地区主义与南太平洋地区秩序的构建
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摘要
传统的国际关系研究,主要从国家与世界体系的层次考察国家之间政治、经济、安全、社会与文化的交流与互动。但随着全球范围内“地区”的迅速崛起,从地区视角来研究国际政治成为一个新的发展方向。当今世界,地区主义已经成为势不可挡的潮流,它所具有的巨大能量使之对地区经济、政治、文化和社会等方方面面产生着重大影响。地区主义的发展过程中,地区秩序也随之不断演进,两者之间有着不可分割的内在联系。
从地区发展的实践来看,构建地区秩序的模式主要有以下四种:外源强制型、内源强制型、外源合作型与内源合作型。强制与合作依据国家建构秩序的主要手段来确定,外源与内源则是根据主导地区秩序的国家是否属于地区成员来划定。这种组合反映出地区秩序相对于世界秩序所具有的不同特性。地区主义的发展,促进了地区秩序从外源型向内源型、从强制型向合作型的转变。地区主义对地区秩序的影响主要依托三个中间变量:一是价值观念与地区认同,二是地区制度,三是地区主义的政治经济影响。这三个方面的持续变化,潜在地决定了地区秩序的发展与演进。
从南太地区主义的发展历史来看,该地区经历了地区外大国主导的地区主义(1946-1970),地区主义的本土化时期(1971-1990),冷战后地区主义的新发展(1991至今)。相应地,南太地区经历了地区殖民体系的崩溃和瓦解,一些殖民地纷纷建立独立国家。并且,地区各行为体之间不断加深地区整合,共同构建冷战后地区新秩序。南太平洋地区主义的发展,在三个方面产生深刻影响:一是在寻求地区经济增长、可持续发展、良治和安全过程中塑造了南太地区共同的价值观念和认同,以“太平洋方式”为代表的核心理念在南太地区广为接受;二是以推动地区经济一体化、地区功能部门合作、资源管理与环境保护以及地区安全合作为依托构筑了包括次地区、地区和地区间多层次的地区制度网络;三是促进了整个地区以及地区各国的政治、经济和社会发展,提升了各国政府在对内、对外事务上的能力。这些影响共同构成了地区发展的主要内容,地区新秩序的构建正是在这一过程中逐步实现的。通过对南太平洋地区主义与南太平洋地区秩序关联性的综合分析,初步展现出地区主义对南太平洋地区秩序的构建和塑造作用。
总体来看,在殖民时期,南太平洋地区秩序是一种外源强制型秩序,但地区主义的发展,内在地改变了南太平洋地区秩序的内容和特征,促进了内源合作型秩序的构建。
In the traditional study of international relations,the political,economic,security,social and cultural exchanges and interactions between countries are examined though the respectives of nation/ state level and/or world system level.However,with the rapid emergence of the "regions",to explore international relations from a regional perspective is gaining recognition.It is a new direction to study international politics from a regional perspective.Regionalism is going momentum as the irresistible trend in contemporary world.It has great potential to significantly influence regional economy, politics,culture and society.With the development of regionalism,the regional order has been also evolving.Regionalism and regional order are intrinsically connected.
From the experience of regional development,there are four deferent models of building regional order:exogenous coercion model,endogenous coercion model,exogenous cooperation model,and endogenous cooperation model.The choice of coercive and cooperative model is dependent on the principal means in which the countries choose to build the regional order,and to be exogenous or endogenous one is determined by the membership of the leading country of the regional order.This combination reflects the different characteristics between regional order and world order.The development of regionalism has promoted the transformation of regional order from exogenous coercion model to endogenous cooperation model.The impact of regionalism on regional order depends on the three variables:regional values and identity,regional institutions,and the political and economic ramification of regionalism.The continuous changes of these three aspects could potentially determine the evolution of regional order.
In the history of South Pacific regionalism,it has experienced three distinctive phases:between 1946 to 1970,the regionalism was dominated by the former colonial powers outside the region;from 1971 to 1990,the regionalism had undergone the process of indlgenization;and after the end of Cold War to present,the regionalism has been going deep into a new phase.Correspondingly,the South Pacific region has experienced the collapse of the colonial system,the establishment of many independent countries,and the regional integration of the actors which lead to a new regional order in the post-Cold War era.The impacts of the development of the South Pacific regionalism include the three aspects:Firstly,it helps to shape the common values and identity in the process of searching for regional economic growth,sustainable development,good governance and security,so that the idea of the "Pacific Way" is widely accepted region wide.Secondly,it facilitates the construction of the institutional network of the sub-regional,regional and interregional levels on the basis of the promotion of regional economic integration,regional functional cooperation,resource management and environmental protection and regional security cooperation.Thirdly,it is beneficial to promote the political,economic and social development of the entire region and the countries in the region,and to upgrade the governments' capacities of dealing with all kinds of domestic and external affairs. These impacts constitute the main elements of regional development,with which a new regional order has been formed.According to the comprehensive analysis of the correlation between the South Pacific regionalism and the regional order,it preliminarily shows the role that the South Pacific regionalism played in relation to build and reshape the South Pacific order.
In summary,the South Pacific order is exogenous and coercive one during the colonial period, however,with the development of the regionalism,the contents and features of the South Pacific order have changed internally,and the endogenous cooperation model has emerged s the new preferred model of development of the regional order.
从地区发展的实践来看,构建地区秩序的模式主要有以下四种:外源强制型、内源强制型、外源合作型与内源合作型。强制与合作依据国家建构秩序的主要手段来确定,外源与内源则是根据主导地区秩序的国家是否属于地区成员来划定。这种组合反映出地区秩序相对于世界秩序所具有的不同特性。地区主义的发展,促进了地区秩序从外源型向内源型、从强制型向合作型的转变。地区主义对地区秩序的影响主要依托三个中间变量:一是价值观念与地区认同,二是地区制度,三是地区主义的政治经济影响。这三个方面的持续变化,潜在地决定了地区秩序的发展与演进。
从南太地区主义的发展历史来看,该地区经历了地区外大国主导的地区主义(1946-1970),地区主义的本土化时期(1971-1990),冷战后地区主义的新发展(1991至今)。相应地,南太地区经历了地区殖民体系的崩溃和瓦解,一些殖民地纷纷建立独立国家。并且,地区各行为体之间不断加深地区整合,共同构建冷战后地区新秩序。南太平洋地区主义的发展,在三个方面产生深刻影响:一是在寻求地区经济增长、可持续发展、良治和安全过程中塑造了南太地区共同的价值观念和认同,以“太平洋方式”为代表的核心理念在南太地区广为接受;二是以推动地区经济一体化、地区功能部门合作、资源管理与环境保护以及地区安全合作为依托构筑了包括次地区、地区和地区间多层次的地区制度网络;三是促进了整个地区以及地区各国的政治、经济和社会发展,提升了各国政府在对内、对外事务上的能力。这些影响共同构成了地区发展的主要内容,地区新秩序的构建正是在这一过程中逐步实现的。通过对南太平洋地区主义与南太平洋地区秩序关联性的综合分析,初步展现出地区主义对南太平洋地区秩序的构建和塑造作用。
总体来看,在殖民时期,南太平洋地区秩序是一种外源强制型秩序,但地区主义的发展,内在地改变了南太平洋地区秩序的内容和特征,促进了内源合作型秩序的构建。
In the traditional study of international relations,the political,economic,security,social and cultural exchanges and interactions between countries are examined though the respectives of nation/ state level and/or world system level.However,with the rapid emergence of the "regions",to explore international relations from a regional perspective is gaining recognition.It is a new direction to study international politics from a regional perspective.Regionalism is going momentum as the irresistible trend in contemporary world.It has great potential to significantly influence regional economy, politics,culture and society.With the development of regionalism,the regional order has been also evolving.Regionalism and regional order are intrinsically connected.
From the experience of regional development,there are four deferent models of building regional order:exogenous coercion model,endogenous coercion model,exogenous cooperation model,and endogenous cooperation model.The choice of coercive and cooperative model is dependent on the principal means in which the countries choose to build the regional order,and to be exogenous or endogenous one is determined by the membership of the leading country of the regional order.This combination reflects the different characteristics between regional order and world order.The development of regionalism has promoted the transformation of regional order from exogenous coercion model to endogenous cooperation model.The impact of regionalism on regional order depends on the three variables:regional values and identity,regional institutions,and the political and economic ramification of regionalism.The continuous changes of these three aspects could potentially determine the evolution of regional order.
In the history of South Pacific regionalism,it has experienced three distinctive phases:between 1946 to 1970,the regionalism was dominated by the former colonial powers outside the region;from 1971 to 1990,the regionalism had undergone the process of indlgenization;and after the end of Cold War to present,the regionalism has been going deep into a new phase.Correspondingly,the South Pacific region has experienced the collapse of the colonial system,the establishment of many independent countries,and the regional integration of the actors which lead to a new regional order in the post-Cold War era.The impacts of the development of the South Pacific regionalism include the three aspects:Firstly,it helps to shape the common values and identity in the process of searching for regional economic growth,sustainable development,good governance and security,so that the idea of the "Pacific Way" is widely accepted region wide.Secondly,it facilitates the construction of the institutional network of the sub-regional,regional and interregional levels on the basis of the promotion of regional economic integration,regional functional cooperation,resource management and environmental protection and regional security cooperation.Thirdly,it is beneficial to promote the political,economic and social development of the entire region and the countries in the region,and to upgrade the governments' capacities of dealing with all kinds of domestic and external affairs. These impacts constitute the main elements of regional development,with which a new regional order has been formed.According to the comprehensive analysis of the correlation between the South Pacific regionalism and the regional order,it preliminarily shows the role that the South Pacific regionalism played in relation to build and reshape the South Pacific order.
In summary,the South Pacific order is exogenous and coercive one during the colonial period, however,with the development of the regionalism,the contents and features of the South Pacific order have changed internally,and the endogenous cooperation model has emerged s the new preferred model of development of the regional order.
引文
[1]Bj(o|¨)rn Hettne and Fredrik S(o|¨)derbaum,"Theorising the Rise of Regionness",in Shaun Breslin,et al.(eds.),New Regionalisms in the Global Political Economy:Theories and Cases,London:Routledge,2002,p.39.
[2]Bruce M.Russett,International Regions and the International System:A Study in Political Ecology,Chicago:Rand McNally,1967,p.11.
[3]Joseph S.Nye.Jr.(ed.),International Regionalism:Readings.Boston:Little.Brown and Company,1968.p.ⅶ.
[4]例如,弗莱曾明确指出,“南太平洋地区包括分散于中部和南部太平洋的岛屿,其中一些分布在赤道以北”。Greg Fry,South Pacific Security and Global Change:The New Agenda,Working Paper No.1999/1,Canberra:Dept.of International Relations,ANU,p.3.
[5]Ronald G.Crocombe,The South Pacific,Suva,Fiji:Institute of Pacific Studies,University of the South Pacific,2001,p.16.
[1]陈玉刚:《国家与超国家:欧洲一体化理论比较研究》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年版。
[2]肖欢容:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003年版。
[3]马孆:《区域主义与发展中国家》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年版。
[4]耿协峰:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京:北京大学出版社,2003年版。
[5]张蕴岭:East Asian Regionalism and China,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年版。
[6]程又中主编,韦红著:《地区主义视野下的中国-东盟合作研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版.
[7]例如:耿协峰:《地区主义的本质特征——多样性及其在亚太的表现》,载《国际经济评论》2002年第1期,第51-55页;吴志成、李敏:《亚洲地区主义的特点及其成因:一种比较分析》,载《国际论坛》2003年第6期,第14-20页:吴志成、李敏:《欧洲一体化观照下的亚洲地区主义》,载《南开学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年第4期,第6-14页等等。
[8]笔者收集的资料中,只有少数论文讨论或提及这一问题,参见:刘昌明、李昕蕾:《地区主义与东亚秩序的转型趋向》,载《东北亚论坛》2007年第5期,第61-67页;王学玉:《论地区主义及其对国际关系的影响》,载《现代国际关系》2002年第8期,第29-35页等。
[1]See:Dave Peebles,Pacific Regional Order,Canberra:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005.
