和浙江等省市。我国已有的体育用品产业集群已经体现出了较强的集聚效应与区域经济影响力,但集群存在的问题与矛盾也成为了制约其进一步发展的障碍。集群的演进方向应该是形成少数龙头企业为主导,大量中小企业协作配套的网络式的生产体系。
(5)我国体育服务业集群的形成与发展相对滞后,目前还没有形成真正意义上的产业集群。北京和上海两大都市由于良好的区位优势、政府的大力支持和重大历史事件的推进,体育服务业集聚趋势形成,体育服务业集群的发展前景良好。根据目前我国体育服务业发展状况及区域体育产业发展实践,我国体育服务业集群的形成与发展主要有三种模式可以借鉴:基于区域优势体育资源的发展模式、基于体育产业基地的发展模式、基于都市体育圈的发展模式。
(6)为了促进我国体育产业集群的形成与发展,应大力培育政府主导型体育服务业集群、进一步完善企业自生型体育用品业集群和提供相关条件催生企业自生型体育服务业集群。在形成与发展过程中,应该合理制定集群政策、正确定位政府职能与作用、企业应该加强协作意识、协会加强服务功能、相关机构应该提供智力支持。
Under the background of globalization and knowledge-based economy, industry cluster has already developed into one kind of global economy phenomenon. It is so competitive and effective that other forms of industrial organization is difficult to be compared to it. Actual cases of Sports industry cluster at home and abroad show it is one development path actually deserves a closer study towards our national infantile sports industry. In other industrial field, especially manufacturing, cluster at home and abroad has had a lot of theoretical and empirical studies, but the sports industry cluster system has been almost a blank. At the same time, in recent years, the phenomenon of sports indutrial agglomerating areas, sports industrial parks and sport industrial bases emerging in domestic sports industry field is in urgent need of theoretical guidance and reference. So, based on the research and reference of cluster theory and practice in other industrial fields, the article use the research methods of empirical analysis and normative analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to systematically study the sports industry cluster theory and practice. And try to establish sports industry cluster theory to some extent in line with the reality of our national sports industry and exercise this theory to supply some guidance and reference for the formation and development and perfect of our national sports industry cluster so as to promote China’s sports industry rapid sustainable development.
The research results were as followed: (1) The sports industry cluster is one kind of production network which constituted in some region by amount of enterprises and supported institutions that produce ilk and correlative sports products because of confrontation opportunity and challenge together as well as shared professional establishment and labour market service. We can devide sports industry cluster into sports service industry cluster and sports goods industry cluster according to sports products character. At same time, according to the cause of sports industry cluster we also can devide sports industry cluster into government-lead cluster and enterprise-autogeny cluster. Sports industry cluster possess a bigger industries scale and a longer industry chain. And cluster has different kinds and respective characteristics with a certain degree of innovation, a close relationship with the city. (2) The cause of sports industry cluster is complicated. With the exception of sports product characteristics, cultural environment, and regional advantages, the government-led incentives, the historical opportunity and conditions, there are a number of actors played a role in the cause of sports industry cluster including enterprises, governments, universities and research institutions, service agencies. Sports industry cluster has obvious competitive advantages as production cost advantage reflected in large-scale external economy and information search cost savings and the effective supply of labor market, product differentiation advantages, regional brands advantage and innovation advantages. (3) The sports industry cluster such as racing industry cluster, sports tourism industry cluster and sports goods industry cluster in developed countries has shown a strong competitive edge, fully reflects the sports industry cluster development approach, and provides some inspiration and gaidance for the formation and development of China's sports industry clusters. (4) The trend of geographic agglomeration of our national sporting goods industry grows stronger, and the main agglomerating regions are in the southeast coastal areas, specifically in Guangdong, Fujian, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Our national sports goods industry cluster has reflected strong agglomeration effects and regional economic influence, but the existed problems and contradictions in cluster have become a constraint to its further development. The evolution direction of the cluster should develop into one collaborative and network-style production system in which a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises dominated by a small number of leading ones. (5) The formation and development of our national sports service industry cluster is lagging behind, that is, there is no real sports service industry cluster in our country now. The agglomerating trend of sports service industry has come into being in Beijing and Shanghai, two major urban areas in China due to good regional advantage, government's strong support and promotion by major historical events, and the development of sports service cluster of these two is prospective. According to the current situation of national sports service industry and regional development of sports industry practice, the formation and development of our national sports service industry cluster has three main models for reference: the regional advantageous sports resources based model, the sports industry base based model, and the urban sports circle based model. (6) In order to promote the formation and development of national sports industry cluster, our country should make great efforts to cultivate the government-lead sports service industry clusters, further improve the enterprise-autogeny sports goods industry clusters and provide birth-related conditions to stimulate enterprise-autogeny sports service industry clusters. In the process, the constitution of cluster policies should be reasonable, the role of government should be correctly oriented, the enterprises should strengthen the sense of collaboration, the associations should strengthen the service function and the relevant institutions should provide intellectual support.
