基于企业创新网络的知识流动研究
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摘要
随着创新范式的演进,在知识创新过程中,以企业为主体的组织间知识流动经历了“线性模式”到“网络模式”的发展过程。知识流动是知识势能高的组织向知识势能低的组织发送知识的过程,包括知识创造、知识编码、知识转移与扩散、知识共享与交流。二十世纪年七十代以来,独立依靠自身能力进行知识创新被认为是提高竞争能力的主要手段,这种创新模式要求企业不断依靠自身生产新知识,这是一种内部创新模式或封闭式创新,“线性模式”知识创新成为基本知识创新范式。二十世纪九十年代以来,以企业为主体的创新网络作为一种创新组织形式涌现出来(文中简称“创新网络”),成为一种新的创新组织形式。创新网络是指一些联在一起的组织,他们通过获取、整合、创造和应用不同的知识和技术研制出适合市场需求的先进技术产品,是企业等各类组织合作创新的重要组织形式,其出现的外在动因是专业化知识分工细化和创新速度加快,使企业往往需要与多个创新主体合作才能够完成产品开发和推广；内在动因是当今技术知识创新的复杂性,知识研究突破要求大量的智力和科学技能,远远超过了单个组织的能力。
本文认为,创新网络的本质在于构成创新网络的各知识节点间的知识流动和价值交换,知识流动和知识网络存在的根本原因在于知识创新驱动力的存在。创新网络组织间知识流动是其本质所在,创新网络既以组织间的知识流动为支撑,同时又是组织间的互相学习的一种有效组织形式,创新网络的演进取决于知识流动的各个阶段。本文题目是“基于企业创新网络的知识流动研究”(文中简称“企业创新网络”为“创新网络”)①,意在研究在网络创新模式下,组织间知识流动同传统的“线性知识流动”有何不同、知识流动表现出的特点,进而分析知识流动的网络结构、知识流动的网络路径、知识流动的路径依赖、社会网络关系对于知识流动的影响、影响知识流动效率的因素等。本文对创新网络中知识流动的相关问题的理论研究,对创新网络中各类创新主体进一步把握网络创新过程中知识流动表现出的规律,进而减少知识创新合作的不确定性和提高知识合作创新效率有一定借鉴作用。另外,本文提出的结论建议,在现实中,对于启发企业等各类创新主体利用网络的创新机遇和外部知识资源进行知识创新、转变管理视角及建立网络视角的知识管理战略有重要意义。
本文共有八章,总体上可分为四个部分：1、相关文献回顾和该文写作的相关理论；2、规范分析部分；3、实证研究部分；4、结论部分。
1、文献回顾和相关理论部分。该部分回顾了有关知识流动研究的相关文献,并阐述了该文的写作的相关理论基础。现有文献对网络组织知识的构成、知识流动载体、知识流动的影响因素、知识流动模式的研究是本文写作应用的概念基础；劳动分工理论、创新网络理论和社会资本理论构成本文写作的相关理论基础。
2、规范分析部分。该部分从分析创新网络中知识流动的基本内涵、创新网络中知识流动表现出的特点和网络中知识流动的方式入手,运用网络理论、社会资本理论,并借鉴知识流动研究的相关文献,对“创新网络知识流动的机理及网络结构”和“创新网络知识流动的路径”进行了规范研究。本文分别从创新网络的网络宏观层面、组织间各知识层面和组织间知识流动的微观过程对知识流动进行了分析,重点在于分析流动的微观过程。本文认为,在传统知识流动过程模型中应增加以下因素：考虑知识流动的情景因素、组织间不同知识流动载体、组织间知识势差、社会网络关系因素的影响。本文创造性地提出了创新网络生命周期与知识流动的阶段关系模型，科学地说明创新网络的萌芽、上升、平稳和衰退阶段同知识流动取得阶段、沟通阶段、应用阶段、接受阶段及同化阶段的关系。影响知识流的微观过程的重要因素之一是知识流动的网络结构,本文把知识节点流动网络构成归纳为知识流动的“点式网络结构”和“发散式网络结构”,并对两种网络结构在处理知识流动方面的效率进行了比较。
在分析“创新网络知识流动路径”部分,重点内容是本文所提出的知识流动的双网络路径模型：每个组织知识节点均可能通过正式网络和非正式网络同网络中的其他知识结点直接地或间接地发生联系。正式网络最大特征是正式性,具有组织间的相关机制和合作协议作为保证,在合作创新过程中,由于创新网络的集体学习功能,有利于隐性知识流动。在创新网络中,知识还可通过劳动力要素、物质设备和用品的流动而流动,知识交流行为是嵌入于社会关系之中的,本文提出知识流动过程是技术过程和社会过程的统一,意在分析社会网络关系是如何影响组织间知识流动和知识创新的。本文探索性地把“强关系”和“弱关系”理论运用到对知识流动的社会网络路径的分析,认为,在知识流动过程中,这两种关系分别起着不同作用。强关系网络由于同质性较强,难于提供有效知识,即高度关联的强关系不大适合进行根本创新,弱关系比强关系更能带来多样化的知识,“弱关系”在知识节点间发挥作用主要体现其在不同知识主体间架起知识关系桥的作用,有更好的知识传播效果。