[1]See:Klaus Knott and James N.Roseoau(eds.),Contending Approaches to International Politics,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press.1969.
[2]行为主义方法几乎从它产生开始就受到传统主义的质疑和挑战,布尔曾从七个方面对其提出质疑,并因此与辛格等行为主义学者之间发生激烈的论战.参见Hcdlcy Bull,"International Theory:The Case for a Classical Approach",World Politics,Vol.18,No.3(Apr.,1966),pp.361-377;J.David Singer,"The Incomplete Theorist: Insight without Evidence",in Klaus Knorr and James N.Rosenau(eds.),Contending Approaches to International Pofiffcs,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton UniversiW Press,1969.1977年,布尔对这场论战作了进一步地总结.参见Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society:A Study of Order in World Politics,London:Macmillan,1977.
[1]例如Morton A.Kaplan,System and Process in International Politics,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.;London:Chapman & Hall,Limited,1957;Kenneth N.Waltz,Man,the State,and War:A Theoretical Analysis,New York:Columbia University Press,1959;James N.Rosenau,The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy,New York:Free Press,1971;Bruce M Russett and Harvey Start(eds.),World politics:The Mena for Choice,San Francisco:Freeman,1981,等等。
[2]See:J.David Singer,"International Conflict:Three Levels of Analysis",World Politics,Vol.12,No.3(Apr.,1960),pp.453-461.
[3]See:J.David Singer,"The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations",World Politics,Vol.14,No.1(Oct..1961).pp.77-92.
[4]参见秦亚青:《层次分析法与国际关系研究》,载《欧洲》1998年第3期,第5-6页。
[5]吴征宇:《关于层次分析的若干问题》,载《欧洲》2001年第6期,第1页。
[1]Kenneth N.Waltz,Man,the State,and War:A theoretical Analysis,New York:Columbia University Press,1959.
[2]J.David Singer,"The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations",World Politics,Vol.14,No.1(Oct.,1961),pp.80-89.
[3]James N.Rosenau,The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy,New York:Free Press,1971.
[4]Bruce M.Russett and Harvey Starr(eds.),World Politics:The Menu for Choice,San Francisco:Freeman,1981.
[1]陈小鼎:《国际关系研究层次的上升与回落》,载《世界经济与政治》2008年第7期,第50页。
[2]See:Barry Buzan,"The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations Reconsidered",in Ken Booth and Steve Smith(eds.),International Relations Theory Today,Cambridge:Polity Press,1995,pp.201-206.
[3]华尔兹从三个方面来定义国际体系的结构:一是体系内各个体排序的总原则;二是体系内各个体的功能;三是体系内各个体权力的分配。而体系内排序的总原则是无政府性,体系内的个体主要是主权国家,它们主权平等、具有自主的权力和利益、自主参与国际交往,因此具有相似的功能,这样一来,界定体系结构的要素就成了体系内各个国家(主要是大国)的权力分配.这里的权力又主要指军事权力,因此这种体系结构是物质结构.
[4]参见Kenneth N.Waltz,Theory of International Politics,New York:McGraw-Hill,1979.
[5]Robert O.Keohane,"Realism,Neorealism,and the Study of World Politics",in Robert O.Keohane(ed.),Neorealism and Its Critics,New York:Columbia University Press,1986,pp.1-26.
[6]Robert O.Keohane,After Hegemony:Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984.
[7]Alexander Wendt,Social Theory of International Politics,Cambridge,New York:Cambridge University Press,1999.
[8]See:Samuel P.Huntington,"The Clash of civilizations?" Foreign Affairs,Vol.72,No.3(Summer 1993),pp.22-49.
[1]Winston S.Churchill,The Second World War:The Hinge of Fate(2nd edition),London:The Reprint Society Ltd.,1954,pp.644-648.
[2]George Liska,"Geographic Scope:Patterns of Interaction",in Richard A.Falk and Saul H.Mendlovitz(eds.),Regional Politics and World Order,San Francisco:W.H.Freeman,1973,p.236.
[3]李巍、王勇:《国际关系研究层次的回落》,载《国际政治科学》2006年第3期,第142页。
[4]1989年成立的亚太经济合作组织(APEC)是推动亚洲太平洋地区经济合作的跨地区组织,而诸如东盟秘书处、太平洋经济合作理事会和太平洋岛国论坛等地区组织仅作为观察员参与其中有关会议。但亚欧会议改变了这一状况。亚欧会议的宗旨是在亚欧两大洲之间建立促进增长的新型、全面的伙伴关系,加强相互间的对话、了解与合作,为经济和社会发展创造有利的条件,维护世界和平与稳定。亚欧会议现有45个成员,其中包括分别代表欧洲地区和东南亚地区的欧盟委员会和东盟秘书处,地区组织作为独立的成员参与议程设立和决策是其重要的特点之一。
[1]现实主义者认为国际社会处于霍布斯式的无政府状态,在这种状态中,每个国家都是自助的,只能靠自己的力量去寻求生存、安全与发展,国际关系的内容与实质是各国追求国家权力的最大化以及由国家权力所界定的国家利益。与国家追求权力与利益的原始驱动力相比,国际道义与国际法的作用微乎其微。因此认识和处理国际事务,必然以国家为中心,一切非国家主义的说教都是不真实的.参见Edward Hallett Carr,The Twenty Years'Crisis,1919-1939:An Introduction to the Study of International Relations,London:Macmillan,1939;Hans J.Morgenthau,Politics among Nations:the Struggle for Power and Peace,New York:Knopf,1949,etc.
[2]蔡拓:《全球主义与国家主义》,载《中国社会科学》2000年第3期,第16-17页.
[3]参见门洪华:《国家主义、地区主义与全球主义》,载《开放导报》2005年第3期,第26-27页。
[4]Vinod K.Aggarwal and Edward A.Fogarty(eds.),EU Trade Strategies:Between Regionalism and Globalism,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2004,pS.
[5]Fredrik S(o|¨)derbaum and Luk Van Langenhove,"Introduction:The EU as a Global Actor and the Role of Interregionalism",Journal of European Integration,Vol.27,No.3(September 2005),p.257.
[1]Ralf Roloff,"Interregionalism in Theoretical Perspective:State of the Art",in Heiner H(a|¨)nggi,Ralf Roloff and J(u|¨)rgen R(u|¨)land(eds.),Interregionalism and International Relations,New York:Routledge,2006,p.18.
[2]Mathew Doidge,"Joined at the Hip:Regionalism and Interregionalism",Journal of European Integration,Vol.29,No.2(May 2007),p.232.
[3]J(u|¨)rgen R(u|¨)land,"Inter-and Transregionalism:Remarks on the State of the Art of a New Research Agenda",National Europe Centre Paper No.35,paper prepared for the Workshop on Asia-Pacific Studies in Australia and Europe:A Research Agenda for the Future,Australian National University,5-6 July 2002,pp.3-4.
[4]庞中英:《美国介入东亚峰会,中国如何面对挑战》,载《中国青年报》2005年3月2日。在另一则文章里,庞中英认为“亚太地区”是一个“跨地区”或“地区间”的概念,参见庞中英:《关于地区主义的若干问题》,载《当代世界与社会主义》2006年第1期,第13页。
[5]Christopher M.Dent,"From Inter-regionalism to Trans-regionalism? Future Challenges for ASEM",Asia Europe Journal,Vol.1,No.2(May,2003),p.224.
[6]Michael Schulz,Fredrik S(o|¨)derbanm,and Joakim(O|¨)jendal(eds.),Regionalization in a Globalizing World:A Comparative Perspective on Forms,Actors and Processes,London:Zed Books,2001.
[7]参见 Norman D.Palmer,The New Regionalism in Asia and the Pacific,Lexington,MA:Lexington Books,1991;肖欢容:《地区主义及其当代发展》,载《世界经济与政治》2000年第2期,第58-62页。20世纪80年代后期,在东亚等地区的地区主义发展加快,并出现了与传统的地区主义不同的一些新特征,由此产生了“新地区主义”。
[1]Walter Mattli,The Logic of Regional Integration:Europe and Beyond,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,p.19.
[2]David Mitrany,A Working Peace System:An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organization,London:The Royal Institute of International Affairs,1943.
[1]David Mitrany,The Functional Theory of Politics,London:London School of Economics & Political Science,1975,p.124.
[2]See:Ernst B.Haas,The Uniting of Europe:Political,Social,and Economic Forces,1950-1957,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1958;Ernst B.Haas,"The Study of Regional Integration:Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing",International Organization,Vol.24,No.4,Regional Integration:Theory and Research(Autumn,1970),pp.607-646;Ernst B.Haas and Philippe C.Schimitter,"Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration:Projections about Unity in Latin America",International Organization,Vol.18,No.4(Autumn,1964),pp.705-737;Leon Lindberg,The Political Dynamics of the European Economic Integration,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1963;Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,"Patterns and Catalysts in Regional Integration",International Organization,Vol.19,No.4(Autumn,1965),870-884.
[3]Leon Lindberg,The Political Dynamics of the European Economic Integration,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1963,p.10.
[1]中性区是一种地区行为体不会相互争夺的基准范围,只要它们各司其职并且不遭受损失,就会相安无事。一旦地区行为体超出这一区域,就付出代价,这是地区一体化的政治动力论所关注的议题。Philippe C.Schmitter,"A Revised Theory of Regional Integration",International Organization,Vol.24,No.4,Regional Integration:Theory and Research(Autumn,1970),p.845.
[2]Ibid,p.846.
[3]Ernst B.Haas,"International Integration:The European and the Universal Process",International Organization,Vol.15,No.3(Summer,1961),p.368.
[1]Stanley Hoffmann,"Obstinate or obsolete:The fate of the nation state and the case of Western Europe",Daedalus,Vol.95,No.3(Summer 1966),pp.862-915.
[2]Paul Taylor,"Intergovernmentalism in the European Communities in the 1970s:Patterns and Perspectives",International Organization,Vol.36,No.4(Autumn,1982),pp.741-766.
[1]房乐宪:《政府间主义与欧洲一体化》,载《欧洲》2002年第5期,第85页。
[2]Andrew Moravcsik,"Preferences and Power in the European Community:A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach",Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.31,No.4(Dec.1993),pp.480-481.
[3]Andrew Moravcsik,The Choice for Europe:Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1998,p.3.
[4]Ibid,p.27.
[5]Andrew Moravcsik,"Liberal Intergovernmentalism and Integration:A Rejoinder",Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.33,No.4(Dec.1995),p.612.
[6]Andrew Moravcsik,"Negotiating the Single European Act:National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community",International Organization,Vol.45,No.1(Winter 1991),p.25.
[1]肖欢容:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003年版,第142页。
[2]Helen Wallace,William Wallace and Mark A.Pollack(eds.),Policy-Making in the European Union(5th Edition),Oxford;New York:Oxford University Press,2005,p.19.
[3]Gorg Koopmann,"Regionalism Going Global",Intereconomics,Vol.38,No.1(Jan/Feb 2003),p.2.
[1]Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:A General Survey",The Economic Journal,Vol.70,No.279(Sept.,1960),p.497.
[1]Jacob Viner,The Customs Union Issue,New York:The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,1950,p.57.
[2]See Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:Trade Diversion and Welfare",Economica,Vol.24,No.93(Fob.,1957),p.40-46;Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:A General Survey",The Economic Journal,Vol.70,No.279(Sept.,1960),pp.496-513;Richard G.Lipsey,The Theory of Customs Unions:a General Equilibrium Analysis,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1970;James E.Meade,The Theory of Customs Unions,Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing Co.,1955;Franz Gehrels,"Customs Union from a Single-Country Viewpoint",The Review of Economic Studies,Vol.24,No.1(1956-1957),pp.61-64.
[3]Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:Trade Diversion and Welfare",Economica,Vol.24,No.93(Feb.,1957),p.40.
[4]Ibid,p.41.
[1]Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:A Generai Survey",The Economic Journal,Vol.70,No.279(Sept.,1960),pp.503-509.