(1)体育产业集群是为了共享专业化的基础设施、劳动力市场和服务,同时共同面对机遇、挑战和危机,大量生产相同或相关体育产品的企业以及相关支撑机构在一定地域范围内组成的一种生产网络。我们可以根据体育产品属性把体育产业集群划分为体育服务业集群与体育用品产业集群两大类,也可以根据产业集群的成因把体育产业集群划分为企业自生型体育产业集群与政府主导型体育产业集群两大类。体育产业集群具备一定的产业规模和较长的产业链,集群种类较多,各具特色,具有一定的创新能力,与城市的关系紧密。
(2)体育产业集群形成机理较为复杂。除了体育产品特征、人文环境、区域优势、政府主导、历史机遇等诱因和条件外,还是多个行为主体,包括企业、政府、大学和研究机构、中介服务机构等共同发挥作用的结果。形成的体育产业集群具有明显的竞争优势,包括规模的外部经济、信息搜索成本的节约和劳动力市场的有效供给等方面体现出来的生产成本优势、产品差异化优势、区域品牌优势和创新优势等。
(3)国外发达国家成熟的赛车产业集群、体育旅游业集群和体育用品业集群的存在与发展已经展示了极强的竞争优势,充分体现了体育产业采取集群发展方式的必要性与重要性,可以为我国体育产业集群的形成与发展提供一定的启示与借鉴。
(4)我国体育用品产业的地理集聚趋势在不断增强,主要集聚地是在东南沿海发达地区,具体为广东、福建、上海、江苏和浙江等省市。我国已有的体育用品产业集群已经体现出了较强的集聚效应与区域经济影响力,但集群存在的问题与矛盾也成为了制约其进一步发展的障碍。集群的演进方向应该是形成少数龙头企业为主导,大量中小企业协作配套的网络式的生产体系。
(5)我国体育服务业集群的形成与发展相对滞后,目前还没有形成真正意义上的产业集群。北京和上海两大都市由于良好的区位优势、政府的大力支持和重大历史事件的推进,体育服务业集聚趋势形成,体育服务业集群的发展前景良好。根据目前我国体育服务业发展状况及区域体育产业发展实践,我国体育服务业集群的形成与发展主要有三种模式可以借鉴:基于区域优势体育资源的发展模式、基于体育产业基地的发展模式、基于都市体育圈的发展模式。
(6)为了促进我国体育产业集群的形成与发展,应大力培育政府主导型体育服务业集群、进一步完善企业自生型体育用品业集群和提供相关条件催生企业自生型体育服务业集群。在形成与发展过程中,应该合理制定集群政策、正确定位政府职能与作用、企业应该加强协作意识、协会加强服务功能、相关机构应该提供智力支持。
Under the background of globalization and knowledge-based economy, industry cluster has already developed into one kind of global economy phenomenon. It is so competitive and effective that other forms of industrial organization is difficult to be compared to it. Actual cases of Sports industry cluster at home and abroad show it is one development path actually deserves a closer study towards our national infantile sports industry. In other industrial field, especially manufacturing, cluster at home and abroad has had a lot of theoretical and empirical studies, but the sports industry cluster system has been almost a blank. At the same time, in recent years, the phenomenon of sports indutrial agglomerating areas, sports industrial parks and sport industrial bases emerging in domestic sports industry field is in urgent need of theoretical guidance and reference. So, based on the research and reference of cluster theory and practice in other industrial fields, the article use the research methods of empirical analysis and normative analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to systematically study the sports industry cluster theory and practice. And try to establish sports industry cluster theory to some extent in line with the reality of our national sports industry and exercise this theory to supply some guidance and reference for the formation and development and perfect of our national sports industry cluster so as to promote China’s sports industry rapid sustainable development.
The research results were as followed: (1) The sports industry cluster is one kind of production network which constituted in some region by amount of enterprises and supported institutions that produce ilk and correlative sports products because of confrontation opportunity and challenge together as well as shared professional establishment and labour market service. We can devide sports industry cluster into sports service industry cluster and sports goods industry cluster according to sports products character. At same time, according to the cause of sports industry cluster we also can devide sports industry cluster into government-lead cluster and enterprise-autogeny cluster. Sports industry cluster possess a bigger industries scale and a longer industry chain. And cluster has different kinds and respective characteristics with a certain degree of innovation, a close relationship with the city. (2) The cause of sports industry cluster is complicated. With the exception of sports product characteristics, cultural environment, and regional advantages, the government-led incentives, the historical opportunity and conditions, there are a number of actors played a role in the cause of sports industry cluster including enterprises, governments, universities and research institutions, service agencies. Sports industry cluster has obvious competitive advantages as production cost advantage reflected in large-scale external economy and information search cost savings and the effective supply of labor market, product differentiation advantages, regional brands advantage and innovation advantages. (3) The sports industry cluster such as racing industry cluster, sports tourism industry cluster and sports goods industry cluster in developed countries has shown a strong competitive edge, fully reflects the sports industry cluster development approach, and provides some inspiration and gaidance for the formation and development of China's sports industry clusters. (4) The trend of geographic agglomeration of our national sporting goods industry grows stronger, and the main agglomerating regions are in the southeast coastal areas, specifically in Guangdong, Fujian, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Our national sports goods industry cluster has reflected strong agglomeration effects and regional economic influence, but the existed problems and contradictions in cluster have become a constraint to its further development. The evolution direction of the cluster should develop into one collaborative and network-style production system in which a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises dominated by a small number of leading ones. (5) The formation and development of our national sports service industry cluster is lagging behind, that is, there is no real sports service industry cluster in our country now. The agglomerating trend of sports service industry has come into being in Beijing and Shanghai, two major urban areas in China due to good regional advantage, government's strong support and promotion by major historical events, and the development of sports service cluster of these two is prospective. According to the current situation of national sports service industry and regional development of sports industry practice, the formation and development of our national sports service industry cluster has three main models for reference: the regional advantageous sports resources based model, the sports industry base based model, and the urban sports circle based model. (6) In order to promote the formation and development of national sports industry cluster, our country should make great efforts to cultivate the government-lead sports service industry clusters, further improve the enterprise-autogeny sports goods industry clusters and provide birth-related conditions to stimulate enterprise-autogeny sports service industry clusters. In the process, the constitution of cluster policies should be reasonable, the role of government should be correctly oriented, the enterprises should strengthen the sense of collaboration, the associations should strengthen the service function and the relevant institutions should provide intellectual support.
引文
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