3、实证研究部分。目的在于分析创新网络中影响知识流动效率的因素及相对影响程度。首先,论文通过问卷调查设计,对创新网络组织中知识流动效率及其影响因素等五个变量设计了衡量题项,包括知识定制化程度、知识源的知识发送意愿和发送能力、知识受体的知识吸收意识与吸收能力以及、网络中知识节点间的信任机制。同时,由于网络结构主要是通过创新网络密度、网络知识节点间路径长度、网络知识节点的顶点度三因素对知识流动效率影响因素的影响来间接影响知识流动效率,本文将其作为调节变量,并设置衡量题项。其次,通过发放问卷调查和对问卷对象实际访谈方式进行调查问卷,实际调查收回有效问卷共93份。本文以李克特五点法进行衡量、打分,同时以得分“3”为标志把样本划分为知识流动效率高(大于等于3分)的样本组72份和知识流动效率低的样本组(小于3分)21份,运用T检验得出了影响知识流动效率的24个题项。之后论文运用SPSS统计分析软件采用因子分析、多元线性回归分析、主成分分析及相关性分析构建了知识流动效率模型。
4、全文的结论部分。根据全文研究,立足网络视角,给组织知识管理提出如下启示：第一,本文提出了在创新网络的范式下,知识流动的结网过程使知识流动更加复杂化和社会化,这对启发企业从网络视角去管理知识具有重要意义。第二,本文将实证分析基于网络的影响知识流动的因素,特别是分析了网络结构因素的影响,对于启发组织在网络环境下做好微观知识管理工作有重要意义。第三,企业在重视知识创新过程中知识流动的制度网络的作用的同时,应充分重视非正式网络路径的作用,非正式交流的传播速度要比正式交流快得多,对于启发组织知识创新有重要作用。第四,组织应充分重视跨组织学习能力的建设,知识流动的过程是学习的过程,不仅需要知识提供者或输出者学习,也需要知识接受者或输入者学习。第五,本文尝试探索了知识流动的路径依赖问题。本文从鼓励企业员工发展多样化的网络关系、在宽泛多样的知识流动路径中进行选择、搞好强关系和弱关系的平衡、加强网络集体学习等方面入手,以对解除知识流动路径锁定,防止企业核心能力刚性的形成。
As innovative paradigm evolves, the organizational knowledge flow among enterprises has experienced a change from "Linear Model" to "Network Model". Knowledge flow is a process when an organization with high knowledge potential sends knowledge to another organization with low knowledge potential, including innovation, coding, transferring and spreading, sharing and communicating of knowledge. Since 1970s, knowledge innovation depending on inner strength has been considered the major method of enhancing competitive capability. This innovative model required enterprises to produce constant new knowledge by themselves. It was an inner innovation model or closed innovation. "Linear Model" knowledge innovation was the basic knowledge innovation paradigm. Since 1990s, enterprise innovation network emerges as an organization and becomes a new organizational style of innovation. Innovation network refers to those organizations that develop advanced technical products by acquiring, integrating, creating and applying different knowledge and technique. This is an important organization model for cooperative innovation among enterprises. The reasons for its emergence are:the enhancement of specialized labor division and the acceleration of innovation require the enterprise to cooperate with several innovation bodies in order to achieve the development and popularization of the product, which is the outer motivation; the inner motivation, from the perspective of knowledge complexity theory, is the complexity of innovation of current technology and knowledge.