[2]C.A.Cooper and B.F.Massell,"A New Look at Customs Union Theory",The Economic Journal,Vol.75,No.300(Dec.,1965),pp.742-747;C.A.Cooper and B.F.Massell,"Toward a General Theory of Customs Unions for Developing Countries",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.73,No.5(Oct.,1965),pp.461-476;Harry G.Johnson,"An Economic Theory of Protectionism,Tariff Bargaining,and the Formation of Customs Unions",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.73,No.3(Jun.,1965),pp.256-283.
[3]W.M.Corden,"Economies of Scale and Customs Union Theory",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.80,No.3,Part 1(May-Jun.,1972),pp.469.
[4]Scott R.Pearson and William D.Ingram,"Economies of Scale,Domestic Divergences,and Potential Gains from Economic Integration in Ghana and the Ivory Coast",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.88,No.5(Oct.,1980),pp.994-1008.
[1]Ali M.El-Agraa and Anthony J.Jones,Theory of Customs Unions,Oxford:Philip Allan,1981;Anthony J.Jones,"The Theory of European Integration",in Ali M.El-Agraa(ed.),The Economics of the European Community,Oxford:Philip Allan,1985,pp.71-92.
[2]Filippo Cesarano,"The Origins of the Theory of Optimum Currency Areas",History of Political Economy,Vol.38,No.4(Winter 2006),p.711.
[3]Robert A.Mundell,"A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas",The American Economic Review,Vol.51,No.4(Sept.,1961),pp.657-665.
[4]See:Ronald I.McKinnon,"Optimum Currency Areas",The American Economic Review,Vol.53,No.4(Sept.,1963),pp.717-725.
[1]Peter Kenen,"The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas:An Eclectic View",in Alexander Swoboda and Robert A.Mundell(eds.),Monetary Problems of the International Economy,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1969,pp.41-60.
[2]See:James C.Ingrain,"State and Regional Payments Mechanisms",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.73,No.4(Nov.,1959),pp.619-632.James C.Ingram,"State and Regional Payments Mechanisms:Reply",The Quarterly Journal of Economies,Vol.74,No.4(Nov.,1960),pp.648-652.
[3]See:Herbert G.Grubel,"The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas",The Canadian Journal of Economics,Vol.3,No.2(May,1970),pp.318-324;Y.Ishiyama,"The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas:A Survey",IMF Staff Papers,vol.22,no.2(1975),pp.344-383;K.Hamada,"On the Political Economy of Monetary Integration:A Public Economics Approach",in R.Z.Aliber(ed.),The Political Economy of Monetary Reform,London:Macmillan,1977,pp.13-31;George S.Tavlas,"The Theory of optimum Currency Areas Revisited",Finance & Development,Vol.30,No.2(Jun 1993),pp.32-35;Robert A.Mundell,"Updating the Agenda for Monetary Union",in Mario I.Blejer,et al.(eds.),in cooperation with David M.Cheney,Optimum Currency Areas:New Analytical and Policy Developments,Washington,D.C.:International Monetary Fund,1997,pp.29-48;Francesco P.Mongelli,"What is European Economic and Monetary Union Telling Us about the Properties of Optimum Currency Areas?" Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.43,No.3(Sept.2005),pp.607-635.
[1]Susan Strange,"International Economics and International Relations:A Case of Mutual Neglect",International Affairs,Vol.46,No.2(Apr.,1970),pp.304-315.
[2]Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,Chapter 2,pp.50-105.
[1]Robert Gilpin,The Political Economy oflnternational Relations,Princeton,N J:Princeton University Press,1987,pp.12-15.
[2]Susan Strange,States and markets,London:Pinter Publishers Ltd.,1988.
[3]Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981.
[4]Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Power and Interdependence:World Politics in Transition,Boston:Little Brown,1977.
[5]Michael Keating,"The Political Economy of Regionalism",in Michael Keating and John Loughlin(eds.),The Political Economy of Regionalism,London:Frank Cass & Co.Ltd.,1997,pp.17-40.
[1]Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society:A Study of Order in World Politics,New York:Columbia University Press,1977,p.15.
[2]See:Robert W.Cox,"Social Forces,States,and World Orders:Beyond International Relations Theory",Millennium:Journal of International Studies,Vol.10,No.2(June 1981),pp.137;Robert W.Cox,"Towards a Post-hegemonic Conceptualization of World Order:Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun",in James N.Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel(yds.),Governance without Government:Order and Change in World Politics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,pp.132-159.
[1]Sanjay Chaturvedi and Joe Painter,"Whose World,Whose Order? Spatiality,Geopolitics and the Limits of the World Order Concept",Cooperation and Conflict:Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association,Vol.42,No.4(December 2007),p.377.
[2]Robert Cooper,The Breaking of Nations:Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century.London:Atlantic Books,2004.
[3]John A.Hall and T.V.Paul,"Introduction",in T.V.Paul and John A.Hall(eds.),International Order and the Future of World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,p.2.
[4]梁森、陆仁:《关于体系、格局、秩序概念的界定》,载《国际政治研究》1991年第2期,第110页。
[1]Henry Kissinger,Diplomacy,New York:Simon & Schuster Inc.,1994,pp.804-836.
[2]参见潘忠岐:《世界秩序内在结构的要素分析》,载《国际政治研究》1999年第4期,第108-116页。
[3][日]星野昭吉:《全球政治学——全球化进程中的变动、冲突、治理与和平》(刘小林、张胜军译),北京:新华出版社,2000年版,第65页。
[4]吴昕春:《地区秩序及其治理》,载《现代国际关系》2003年第9期,第56-57页。
[5]李淮春主编:《马克思主义哲学全书》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996年版,第280页。
[1]Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,Chapter 5,pp.186-210.
[2]庞中英:《亚洲地区秩序的转变与中国》,载《外交评论》2005年第4期,第41-42页。
[1]参见:[德]马克斯·韦伯:《论经济与社会中的法律》(张乃根译),北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第5-11页;John K.Rhoads,Critical Issues in Social Theory,University Park,PA.:Pennsylvania State University Press,1991,p.167.
[2]J(u|¨)rgen Habermas,Communication and the Evolution of Society(Translated by Thomas McCarthy),London:Heinemann,1979.
[1]随新民:《国际制度的合法性与有效性——新现实主义、新自由制度主义和建构主义三种范式比较》,载《学术探索》2004年第6期,第17页。
[1]Jean Monnet,"A Ferment of Change",Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.1,No.3(December 1962),pp.203-211.
[2]刘金质、梁守德、杨淮生主编:《国际政治大辞典》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第30页。 Forces in the Making of History.New York:Columbia University Press,1987,p.254.考克斯的这些观点为国家寻求更高层次的认同提供了分析的基础。见Alexander Wendt,"Collective Identity Formation and the International State",American Political Science Review,Vol.88,No.2(June,1994),pp.384-396.
[1][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》(秦亚青译),上海:上海世纪出版集团,2000年版,第224页。
[2]同上,第24页。
[3]关于认同与合作关系的深入讨论,参见:程又中主编,夏建平著:《认同与国际合作》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版。
[4]See:Hans J.Morgenthau,Politics among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace(Sth edition).New York:Knopf,1985,pp.277-328;Stephen D.Krasner,"Structural Causes and Regime Consequences:Regime as Intervening Variables",in Stephen D.Krasner(ed.),International Regimes.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1983.
[1]Anthony C.Arend,Legal Rules and International Society.New York:Oxford University Press,1999,pp.142-148.
[2]Nicholas G.Onuf,World of Our Making:Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations.Columbia,S.C.:University of South Carolina Press,1989,p.24.
[3]See:Andreas Hasenclever,Peter Mayer,and Volker Rittberger,"Integrating Theories of International Regimes",Review of International Studies,Vol.26,No.1(Jan.2000),pp 3-33.
[4]Robert W.Cox,"Social Forces,States,and World Orders:Beyond International Relations Theory",Millennium:Journal of International Studies,Vol.10,No.2(June 1981),pp.126-155.
[1][日]星野昭吉编著:《变动中的世界政治——当代国际关系理论沉思录》(刘小林等译),北京:新华出版社,1999年版,第422页。
[2]梁守德、洪银娴:《国际政治学理论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年版,第237页。
[3]虽然在一些情况下,国际制度与国际机制可以等同起来加以运用,但国际制度的所包括的范围更为广泛。国际制度是指“持续且相互关联的正式和非正式的规则体系,它们规定行为体角色、限制行动以及塑造预期。”见Robert O.Keohane,"Neoliberal Institutionalism:A Perspective on World Politics",in Robert O.Keohane,International Institutions and State Power:Essays in International Relations Theory,Boulder:Westview Press,1989,p.3.国际机制是指在某个特定的国际关系领域中由围绕行为体预期形成的或隐含或明确的原则、规范、规则和决策程序体系。见Stephen D.Krasner ed.,International Regimes,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1983,p.2.它涉及国际关系中一些特定问题,如海洋法、国际货币体系等。国际惯例则是有着不言明的规则和谅解、并能塑造行为者预期的非正式制度。
[4]门洪华:《东亚秩序建构:一项研究议程》,载《当代亚太》2008年第5期,第74页。
[1]See:Gregory E.Fry,South Pacific Regionalism:The Development of an Indigenous Commitments,M.A.thesis,Canberra:Australian National University,1979,p.143.
[1]Thomas Richard Smith,South Pacific Commission:An Analysis after Twenty-five Years,Wellington:Price Milburn for the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs,1972,pp.28-52.
[2]"The Australian-New Zealand Agreement,21 January 1944",in Robin Kay(ed.),Documents on New Zealand External Relations(Volume Ⅰ),Wellington:Government Printer,1972,pp.140-148.
[3]Agreement establishing the South Pacific Commission(Canberra,6 February 1947),http://www.austlii.edu.au/au /other/dfat/treaties/1948/15.html
[4]1962年,荷兰把西伊里安移交给印度尼西亚后从南太平洋委员会退出。
[1]Te'o I.J.Fairbairn et al.,The Pacific Islands:Politics,Economics,and International Relations.Honolulu,Hawaii:East-West Center,International Relations Program,1991,p.71.
[2]2000年10月,在基里巴斯塔拉瓦岛举行的第31届论坛首脑会议上,南太平洋论坛更名为太平洋岛国论坛(Pacific Islands Forum,PIF)。
[3]Gregory E.Fry,"Regionalism and International Politics of the South Pacitic,Pacific Affairs,Vol.54,No.3(Autumn,1981),p.464.
[1]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific.New York:Praeger Publishers,1989,p.94.
[2]Ron G.Crocombe,The South Pacific:An Introduction,New Zealand:Longman Paul Ltd.,1987,p.169.
[3]1999年南太平洋旅游委员会更名为南太平洋旅游组织(SPTO),也称为南太平洋旅行社(south-pacific.traval)。该组织目前拥有库克群岛、斐济、法属波利尼西亚、基里巴斯、瑙鲁、新喀里多尼亚、纽埃、巴布新几内亚、所罗门群岛、萨摩亚、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图和中国等14个国家成员和大约200个私营企业成员。south-pacific.traval,Marketing and Developing Tourism in the South Pacific,2006 Annual Report,http://www.southpacific.travel
[1]See:Arthur.S.Banks(ed.),Political Handbook of the world 1987,Birmingham,NY:CSA Publications,1987,pp.823-826.
[2]Greg Fry,"'Pooled Regional Governance' in the Island Pacific:Lessons from History",in Satish Chand(ed.) Pacific Islands regional integration and governance,Canberra:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,pp.96-97.
[3]Ian Frazer and Jenny Bryant-Tokalau,"Introduction:The Uncertain Future of Pacific Regionalism",in Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and Ian Frazer(eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future,Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.12.
[1]Richard A.Herr,"The Pacific Islands Region in the Post-Cold War Order:Some Thoughts from a Decade Later",Revue Juridique Polynesienne,Vol.2,2002,p.51.
[2]See:Ganesh Chand and Vijay Naidu(eds.),Fiji:Coups,Crises and Reconciliation,1987-1997.Suva:Fiji Institute of Applied Studies,1997.Robert T.Robertson,Multiculturalism and Reconciliation in an Indulgent Republic:Fiji after the Coups,1987-1998.Suva:Fiji Institute of Applied Studies,1998.Sumit K.Lodhia,"Coups in Fiji:A Personal Perspective",Fijian Studies,Vol.1 No.1(2003),pp.163-176.
[3]Anthony J.Regan,"The Bougainville Conflict:Political and Economic Agendas",in Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman(eds.),The Political Economy of Armed Conflict:Beyond Greed and Grievance,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,2003,pp.133-166;Alexander Downer,The Bougainville Crisis:An Australian Perspective,Canberra:Dept.of Foreign Affairs and Trade,2001.
[4]Richard A.Herr,"South Pacific Microstate Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War Oder:The Day after Waterloo?" in Donald H.Rubinstein(ed.),Pacific History:Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference,Mangilao,Guam:University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center,1992,p.256.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Auckland Declaration,Pacific Islands Forum Leaders' Retreat,6 April 2004,pp.1-2.
[2]Andie Fong Toy,"The Pacific Islands Forum and Regional Cooperation",in Bryant-Tokalau,Jenny,and Ian Frazer (eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.34.
[3]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.6.
[2]World Commission on Environment and Development,Our Common Future,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987,p.8.
[3]United Nations Development Programme,Pacific Human Development Report 1999.Suva:UNDP,1999.
[4]Ibid.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[2]参见太平洋岛国论坛秘书处网站相关资料,http://www.forumsec.org。
[3]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[1]俞可平主编:《治理与善治》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第9-11页。
[2]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,pp.6-7.
[3]World Bank,Sub-Saharan Africa:From Crisis to Sustainable Growth:A Long-term Perspective Study,Washington,D.C.:World Bank,1989,p.60.
[4]The Commission on Global Governance,Our Global Neighborhood:The Report of the Commission on Global Governance,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.23.
[1]"Kalibobo Roadmap on the Pacific Plan",in Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.36.
[2]Ibid,p.3.
[3]Ibid,p.3.
[4]Ibid,p.7.
[5]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Plan Good Governance Work Program 2008-2010,http://www.forumsec.org.fj
[6]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[7]David Hegarty and Peter Polomka(eds.),The Security of Oceania in the 1990s.Canberra:Strategic and Defance Studies Centre,Research School of Pacific Studies,Australian National University,1989;David Hegarty,South Pacific Security Issues:An Australian Perspective.Canberra:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,Australian National University,1987;Stephen Henningham and Desmond Ball(eds.),South Pacific Security:Issues and Perspectives.Canberra:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,Australian National University,1991.
[8]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Issues in Country Risk Assessments,Forum Economic Ministers Meeting Paper No.3,Suva:Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,11-12 June 2003.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[2]Ibid,p.7.
[3]所罗门 诗人和小说家阿尔伯特·温特(Albert Wendt)曾建议使用太平洋语言而不是英语来表达这一术语,因此Pacific way也可表述为Fa'a Pasifika或Vaka Pasifika。并且,在大约1200种太平洋岛国语言中,fa'a的方言表达还有va'a,vaka,faka,haka,mbaka,paka,aka,ka,ha等等。R.G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.1.
[1]参见汪诗明、王艳芬:《太平洋英联邦国家:处在现代化的边缘》,成都:四川人民出版社,2004年,第205-229页。
[1]See Te'o I.J.Fairbairn et al.,The Pacific Islands:Politics,Economics,and International Relations.Honolulu,Hawaii:University of Hawaii Press,1991,pp.10-11,15-38.
[2]The 2008 Pocket Statistical Summary,Noumea,New Caledonia:Secretariat of the Pacific Community,2008.
[1]Stephen Henningham,The Pacific Island States:Security and Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War World,Hampshire:Macmillan Press,1995,pp.14-15.
[2]E.Macu Salato,"South Pacific Regionalism:'Unity in Diversity'",South Pacific bulletin(4th Quarter 1976),p.31.
[3]Ron G.Crocombe,"Seeking a Pacific Way",in Sione Tupouniua,Ron Crocombe,and Claire Slatter(eds.),The Pacific Way:Social Issues in National Development,Suva:South Pacific Social Sciences Association,1975,p.1;Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.2.
[4]Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.4.
[5]Ibid,p.2.
[6]Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara,"Address to the United Nations",in The Pacific way:A Memoir,Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,1997,p.238.
[1]Ron G.Crocombe,"Seeking a Pacific Way",in Sione Tupouniua,Ron Crocombe,and Claire Slatter(eds.),The Pacific Way:Social Issues in National Development,Suva:South Pacific Social Sciences Association,1975,p.1.
[2]Peggy Fairbaim-Dunlop,"Gender,culture and sustainable development—the Pacific way",in Antony Hooper(ed.),Culture and sustainable development in the Pacific.Canberra,ACT:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,pp.62-75.
[3]关于种族之间的联合,参见R.S.Milne."'The Pacific Way':Consociational Politics in Fiji",Pacific Affairs,Vol.48,No.3(Autumn,1975),pp.413-431.
[4]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific,New York:Praeger,1989,pp.9-10.
[5]Stephen Henningham,The Pacific Island States:Security and Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War World,Hampshire:Macmillan Press,1995,p.15.
[6]Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.15.
[7]Ibid,p.2.
[1]曹建明、周洪均、王虎华主编;《国际公法学》,北京:法律出版社,1998年版,第56页。
[2]见《联合国宪章》,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm
[1]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific,New York:Praeger,1989,p.11.
[2]Ibid,p.12.
[3]Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.24.
[1]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,pp.149-163.
[2][美]彼得·林德特、查尔斯·金德尔伯格:《国际经济学》(谢树森等译),上海:上海译文出版社,1985年版,第191、204页。
[3]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.150.Gregory E.Fry,"'Pooled Regional Governance' in the Island Pacific:Lessons from History",in Satish Chand(ed.),Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance.Canberra,A.C.T.:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,p.92.
[1]Philip T.Powell,"Too Young to Marry:Economic Convergence and the Case against the Integration of Pacific States",in Satish Chand(ed.),Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance.Canberra,A.C.T.:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,pp.218-239.
[2]South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement,Tarawa,14 July 1980.1989年,各签字国对该协定中的一些涉及具体操作问题的条款进行了修订,参见Amendments to the South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement of 14 July 1980,April 1989.
[1]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.151.
[2]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific,New York:Praeger,1989,p.85.
[1]1977年加入太平洋论坛航运公司的成员国有库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯(吉尔伯特群岛)、瑙鲁、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚、汤加和西萨摩亚,后来新加入的成员有所罗门群岛、图瓦卢、马绍尔群岛和纽埃,截止目前共有12个成员国。http://www.pflnz.co.nz/
[2]Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Inter-Country Institutional Arrangements for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Asian and Pacific Countries,Vol.Ⅲ,Pacific Institutions,Bangkok:ESCAP,1981,p.143.
[3]Gregory E.Fry,South Pacific Regionalism:The Development of an Indigenous Commitments,M.A.thesis,Canberra:Australian National University,1980,p.143.
[4]Agnes Quigg,History of the Pacific Islands Studies Program at the University of Hawaii,1950-1986.Manoa:Pacific Islands Studies Program,Centers for Asian and Pacific Studies,University of Hawaii at Manoa,1987,p.25.
[5]南太平洋高等教育代表团(Higher Education Mission to the South Pacific)是一个代表英国和新西兰政府的联合团体,其中也任命了一个澳大利亚政府成员。
[6]South Pacific Commission,South Pacific Bulletin,2nd Quarter.Noumea:SPC,1968,p.15.
[7]Ibid.
[1]1970年2月,第一个学期计划正式开始执行,它表明南太平洋大学正式开始运行。
[2]这12个岛屿国家分别是:库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、所罗门群岛、托克劳、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图和萨摩亚。
[3]相关内容参见南太平洋大学网站资料,http://www.usp.ac.fj。
[4]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.155.
[1]Uentabo Fakaofo Neemia,Cooperation and Conflict:Costs,Benefits and National Interests in Pacific Regional Coooeration.Suva,Fiji:Institute Of Pacific Studies,1986,pp.33-35.
[2]论坛渔业局17个成员国分别是:库克群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、托克劳、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图以及澳大利亚和新西兰.
[3]Forum Fisheries Agency,Director's Report 1979/80,Heniara:FFA,1980;Richard A.Herr(ed.),The Forum Fisheries Agency:Achievements,Challenges and Prospects.Suva:Institute of Pacific Studies,University of South Pacific,1990.
[4]See F.Bugota,"A Review of the Achievements of the Forum Fisheries Agency in Its First Decade of Operations",in Richard A.Herr(ed.),The Forum Fisheries Agency:Achievements,Challenges and Prospects.Suva:Institute of Pacific Studies,University of South Pacific,1990,p.11.
[1]2008年,太平洋地区环境规划署吸纳外部资助达550多万美元,占整个资金来源的71.3%,成员国分摊费用90多万美元,占12.1%。Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme,Approved Work Programme and Budget for 2008 and Indicative Budgets for 2009 and 2010,http://www.sprep.org/
[2]SPREP,Conference on the Human Environment in the South Pacific:Report,Noumea:SPREP,1982,p.36.
[3]SPREP,Action Plan for Managing the Environment of the Pacific Islands Region:2005-2009.Apia,Samoa:SPREP,2005,pp.10-15.
[4]SPREP,2007 Annual Report:Conserving and Managing Our Pacific Environment in Changing Times.Apia:SPREP,2008.
[5]“地区援所团”的全称是“地区援助所罗门群岛特派团”(Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands),现有成员包括:库克群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、美属萨摩亚、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图以及澳大利亚和新西兰。RAMSI被认为是对地区挑战的一种地区应对,见http://www.ramsi.org/node/5。
[1]Gramham Fortune,"New Zealand's Approach to Pacific Security",in Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and Ian Frazer(eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.58.
[2]Eighteenth South Pacific Forum,Forum Communiqu(?),Apia,Western Samoa,29-30 May,1987.
[3]Sheryl Boxall,Pacific Islands Forum:Facilitating Regional Security Cooperation.MA thesis,University of Canterbury,2006,p.143.
[1]Dirk Nabers,"The 'War on Terrorism' and Security Cooperation in the Pacific",Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and lan Frazer(eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.73.
[2]Graham Hassall,"An Assessment of the Scope for Regional Cooperation,Integration and Collective Provision on Security Issues",in Asian Development Bank-Commonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Toward a New Pacific Regionalism Volume 3:Working Papers,pp.2-3.
[3]http://www.ffa.int/operation_kurukuru
[1]Neil Boister,"Regional Cooperation in the Suppression of Transnational Crime in the South Pacific",in Geoff Leane and Barbara von Tigerstrom(eds.),International law issues in the South Pacific.Aldershot,Hampshire,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2005,pp.41-129.
[1]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.141.
[2]Greg E.Fry,"'Pooled Regional Governance' in the Island Pacific",in Satish Chand(ed.),Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance,Canberra,A.C.T.:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,p.92.
[3]Secretariat of the Pacific Community,Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific:Working together,Noum(?)a,New Caledonia:The SPC Publications Section,2002,p.2.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement,Nauru,2001.
[2]12个批准协定的国家是:库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、密克罗尼西亚、瑙鲁、纽埃、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图;7个接受自由贸易条件的国家是:库克群岛、斐济、纽埃、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图。见Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) Status Report,2009
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations,Nauru,2001.
[2]包括库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、瑙鲁、纽埃、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛和汤加9个南太平洋国家以及澳大利亚和新西兰.
[3]See:Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations,Article 9 and Annex 1.
[4]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Thirtieth South Pacific Forum Communiqu(?),Koror,Republic of Palau,3-5October 1999.小岛屿国即小岛屿国家集团(SIS)成员国,包括:库克群岛、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳和图瓦卢。按照联合国的划分,南太平洋最不发达国家包括:基里巴斯、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图。发展中论坛岛国成员包括:斐济、密克罗尼西亚联邦、巴布亚新几内亚和汤加。
[1]Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African,Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the One Part,and the European Community and Its Member States,of the Other Part,Cotonou,23 June 2000.
[2]http://www.acp-eu-trade.org/
[1]Lionel Fontagne,Cristina Mitaritonna and David Laborde,An Impact Study of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements(EPAS) in the Six A CP Regions,final report to the Chief Economist Unit of DG Trade,January 2008.
[2]Joint Declaration on the Occasion of the Japan-South Pacific Forum Summit Meeting,http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/summit97/declaration.html.
[3]Significance of the Second Japan-South Pacific Forum Summit Meeting(PALM 2000),April 22,Miyazaki City,Miyazaki Prefecture.See http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/palm2000/significance.html
[1]The Third Japan-PIF Summit Meeting(PALM 2003):Outline and Achievement,http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/palm2003/host.html.瑙鲁由于国内政治问题没有派代表参加本届PALM。
[2]See Leaders' Declaration:"Okinawa Partnership for a more robust and prosperous Pacific Region",27 May 2006.http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/palm2006/declaration.html
[1]王正毅:《争论中的国际政治经济学》,载《世界经济与政治》2004年第9期,第76页。
[2]关于地区主义的政治经济学,比较全面的研究参见Michael Keating and John Loughlin,The Political Economy of Regionalism,London;Portland,Ore.:Frank Cass,1996;W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter,1994.
[3]在这里,发展中地区指的是由发展中国家组成的地区。
[4]See:Charles P.Kindleberger,Power and Money:The Economics of International Politics and the Politics of International Economics,New York:Basic Books,1970.
[1]ADB and Commonwealth Secretariat,Towards a New Pacific Regionalism,Manila:ADB,2005,pp.51-81.
[1]Greg Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter,1994,p.166.
[2]"Pacific Nations Speak to UN with One Voice",Pacific Islands Monthly,February 1979,pp.9-10.
[3]South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation.Forum Communiqu(?).Honiara,9-10 July 1979.pp.2-3.
[4]新赫布里底独立后改名为瓦努阿图。
[5]South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation,Forum Communique,Tarawa,14-15 July 1980,p.1.
[6]Stephen Henningham,The Pacific Island States:Security and Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War World.Hampshire:Macmillan Press,1995,p.55.
[1]See:Tapio Kanninen,“The UN-Regional High-level Process:Can Regionalism Promote Democracy?” in Kennedy Graham(ed.),Models of Regional Governance for the Pacific:Sovereignty and the Future Architecture of Regionalism,Christchurch,N.Z.:Canterbury University Press,2008,pp.99-113.
[2]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2005,p.6.
[3]Henry Ivarature,Good Governance Work Programme,2006-2008:Policy Coordination and Advice Programme,Suva:Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,January 2007.
[4]See:Makurita Baaro et al.,Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Election Observer Team to Nauru's 2007 General Elections,30 August 2007;Paul Tovua et al.,Report of the Commonwealth-Pacific Islands Forum Election Assessment Team to Papua New Guinea National Election,August 2007,
[5]已有学者注意到这一点,并提出从长远看,应减少对刻板的经济发展模式的依赖,更多地考虑对当地环境和文化的认识,可能为实现良政建设目标提供更好地机会。参见:Barrie Macdonald,“'Good' Governance and Pacific Islands States”,in Peter Larmour(ed.),Governance and Reform in the South Pacific,Canberra:National Centre for Development Studies,Australian National University,1998,pp.39-40.
[1]Peter Robson,The Economics of International Integration(4th edition),London:Routledge,1998,p.1.
[2]宋新宁、陈岳:《国际政治经济学概论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999年版,第27页。
[3][美]罗伯特·吉尔平著,杨宇光、杨炯译:《全球政治经济学——解读国际经济秩序》,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第18页。
[1]David Abbott and Steve Pollard,Hardship and Poverty in the Pacific,Manila,Philippines:Asian Development Bank,2004,pp.98-99.
[1]See:Greg Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies.London:Pinter,1994,pp.136-177.
[1]See:Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,Power and Interdependence:World Politics in Transition,Boston:Little,Brown,1977.
[1]See:Gert de Nooy(ed.),Cooperative Security,the OSCE,and Its Code of Conduct,Boston:Kluwer Law International,1997;Ralf Emmers,Cooperative Security and the Balance of Power in ASEAN and the ARF,London and New York:Routledge Curzon,2003.
[2]Peter G.F.Henderson,"Plenary Address:Australian Perceptions of Cooperative Security in the Southern Pacific",in Dora Alves(ed.),Cooperative Security in the Pacific Basin:The 1988 Pacific Symposium,Washington,DC:National Defense University Press,1990,pp.297-309.
[3]参见:吴玉红:《论合作安全》,大连:大连海事学院出版社,2006年版;任晓:《从集体安全到合作安全》,载任晓主编:《国际关系理论新视野》,北京:长征出版社,2001年版,第182-193页。
[1]Robert D.Craig and Frank P.King(eds.),Historical Dictionary of Oceania.Westport,Connecticut:Greenwood Press,1981,p.269.
[2]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,October 2005.
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西部和中部太平洋渔业委员会 http://www.wcpfc.int
[2]Bruce M.Russett,International Regions and the International System:A Study in Political Ecology,Chicago:Rand McNally,1967,p.11.
[3]Joseph S.Nye.Jr.(ed.),International Regionalism:Readings.Boston:Little.Brown and Company,1968.p.ⅶ.
[4]例如,弗莱曾明确指出,“南太平洋地区包括分散于中部和南部太平洋的岛屿,其中一些分布在赤道以北”。Greg Fry,South Pacific Security and Global Change:The New Agenda,Working Paper No.1999/1,Canberra:Dept.of International Relations,ANU,p.3.
[5]Ronald G.Crocombe,The South Pacific,Suva,Fiji:Institute of Pacific Studies,University of the South Pacific,2001,p.16.
[1]陈玉刚:《国家与超国家:欧洲一体化理论比较研究》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年版。
[2]肖欢容:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003年版。
[3]马孆:《区域主义与发展中国家》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002年版。
[4]耿协峰:《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京:北京大学出版社,2003年版。
[5]张蕴岭:East Asian Regionalism and China,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年版。
[6]程又中主编,韦红著:《地区主义视野下的中国-东盟合作研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版.
[7]例如:耿协峰:《地区主义的本质特征——多样性及其在亚太的表现》,载《国际经济评论》2002年第1期,第51-55页;吴志成、李敏:《亚洲地区主义的特点及其成因:一种比较分析》,载《国际论坛》2003年第6期,第14-20页:吴志成、李敏:《欧洲一体化观照下的亚洲地区主义》,载《南开学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年第4期,第6-14页等等。
[8]笔者收集的资料中,只有少数论文讨论或提及这一问题,参见:刘昌明、李昕蕾:《地区主义与东亚秩序的转型趋向》,载《东北亚论坛》2007年第5期,第61-67页;王学玉:《论地区主义及其对国际关系的影响》,载《现代国际关系》2002年第8期,第29-35页等。
[1]See:Dave Peebles,Pacific Regional Order,Canberra:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005.
[1]See:Klaus Knott and James N.Roseoau(eds.),Contending Approaches to International Politics,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press.1969.
[2]行为主义方法几乎从它产生开始就受到传统主义的质疑和挑战,布尔曾从七个方面对其提出质疑,并因此与辛格等行为主义学者之间发生激烈的论战.参见Hcdlcy Bull,"International Theory:The Case for a Classical Approach",World Politics,Vol.18,No.3(Apr.,1966),pp.361-377;J.David Singer,"The Incomplete Theorist: Insight without Evidence",in Klaus Knorr and James N.Rosenau(eds.),Contending Approaches to International Pofiffcs,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton UniversiW Press,1969.1977年,布尔对这场论战作了进一步地总结.参见Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society:A Study of Order in World Politics,London:Macmillan,1977.
[1]例如Morton A.Kaplan,System and Process in International Politics,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.;London:Chapman & Hall,Limited,1957;Kenneth N.Waltz,Man,the State,and War:A Theoretical Analysis,New York:Columbia University Press,1959;James N.Rosenau,The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy,New York:Free Press,1971;Bruce M Russett and Harvey Start(eds.),World politics:The Mena for Choice,San Francisco:Freeman,1981,等等。
[2]See:J.David Singer,"International Conflict:Three Levels of Analysis",World Politics,Vol.12,No.3(Apr.,1960),pp.453-461.
[3]See:J.David Singer,"The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations",World Politics,Vol.14,No.1(Oct..1961).pp.77-92.
[4]参见秦亚青:《层次分析法与国际关系研究》,载《欧洲》1998年第3期,第5-6页。
[5]吴征宇:《关于层次分析的若干问题》,载《欧洲》2001年第6期,第1页。
[1]Kenneth N.Waltz,Man,the State,and War:A theoretical Analysis,New York:Columbia University Press,1959.
[2]J.David Singer,"The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations",World Politics,Vol.14,No.1(Oct.,1961),pp.80-89.
[3]James N.Rosenau,The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy,New York:Free Press,1971.
[4]Bruce M.Russett and Harvey Starr(eds.),World Politics:The Menu for Choice,San Francisco:Freeman,1981.
[1]陈小鼎:《国际关系研究层次的上升与回落》,载《世界经济与政治》2008年第7期,第50页。
[2]See:Barry Buzan,"The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations Reconsidered",in Ken Booth and Steve Smith(eds.),International Relations Theory Today,Cambridge:Polity Press,1995,pp.201-206.
[3]华尔兹从三个方面来定义国际体系的结构:一是体系内各个体排序的总原则;二是体系内各个体的功能;三是体系内各个体权力的分配。而体系内排序的总原则是无政府性,体系内的个体主要是主权国家,它们主权平等、具有自主的权力和利益、自主参与国际交往,因此具有相似的功能,这样一来,界定体系结构的要素就成了体系内各个国家(主要是大国)的权力分配.这里的权力又主要指军事权力,因此这种体系结构是物质结构.
[4]参见Kenneth N.Waltz,Theory of International Politics,New York:McGraw-Hill,1979.
[5]Robert O.Keohane,"Realism,Neorealism,and the Study of World Politics",in Robert O.Keohane(ed.),Neorealism and Its Critics,New York:Columbia University Press,1986,pp.1-26.
[6]Robert O.Keohane,After Hegemony:Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984.
[7]Alexander Wendt,Social Theory of International Politics,Cambridge,New York:Cambridge University Press,1999.
[8]See:Samuel P.Huntington,"The Clash of civilizations?" Foreign Affairs,Vol.72,No.3(Summer 1993),pp.22-49.
[1]Winston S.Churchill,The Second World War:The Hinge of Fate(2nd edition),London:The Reprint Society Ltd.,1954,pp.644-648.
[2]George Liska,"Geographic Scope:Patterns of Interaction",in Richard A.Falk and Saul H.Mendlovitz(eds.),Regional Politics and World Order,San Francisco:W.H.Freeman,1973,p.236.
[3]李巍、王勇:《国际关系研究层次的回落》,载《国际政治科学》2006年第3期,第142页。
[4]1989年成立的亚太经济合作组织(APEC)是推动亚洲太平洋地区经济合作的跨地区组织,而诸如东盟秘书处、太平洋经济合作理事会和太平洋岛国论坛等地区组织仅作为观察员参与其中有关会议。但亚欧会议改变了这一状况。亚欧会议的宗旨是在亚欧两大洲之间建立促进增长的新型、全面的伙伴关系,加强相互间的对话、了解与合作,为经济和社会发展创造有利的条件,维护世界和平与稳定。亚欧会议现有45个成员,其中包括分别代表欧洲地区和东南亚地区的欧盟委员会和东盟秘书处,地区组织作为独立的成员参与议程设立和决策是其重要的特点之一。
[1]现实主义者认为国际社会处于霍布斯式的无政府状态,在这种状态中,每个国家都是自助的,只能靠自己的力量去寻求生存、安全与发展,国际关系的内容与实质是各国追求国家权力的最大化以及由国家权力所界定的国家利益。与国家追求权力与利益的原始驱动力相比,国际道义与国际法的作用微乎其微。因此认识和处理国际事务,必然以国家为中心,一切非国家主义的说教都是不真实的.参见Edward Hallett Carr,The Twenty Years'Crisis,1919-1939:An Introduction to the Study of International Relations,London:Macmillan,1939;Hans J.Morgenthau,Politics among Nations:the Struggle for Power and Peace,New York:Knopf,1949,etc.
[2]蔡拓:《全球主义与国家主义》,载《中国社会科学》2000年第3期,第16-17页.
[3]参见门洪华:《国家主义、地区主义与全球主义》,载《开放导报》2005年第3期,第26-27页。
[4]Vinod K.Aggarwal and Edward A.Fogarty(eds.),EU Trade Strategies:Between Regionalism and Globalism,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2004,pS.
[5]Fredrik S(o|¨)derbaum and Luk Van Langenhove,"Introduction:The EU as a Global Actor and the Role of Interregionalism",Journal of European Integration,Vol.27,No.3(September 2005),p.257.
[1]Ralf Roloff,"Interregionalism in Theoretical Perspective:State of the Art",in Heiner H(a|¨)nggi,Ralf Roloff and J(u|¨)rgen R(u|¨)land(eds.),Interregionalism and International Relations,New York:Routledge,2006,p.18.
[2]Mathew Doidge,"Joined at the Hip:Regionalism and Interregionalism",Journal of European Integration,Vol.29,No.2(May 2007),p.232.
[3]J(u|¨)rgen R(u|¨)land,"Inter-and Transregionalism:Remarks on the State of the Art of a New Research Agenda",National Europe Centre Paper No.35,paper prepared for the Workshop on Asia-Pacific Studies in Australia and Europe:A Research Agenda for the Future,Australian National University,5-6 July 2002,pp.3-4.
[4]庞中英:《美国介入东亚峰会,中国如何面对挑战》,载《中国青年报》2005年3月2日。在另一则文章里,庞中英认为“亚太地区”是一个“跨地区”或“地区间”的概念,参见庞中英:《关于地区主义的若干问题》,载《当代世界与社会主义》2006年第1期,第13页。
[5]Christopher M.Dent,"From Inter-regionalism to Trans-regionalism? Future Challenges for ASEM",Asia Europe Journal,Vol.1,No.2(May,2003),p.224.
[6]Michael Schulz,Fredrik S(o|¨)derbanm,and Joakim(O|¨)jendal(eds.),Regionalization in a Globalizing World:A Comparative Perspective on Forms,Actors and Processes,London:Zed Books,2001.
[7]参见 Norman D.Palmer,The New Regionalism in Asia and the Pacific,Lexington,MA:Lexington Books,1991;肖欢容:《地区主义及其当代发展》,载《世界经济与政治》2000年第2期,第58-62页。20世纪80年代后期,在东亚等地区的地区主义发展加快,并出现了与传统的地区主义不同的一些新特征,由此产生了“新地区主义”。
[1]Walter Mattli,The Logic of Regional Integration:Europe and Beyond,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,p.19.
[2]David Mitrany,A Working Peace System:An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organization,London:The Royal Institute of International Affairs,1943.
[1]David Mitrany,The Functional Theory of Politics,London:London School of Economics & Political Science,1975,p.124.
[2]See:Ernst B.Haas,The Uniting of Europe:Political,Social,and Economic Forces,1950-1957,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1958;Ernst B.Haas,"The Study of Regional Integration:Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing",International Organization,Vol.24,No.4,Regional Integration:Theory and Research(Autumn,1970),pp.607-646;Ernst B.Haas and Philippe C.Schimitter,"Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration:Projections about Unity in Latin America",International Organization,Vol.18,No.4(Autumn,1964),pp.705-737;Leon Lindberg,The Political Dynamics of the European Economic Integration,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1963;Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,"Patterns and Catalysts in Regional Integration",International Organization,Vol.19,No.4(Autumn,1965),870-884.
[3]Leon Lindberg,The Political Dynamics of the European Economic Integration,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1963,p.10.
[1]中性区是一种地区行为体不会相互争夺的基准范围,只要它们各司其职并且不遭受损失,就会相安无事。一旦地区行为体超出这一区域,就付出代价,这是地区一体化的政治动力论所关注的议题。Philippe C.Schmitter,"A Revised Theory of Regional Integration",International Organization,Vol.24,No.4,Regional Integration:Theory and Research(Autumn,1970),p.845.
[2]Ibid,p.846.
[3]Ernst B.Haas,"International Integration:The European and the Universal Process",International Organization,Vol.15,No.3(Summer,1961),p.368.
[1]Stanley Hoffmann,"Obstinate or obsolete:The fate of the nation state and the case of Western Europe",Daedalus,Vol.95,No.3(Summer 1966),pp.862-915.
[2]Paul Taylor,"Intergovernmentalism in the European Communities in the 1970s:Patterns and Perspectives",International Organization,Vol.36,No.4(Autumn,1982),pp.741-766.
[1]房乐宪:《政府间主义与欧洲一体化》,载《欧洲》2002年第5期,第85页。
[2]Andrew Moravcsik,"Preferences and Power in the European Community:A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach",Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.31,No.4(Dec.1993),pp.480-481.
[3]Andrew Moravcsik,The Choice for Europe:Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1998,p.3.
[4]Ibid,p.27.
[5]Andrew Moravcsik,"Liberal Intergovernmentalism and Integration:A Rejoinder",Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.33,No.4(Dec.1995),p.612.
[6]Andrew Moravcsik,"Negotiating the Single European Act:National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community",International Organization,Vol.45,No.1(Winter 1991),p.25.
[1]肖欢容:《地区主义:理论的历史演进》,北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003年版,第142页。
[2]Helen Wallace,William Wallace and Mark A.Pollack(eds.),Policy-Making in the European Union(5th Edition),Oxford;New York:Oxford University Press,2005,p.19.
[3]Gorg Koopmann,"Regionalism Going Global",Intereconomics,Vol.38,No.1(Jan/Feb 2003),p.2.
[1]Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:A General Survey",The Economic Journal,Vol.70,No.279(Sept.,1960),p.497.
[1]Jacob Viner,The Customs Union Issue,New York:The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,1950,p.57.
[2]See Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:Trade Diversion and Welfare",Economica,Vol.24,No.93(Fob.,1957),p.40-46;Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:A General Survey",The Economic Journal,Vol.70,No.279(Sept.,1960),pp.496-513;Richard G.Lipsey,The Theory of Customs Unions:a General Equilibrium Analysis,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1970;James E.Meade,The Theory of Customs Unions,Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing Co.,1955;Franz Gehrels,"Customs Union from a Single-Country Viewpoint",The Review of Economic Studies,Vol.24,No.1(1956-1957),pp.61-64.
[3]Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:Trade Diversion and Welfare",Economica,Vol.24,No.93(Feb.,1957),p.40.
[4]Ibid,p.41.
[1]Richard G.Lipsey,"The Theory of Customs Unions:A Generai Survey",The Economic Journal,Vol.70,No.279(Sept.,1960),pp.503-509.
[2]C.A.Cooper and B.F.Massell,"A New Look at Customs Union Theory",The Economic Journal,Vol.75,No.300(Dec.,1965),pp.742-747;C.A.Cooper and B.F.Massell,"Toward a General Theory of Customs Unions for Developing Countries",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.73,No.5(Oct.,1965),pp.461-476;Harry G.Johnson,"An Economic Theory of Protectionism,Tariff Bargaining,and the Formation of Customs Unions",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.73,No.3(Jun.,1965),pp.256-283.
[3]W.M.Corden,"Economies of Scale and Customs Union Theory",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.80,No.3,Part 1(May-Jun.,1972),pp.469.
[4]Scott R.Pearson and William D.Ingram,"Economies of Scale,Domestic Divergences,and Potential Gains from Economic Integration in Ghana and the Ivory Coast",The Journal of Political Economy,Vol.88,No.5(Oct.,1980),pp.994-1008.
[1]Ali M.El-Agraa and Anthony J.Jones,Theory of Customs Unions,Oxford:Philip Allan,1981;Anthony J.Jones,"The Theory of European Integration",in Ali M.El-Agraa(ed.),The Economics of the European Community,Oxford:Philip Allan,1985,pp.71-92.
[2]Filippo Cesarano,"The Origins of the Theory of Optimum Currency Areas",History of Political Economy,Vol.38,No.4(Winter 2006),p.711.
[3]Robert A.Mundell,"A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas",The American Economic Review,Vol.51,No.4(Sept.,1961),pp.657-665.
[4]See:Ronald I.McKinnon,"Optimum Currency Areas",The American Economic Review,Vol.53,No.4(Sept.,1963),pp.717-725.
[1]Peter Kenen,"The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas:An Eclectic View",in Alexander Swoboda and Robert A.Mundell(eds.),Monetary Problems of the International Economy,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1969,pp.41-60.
[2]See:James C.Ingrain,"State and Regional Payments Mechanisms",The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.73,No.4(Nov.,1959),pp.619-632.James C.Ingram,"State and Regional Payments Mechanisms:Reply",The Quarterly Journal of Economies,Vol.74,No.4(Nov.,1960),pp.648-652.
[3]See:Herbert G.Grubel,"The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas",The Canadian Journal of Economics,Vol.3,No.2(May,1970),pp.318-324;Y.Ishiyama,"The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas:A Survey",IMF Staff Papers,vol.22,no.2(1975),pp.344-383;K.Hamada,"On the Political Economy of Monetary Integration:A Public Economics Approach",in R.Z.Aliber(ed.),The Political Economy of Monetary Reform,London:Macmillan,1977,pp.13-31;George S.Tavlas,"The Theory of optimum Currency Areas Revisited",Finance & Development,Vol.30,No.2(Jun 1993),pp.32-35;Robert A.Mundell,"Updating the Agenda for Monetary Union",in Mario I.Blejer,et al.(eds.),in cooperation with David M.Cheney,Optimum Currency Areas:New Analytical and Policy Developments,Washington,D.C.:International Monetary Fund,1997,pp.29-48;Francesco P.Mongelli,"What is European Economic and Monetary Union Telling Us about the Properties of Optimum Currency Areas?" Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.43,No.3(Sept.2005),pp.607-635.
[1]Susan Strange,"International Economics and International Relations:A Case of Mutual Neglect",International Affairs,Vol.46,No.2(Apr.,1970),pp.304-315.
[2]Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,Chapter 2,pp.50-105.
[1]Robert Gilpin,The Political Economy oflnternational Relations,Princeton,N J:Princeton University Press,1987,pp.12-15.
[2]Susan Strange,States and markets,London:Pinter Publishers Ltd.,1988.
[3]Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981.
[4]Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Power and Interdependence:World Politics in Transition,Boston:Little Brown,1977.
[5]Michael Keating,"The Political Economy of Regionalism",in Michael Keating and John Loughlin(eds.),The Political Economy of Regionalism,London:Frank Cass & Co.Ltd.,1997,pp.17-40.
[1]Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society:A Study of Order in World Politics,New York:Columbia University Press,1977,p.15.
[2]See:Robert W.Cox,"Social Forces,States,and World Orders:Beyond International Relations Theory",Millennium:Journal of International Studies,Vol.10,No.2(June 1981),pp.137;Robert W.Cox,"Towards a Post-hegemonic Conceptualization of World Order:Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun",in James N.Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel(yds.),Governance without Government:Order and Change in World Politics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,pp.132-159.
[1]Sanjay Chaturvedi and Joe Painter,"Whose World,Whose Order? Spatiality,Geopolitics and the Limits of the World Order Concept",Cooperation and Conflict:Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association,Vol.42,No.4(December 2007),p.377.
[2]Robert Cooper,The Breaking of Nations:Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century.London:Atlantic Books,2004.
[3]John A.Hall and T.V.Paul,"Introduction",in T.V.Paul and John A.Hall(eds.),International Order and the Future of World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,p.2.
[4]梁森、陆仁:《关于体系、格局、秩序概念的界定》,载《国际政治研究》1991年第2期,第110页。
[1]Henry Kissinger,Diplomacy,New York:Simon & Schuster Inc.,1994,pp.804-836.
[2]参见潘忠岐:《世界秩序内在结构的要素分析》,载《国际政治研究》1999年第4期,第108-116页。
[3][日]星野昭吉:《全球政治学——全球化进程中的变动、冲突、治理与和平》(刘小林、张胜军译),北京:新华出版社,2000年版,第65页。
[4]吴昕春:《地区秩序及其治理》,载《现代国际关系》2003年第9期,第56-57页。
[5]李淮春主编:《马克思主义哲学全书》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1996年版,第280页。
[1]Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,Chapter 5,pp.186-210.
[2]庞中英:《亚洲地区秩序的转变与中国》,载《外交评论》2005年第4期,第41-42页。
[1]参见:[德]马克斯·韦伯:《论经济与社会中的法律》(张乃根译),北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第5-11页;John K.Rhoads,Critical Issues in Social Theory,University Park,PA.:Pennsylvania State University Press,1991,p.167.
[2]J(u|¨)rgen Habermas,Communication and the Evolution of Society(Translated by Thomas McCarthy),London:Heinemann,1979.
[1]随新民:《国际制度的合法性与有效性——新现实主义、新自由制度主义和建构主义三种范式比较》,载《学术探索》2004年第6期,第17页。
[1]Jean Monnet,"A Ferment of Change",Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.1,No.3(December 1962),pp.203-211.
[2]刘金质、梁守德、杨淮生主编:《国际政治大辞典》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994年版,第30页。 Forces in the Making of History.New York:Columbia University Press,1987,p.254.考克斯的这些观点为国家寻求更高层次的认同提供了分析的基础。见Alexander Wendt,"Collective Identity Formation and the International State",American Political Science Review,Vol.88,No.2(June,1994),pp.384-396.
[1][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》(秦亚青译),上海:上海世纪出版集团,2000年版,第224页。
[2]同上,第24页。
[3]关于认同与合作关系的深入讨论,参见:程又中主编,夏建平著:《认同与国际合作》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版。
[4]See:Hans J.Morgenthau,Politics among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace(Sth edition).New York:Knopf,1985,pp.277-328;Stephen D.Krasner,"Structural Causes and Regime Consequences:Regime as Intervening Variables",in Stephen D.Krasner(ed.),International Regimes.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1983.
[1]Anthony C.Arend,Legal Rules and International Society.New York:Oxford University Press,1999,pp.142-148.
[2]Nicholas G.Onuf,World of Our Making:Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations.Columbia,S.C.:University of South Carolina Press,1989,p.24.
[3]See:Andreas Hasenclever,Peter Mayer,and Volker Rittberger,"Integrating Theories of International Regimes",Review of International Studies,Vol.26,No.1(Jan.2000),pp 3-33.
[4]Robert W.Cox,"Social Forces,States,and World Orders:Beyond International Relations Theory",Millennium:Journal of International Studies,Vol.10,No.2(June 1981),pp.126-155.
[1][日]星野昭吉编著:《变动中的世界政治——当代国际关系理论沉思录》(刘小林等译),北京:新华出版社,1999年版,第422页。
[2]梁守德、洪银娴:《国际政治学理论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年版,第237页。
[3]虽然在一些情况下,国际制度与国际机制可以等同起来加以运用,但国际制度的所包括的范围更为广泛。国际制度是指“持续且相互关联的正式和非正式的规则体系,它们规定行为体角色、限制行动以及塑造预期。”见Robert O.Keohane,"Neoliberal Institutionalism:A Perspective on World Politics",in Robert O.Keohane,International Institutions and State Power:Essays in International Relations Theory,Boulder:Westview Press,1989,p.3.国际机制是指在某个特定的国际关系领域中由围绕行为体预期形成的或隐含或明确的原则、规范、规则和决策程序体系。见Stephen D.Krasner ed.,International Regimes,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1983,p.2.它涉及国际关系中一些特定问题,如海洋法、国际货币体系等。国际惯例则是有着不言明的规则和谅解、并能塑造行为者预期的非正式制度。
[4]门洪华:《东亚秩序建构:一项研究议程》,载《当代亚太》2008年第5期,第74页。
[1]See:Gregory E.Fry,South Pacific Regionalism:The Development of an Indigenous Commitments,M.A.thesis,Canberra:Australian National University,1979,p.143.
[1]Thomas Richard Smith,South Pacific Commission:An Analysis after Twenty-five Years,Wellington:Price Milburn for the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs,1972,pp.28-52.
[2]"The Australian-New Zealand Agreement,21 January 1944",in Robin Kay(ed.),Documents on New Zealand External Relations(Volume Ⅰ),Wellington:Government Printer,1972,pp.140-148.
[3]Agreement establishing the South Pacific Commission(Canberra,6 February 1947),http://www.austlii.edu.au/au /other/dfat/treaties/1948/15.html
[4]1962年,荷兰把西伊里安移交给印度尼西亚后从南太平洋委员会退出。
[1]Te'o I.J.Fairbairn et al.,The Pacific Islands:Politics,Economics,and International Relations.Honolulu,Hawaii:East-West Center,International Relations Program,1991,p.71.
[2]2000年10月,在基里巴斯塔拉瓦岛举行的第31届论坛首脑会议上,南太平洋论坛更名为太平洋岛国论坛(Pacific Islands Forum,PIF)。
[3]Gregory E.Fry,"Regionalism and International Politics of the South Pacitic,Pacific Affairs,Vol.54,No.3(Autumn,1981),p.464.
[1]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific.New York:Praeger Publishers,1989,p.94.
[2]Ron G.Crocombe,The South Pacific:An Introduction,New Zealand:Longman Paul Ltd.,1987,p.169.
[3]1999年南太平洋旅游委员会更名为南太平洋旅游组织(SPTO),也称为南太平洋旅行社(south-pacific.traval)。该组织目前拥有库克群岛、斐济、法属波利尼西亚、基里巴斯、瑙鲁、新喀里多尼亚、纽埃、巴布新几内亚、所罗门群岛、萨摩亚、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图和中国等14个国家成员和大约200个私营企业成员。south-pacific.traval,Marketing and Developing Tourism in the South Pacific,2006 Annual Report,http://www.southpacific.travel
[1]See:Arthur.S.Banks(ed.),Political Handbook of the world 1987,Birmingham,NY:CSA Publications,1987,pp.823-826.
[2]Greg Fry,"'Pooled Regional Governance' in the Island Pacific:Lessons from History",in Satish Chand(ed.) Pacific Islands regional integration and governance,Canberra:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,pp.96-97.
[3]Ian Frazer and Jenny Bryant-Tokalau,"Introduction:The Uncertain Future of Pacific Regionalism",in Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and Ian Frazer(eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future,Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.12.
[1]Richard A.Herr,"The Pacific Islands Region in the Post-Cold War Order:Some Thoughts from a Decade Later",Revue Juridique Polynesienne,Vol.2,2002,p.51.
[2]See:Ganesh Chand and Vijay Naidu(eds.),Fiji:Coups,Crises and Reconciliation,1987-1997.Suva:Fiji Institute of Applied Studies,1997.Robert T.Robertson,Multiculturalism and Reconciliation in an Indulgent Republic:Fiji after the Coups,1987-1998.Suva:Fiji Institute of Applied Studies,1998.Sumit K.Lodhia,"Coups in Fiji:A Personal Perspective",Fijian Studies,Vol.1 No.1(2003),pp.163-176.
[3]Anthony J.Regan,"The Bougainville Conflict:Political and Economic Agendas",in Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman(eds.),The Political Economy of Armed Conflict:Beyond Greed and Grievance,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,2003,pp.133-166;Alexander Downer,The Bougainville Crisis:An Australian Perspective,Canberra:Dept.of Foreign Affairs and Trade,2001.
[4]Richard A.Herr,"South Pacific Microstate Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War Oder:The Day after Waterloo?" in Donald H.Rubinstein(ed.),Pacific History:Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference,Mangilao,Guam:University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center,1992,p.256.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Auckland Declaration,Pacific Islands Forum Leaders' Retreat,6 April 2004,pp.1-2.
[2]Andie Fong Toy,"The Pacific Islands Forum and Regional Cooperation",in Bryant-Tokalau,Jenny,and Ian Frazer (eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.34.
[3]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.6.
[2]World Commission on Environment and Development,Our Common Future,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987,p.8.
[3]United Nations Development Programme,Pacific Human Development Report 1999.Suva:UNDP,1999.
[4]Ibid.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[2]参见太平洋岛国论坛秘书处网站相关资料,http://www.forumsec.org。
[3]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[1]俞可平主编:《治理与善治》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第9-11页。
[2]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,pp.6-7.
[3]World Bank,Sub-Saharan Africa:From Crisis to Sustainable Growth:A Long-term Perspective Study,Washington,D.C.:World Bank,1989,p.60.
[4]The Commission on Global Governance,Our Global Neighborhood:The Report of the Commission on Global Governance,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.23.
[1]"Kalibobo Roadmap on the Pacific Plan",in Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.36.
[2]Ibid,p.3.
[3]Ibid,p.3.
[4]Ibid,p.7.
[5]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Plan Good Governance Work Program 2008-2010,http://www.forumsec.org.fj
[6]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[7]David Hegarty and Peter Polomka(eds.),The Security of Oceania in the 1990s.Canberra:Strategic and Defance Studies Centre,Research School of Pacific Studies,Australian National University,1989;David Hegarty,South Pacific Security Issues:An Australian Perspective.Canberra:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,Australian National University,1987;Stephen Henningham and Desmond Ball(eds.),South Pacific Security:Issues and Perspectives.Canberra:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,Australian National University,1991.
[8]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Issues in Country Risk Assessments,Forum Economic Ministers Meeting Paper No.3,Suva:Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,11-12 June 2003.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2007,p.3.
[2]Ibid,p.7.
[3]所罗门 诗人和小说家阿尔伯特·温特(Albert Wendt)曾建议使用太平洋语言而不是英语来表达这一术语,因此Pacific way也可表述为Fa'a Pasifika或Vaka Pasifika。并且,在大约1200种太平洋岛国语言中,fa'a的方言表达还有va'a,vaka,faka,haka,mbaka,paka,aka,ka,ha等等。R.G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.1.
[1]参见汪诗明、王艳芬:《太平洋英联邦国家:处在现代化的边缘》,成都:四川人民出版社,2004年,第205-229页。
[1]See Te'o I.J.Fairbairn et al.,The Pacific Islands:Politics,Economics,and International Relations.Honolulu,Hawaii:University of Hawaii Press,1991,pp.10-11,15-38.
[2]The 2008 Pocket Statistical Summary,Noumea,New Caledonia:Secretariat of the Pacific Community,2008.
[1]Stephen Henningham,The Pacific Island States:Security and Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War World,Hampshire:Macmillan Press,1995,pp.14-15.
[2]E.Macu Salato,"South Pacific Regionalism:'Unity in Diversity'",South Pacific bulletin(4th Quarter 1976),p.31.
[3]Ron G.Crocombe,"Seeking a Pacific Way",in Sione Tupouniua,Ron Crocombe,and Claire Slatter(eds.),The Pacific Way:Social Issues in National Development,Suva:South Pacific Social Sciences Association,1975,p.1;Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.2.
[4]Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.4.
[5]Ibid,p.2.
[6]Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara,"Address to the United Nations",in The Pacific way:A Memoir,Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,1997,p.238.
[1]Ron G.Crocombe,"Seeking a Pacific Way",in Sione Tupouniua,Ron Crocombe,and Claire Slatter(eds.),The Pacific Way:Social Issues in National Development,Suva:South Pacific Social Sciences Association,1975,p.1.
[2]Peggy Fairbaim-Dunlop,"Gender,culture and sustainable development—the Pacific way",in Antony Hooper(ed.),Culture and sustainable development in the Pacific.Canberra,ACT:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,pp.62-75.
[3]关于种族之间的联合,参见R.S.Milne."'The Pacific Way':Consociational Politics in Fiji",Pacific Affairs,Vol.48,No.3(Autumn,1975),pp.413-431.
[4]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific,New York:Praeger,1989,pp.9-10.
[5]Stephen Henningham,The Pacific Island States:Security and Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War World,Hampshire:Macmillan Press,1995,p.15.
[6]Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.15.
[7]Ibid,p.2.
[1]曹建明、周洪均、王虎华主编;《国际公法学》,北京:法律出版社,1998年版,第56页。
[2]见《联合国宪章》,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm
[1]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific,New York:Praeger,1989,p.11.
[2]Ibid,p.12.
[3]Ron G.Crocombe,The Pacific Way:An Emerging Identity,Suva:Lotu Pasifika Productions,1976,p.24.
[1]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,pp.149-163.
[2][美]彼得·林德特、查尔斯·金德尔伯格:《国际经济学》(谢树森等译),上海:上海译文出版社,1985年版,第191、204页。
[3]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.150.Gregory E.Fry,"'Pooled Regional Governance' in the Island Pacific:Lessons from History",in Satish Chand(ed.),Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance.Canberra,A.C.T.:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,p.92.
[1]Philip T.Powell,"Too Young to Marry:Economic Convergence and the Case against the Integration of Pacific States",in Satish Chand(ed.),Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance.Canberra,A.C.T.:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,pp.218-239.
[2]South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement,Tarawa,14 July 1980.1989年,各签字国对该协定中的一些涉及具体操作问题的条款进行了修订,参见Amendments to the South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement of 14 July 1980,April 1989.
[1]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.151.
[2]Michael Haas,The Pacific Way:Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific,New York:Praeger,1989,p.85.
[1]1977年加入太平洋论坛航运公司的成员国有库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯(吉尔伯特群岛)、瑙鲁、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚、汤加和西萨摩亚,后来新加入的成员有所罗门群岛、图瓦卢、马绍尔群岛和纽埃,截止目前共有12个成员国。http://www.pflnz.co.nz/
[2]Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Inter-Country Institutional Arrangements for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Asian and Pacific Countries,Vol.Ⅲ,Pacific Institutions,Bangkok:ESCAP,1981,p.143.
[3]Gregory E.Fry,South Pacific Regionalism:The Development of an Indigenous Commitments,M.A.thesis,Canberra:Australian National University,1980,p.143.
[4]Agnes Quigg,History of the Pacific Islands Studies Program at the University of Hawaii,1950-1986.Manoa:Pacific Islands Studies Program,Centers for Asian and Pacific Studies,University of Hawaii at Manoa,1987,p.25.
[5]南太平洋高等教育代表团(Higher Education Mission to the South Pacific)是一个代表英国和新西兰政府的联合团体,其中也任命了一个澳大利亚政府成员。
[6]South Pacific Commission,South Pacific Bulletin,2nd Quarter.Noumea:SPC,1968,p.15.
[7]Ibid.
[1]1970年2月,第一个学期计划正式开始执行,它表明南太平洋大学正式开始运行。
[2]这12个岛屿国家分别是:库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、所罗门群岛、托克劳、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图和萨摩亚。
[3]相关内容参见南太平洋大学网站资料,http://www.usp.ac.fj。
[4]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.155.
[1]Uentabo Fakaofo Neemia,Cooperation and Conflict:Costs,Benefits and National Interests in Pacific Regional Coooeration.Suva,Fiji:Institute Of Pacific Studies,1986,pp.33-35.
[2]论坛渔业局17个成员国分别是:库克群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、托克劳、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图以及澳大利亚和新西兰.
[3]Forum Fisheries Agency,Director's Report 1979/80,Heniara:FFA,1980;Richard A.Herr(ed.),The Forum Fisheries Agency:Achievements,Challenges and Prospects.Suva:Institute of Pacific Studies,University of South Pacific,1990.
[4]See F.Bugota,"A Review of the Achievements of the Forum Fisheries Agency in Its First Decade of Operations",in Richard A.Herr(ed.),The Forum Fisheries Agency:Achievements,Challenges and Prospects.Suva:Institute of Pacific Studies,University of South Pacific,1990,p.11.
[1]2008年,太平洋地区环境规划署吸纳外部资助达550多万美元,占整个资金来源的71.3%,成员国分摊费用90多万美元,占12.1%。Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme,Approved Work Programme and Budget for 2008 and Indicative Budgets for 2009 and 2010,http://www.sprep.org/
[2]SPREP,Conference on the Human Environment in the South Pacific:Report,Noumea:SPREP,1982,p.36.
[3]SPREP,Action Plan for Managing the Environment of the Pacific Islands Region:2005-2009.Apia,Samoa:SPREP,2005,pp.10-15.
[4]SPREP,2007 Annual Report:Conserving and Managing Our Pacific Environment in Changing Times.Apia:SPREP,2008.
[5]“地区援所团”的全称是“地区援助所罗门群岛特派团”(Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands),现有成员包括:库克群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、美属萨摩亚、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图以及澳大利亚和新西兰。RAMSI被认为是对地区挑战的一种地区应对,见http://www.ramsi.org/node/5。
[1]Gramham Fortune,"New Zealand's Approach to Pacific Security",in Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and Ian Frazer(eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.58.
[2]Eighteenth South Pacific Forum,Forum Communiqu(?),Apia,Western Samoa,29-30 May,1987.
[3]Sheryl Boxall,Pacific Islands Forum:Facilitating Regional Security Cooperation.MA thesis,University of Canterbury,2006,p.143.
[1]Dirk Nabers,"The 'War on Terrorism' and Security Cooperation in the Pacific",Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and lan Frazer(eds.),Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past,Present and Future.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2006,p.73.
[2]Graham Hassall,"An Assessment of the Scope for Regional Cooperation,Integration and Collective Provision on Security Issues",in Asian Development Bank-Commonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Toward a New Pacific Regionalism Volume 3:Working Papers,pp.2-3.
[3]http://www.ffa.int/operation_kurukuru
[1]Neil Boister,"Regional Cooperation in the Suppression of Transnational Crime in the South Pacific",in Geoff Leane and Barbara von Tigerstrom(eds.),International law issues in the South Pacific.Aldershot,Hampshire,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2005,pp.41-129.
[1]Gregory E.Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter Publishers,1994,p.141.
[2]Greg E.Fry,"'Pooled Regional Governance' in the Island Pacific",in Satish Chand(ed.),Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance,Canberra,A.C.T.:ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press,2005,p.92.
[3]Secretariat of the Pacific Community,Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific:Working together,Noum(?)a,New Caledonia:The SPC Publications Section,2002,p.2.
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement,Nauru,2001.
[2]12个批准协定的国家是:库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、密克罗尼西亚、瑙鲁、纽埃、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图;7个接受自由贸易条件的国家是:库克群岛、斐济、纽埃、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图。见Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) Status Report,2009
[1]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations,Nauru,2001.
[2]包括库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、瑙鲁、纽埃、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛和汤加9个南太平洋国家以及澳大利亚和新西兰.
[3]See:Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations,Article 9 and Annex 1.
[4]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,Thirtieth South Pacific Forum Communiqu(?),Koror,Republic of Palau,3-5October 1999.小岛屿国即小岛屿国家集团(SIS)成员国,包括:库克群岛、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳和图瓦卢。按照联合国的划分,南太平洋最不发达国家包括:基里巴斯、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图。发展中论坛岛国成员包括:斐济、密克罗尼西亚联邦、巴布亚新几内亚和汤加。
[1]Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African,Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the One Part,and the European Community and Its Member States,of the Other Part,Cotonou,23 June 2000.
[2]http://www.acp-eu-trade.org/
[1]Lionel Fontagne,Cristina Mitaritonna and David Laborde,An Impact Study of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements(EPAS) in the Six A CP Regions,final report to the Chief Economist Unit of DG Trade,January 2008.
[2]Joint Declaration on the Occasion of the Japan-South Pacific Forum Summit Meeting,http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/summit97/declaration.html.
[3]Significance of the Second Japan-South Pacific Forum Summit Meeting(PALM 2000),April 22,Miyazaki City,Miyazaki Prefecture.See http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/palm2000/significance.html
[1]The Third Japan-PIF Summit Meeting(PALM 2003):Outline and Achievement,http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/palm2003/host.html.瑙鲁由于国内政治问题没有派代表参加本届PALM。
[2]See Leaders' Declaration:"Okinawa Partnership for a more robust and prosperous Pacific Region",27 May 2006.http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/palm2006/declaration.html
[1]王正毅:《争论中的国际政治经济学》,载《世界经济与政治》2004年第9期,第76页。
[2]关于地区主义的政治经济学,比较全面的研究参见Michael Keating and John Loughlin,The Political Economy of Regionalism,London;Portland,Ore.:Frank Cass,1996;W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter,1994.
[3]在这里,发展中地区指的是由发展中国家组成的地区。
[4]See:Charles P.Kindleberger,Power and Money:The Economics of International Politics and the Politics of International Economics,New York:Basic Books,1970.
[1]ADB and Commonwealth Secretariat,Towards a New Pacific Regionalism,Manila:ADB,2005,pp.51-81.
[1]Greg Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies,London:Pinter,1994,p.166.
[2]"Pacific Nations Speak to UN with One Voice",Pacific Islands Monthly,February 1979,pp.9-10.
[3]South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation.Forum Communiqu(?).Honiara,9-10 July 1979.pp.2-3.
[4]新赫布里底独立后改名为瓦努阿图。
[5]South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation,Forum Communique,Tarawa,14-15 July 1980,p.1.
[6]Stephen Henningham,The Pacific Island States:Security and Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War World.Hampshire:Macmillan Press,1995,p.55.
[1]See:Tapio Kanninen,“The UN-Regional High-level Process:Can Regionalism Promote Democracy?” in Kennedy Graham(ed.),Models of Regional Governance for the Pacific:Sovereignty and the Future Architecture of Regionalism,Christchurch,N.Z.:Canterbury University Press,2008,pp.99-113.
[2]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,November 2005,p.6.
[3]Henry Ivarature,Good Governance Work Programme,2006-2008:Policy Coordination and Advice Programme,Suva:Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,January 2007.
[4]See:Makurita Baaro et al.,Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Election Observer Team to Nauru's 2007 General Elections,30 August 2007;Paul Tovua et al.,Report of the Commonwealth-Pacific Islands Forum Election Assessment Team to Papua New Guinea National Election,August 2007,
[5]已有学者注意到这一点,并提出从长远看,应减少对刻板的经济发展模式的依赖,更多地考虑对当地环境和文化的认识,可能为实现良政建设目标提供更好地机会。参见:Barrie Macdonald,“'Good' Governance and Pacific Islands States”,in Peter Larmour(ed.),Governance and Reform in the South Pacific,Canberra:National Centre for Development Studies,Australian National University,1998,pp.39-40.
[1]Peter Robson,The Economics of International Integration(4th edition),London:Routledge,1998,p.1.
[2]宋新宁、陈岳:《国际政治经济学概论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999年版,第27页。
[3][美]罗伯特·吉尔平著,杨宇光、杨炯译:《全球政治经济学——解读国际经济秩序》,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第18页。
[1]David Abbott and Steve Pollard,Hardship and Poverty in the Pacific,Manila,Philippines:Asian Development Bank,2004,pp.98-99.
[1]See:Greg Fry,"International Cooperation in the South Pacific:From Regional Integration to Collective Diplomacy",in W.Andrew Axline(ed.),The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation:Comparative Case Studies.London:Pinter,1994,pp.136-177.
[1]See:Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,Power and Interdependence:World Politics in Transition,Boston:Little,Brown,1977.
[1]See:Gert de Nooy(ed.),Cooperative Security,the OSCE,and Its Code of Conduct,Boston:Kluwer Law International,1997;Ralf Emmers,Cooperative Security and the Balance of Power in ASEAN and the ARF,London and New York:Routledge Curzon,2003.
[2]Peter G.F.Henderson,"Plenary Address:Australian Perceptions of Cooperative Security in the Southern Pacific",in Dora Alves(ed.),Cooperative Security in the Pacific Basin:The 1988 Pacific Symposium,Washington,DC:National Defense University Press,1990,pp.297-309.
[3]参见:吴玉红:《论合作安全》,大连:大连海事学院出版社,2006年版;任晓:《从集体安全到合作安全》,载任晓主编:《国际关系理论新视野》,北京:长征出版社,2001年版,第182-193页。
[1]Robert D.Craig and Frank P.King(eds.),Historical Dictionary of Oceania.Westport,Connecticut:Greenwood Press,1981,p.269.
[2]Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,The Pacific Plan:For Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration,October 2005.
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