This thesis deems that it is the core nature that the knowledge flow is within the innovation network organizations. The innovation network, on one hand, is based on the knowledge flow among organizations, and on the other, provides an effective organizational method for mutual learning among organizations. The evolution of the innovation network depends on each phase of knowledge flow. The title of this thesis is "Research on Knowledge Flow Based on the Innovation Network", aiming to study the differences between the knowledge flow within organizations and the traditional "Linear knowledge flow" under the condition of network innovation model and the features emerging in the knowledge flow, in order to further analyze the network structure, the network path and path dependence of the knowledge flow, the influence of the social network relationship on the knowledge flow and factors affecting the efficiency of knowledge flow. This thesis is supposed to be taken as reference for theoretical studies on relevant problems concerning knowledge flow, for all varieties innovation bodies in innovation network to further grasp the law of the knowledge flow during network innovation and reduce the uncertainty of knowledge innovation cooperation and improve the cooperation innovation efficiency of knowledge. In addition, the suggestion in the conclusion part of this thesis has in reality a significant meaning for enlightening such innovation bodies as enterprises to utilize innovation opportunities of the network and outer knowledge resource to implement knowledge innovation, to transfer managing perspective and to establish knowledge management strategy from a network perspective.
The thesis consists of eight chapters and is divided into four parts in general:1.literature review of and relevant theories; 2. Normative analysis; 3. Empirical study; 4. Conclusion.
1. This part takes a retrospect view on documents related to knowledge flow and illustrates the theoretical background of this thesis. The study that the available documents have on the constitution of network organization knowledge, knowledge flow carrier, the factors affecting knowledge flow and the knowledge flow models is the conceptual base of the application part of this thesis; the labor division theory, innovation network theory and social capital theory constitute the theoretical base of this thesis.
2. Normative analysis. Based on analyzing the basic connotation of knowledge flow in innovation network, the features of knowledge flow in innovation network and the method of knowledge flow in network, this part, with reference to relevant documents of knowledge flow, applies network theory and social capital theory to implement a normative study on "the mechanism and network structure of knowledge flow in innovation network" and "the path of knowledge flow in innovation network". This thesis makes an analysis on knowledge flow from the macro level of innovation network, each knowledge level among organizations and the micro process of knowledge flow among organizations. The focus is on the analysis of micro process of knowledge flow. While analyzing the micro process, this thesis deems that the following factors should be added into the traditional model of knowledge flow process:the situational factors, different knowledge flow carriers among organizations, potential difference among organizations and the factors of social network relations. This thesis has made an innovative proposal of a relational model between the lifecycle of innovation network and phases of knowledge flow, which scientifically illustrates the relations between the emerging, rising, stabilizing, declining phases of innovation network and the acquiring, communicating, applying, accepting and assimilating phases of knowledge flow. One of the important factors affecting the micro process of knowledge flow is the network structure of knowledge flow. This thesis induces the constitution of knowledge node flowing network into "point network structure" and "divergent network structure", and has made a comparison on the efficiency of processing knowledge flow between these two network structures. The highlight in the part analyzing the path of network knowledge flow is the dual network path model of knowledge flow proposed in this thesis:all the knowledge nodes in each organization may have direct or indirect connections to each other via knowledge nodes between formal, informal networks and other networks. The most distinguished feature of the formal network is formality, which is equipped with relevant mechanism and collaboration agreement among organizations as assurance. It is in favor of tacit knowledge flow due to the collective learning function of the innovation network during the collaborative innovation. In the innovation network, knowledge can flow via the flowing of labor factors, material facility and appliances. The action of knowledge exchange is embedded in social relations. The knowledge flow process proposed in this thesis is the combination of technological process and social process, aiming to analyze how the social network relation affects the knowledge flow and innovation among organizations. This thesis has made an exploratory analysis on social network path of knowledge flow from the theory of "strong tie" and "weak tie", and deems that those two ties play different roles in the knowledge flow process. Due to the high homogeneity, strong tie has disadvantage in providing effective knowledge, which means strong tie with high connection is not suitable for thorough innovation. Weak tie can bring more diversified knowledge compared with strong tie. The role that "Weak tie" plays among knowledge nodes is mainly reflected by its function as a knowledge bridge among different knowledge bodies, which has a better effect of knowledge distribution.
3. Empirical study. The aim of this part is to analyze the factors affecting the efficiency of knowledge flow in innovation network and comparative degree of the effects. By reading documents and making actual questionnaire, the author of this thesis has designed a model of factors affecting knowledge flow efficiency based on innovation network. In this model, the thesis takes knowledge flow efficiency as an explained variable, the factors (the customized degree of knowledge, the will of knowledge delivery from the knowledge source and its capability, the knowledge absorbing awareness and capability of the knowledge receiver and the trust mechanism among knowledge nodes in network) explaining variables, and the network structure (the density of innovation network, the path length between knowledge nodes and vertex degree of network knowledge nodes) moderator variables. Since the establishment of this model, the author applied research results of each factor made by scholars from home and abroad to design measurement items for explained variable, explaining variables and moderator variables. The author designed a questionnaire on the basis of the pre-designed measurement items, and modified it according to the actual comments of the surveyors; as to the function of informal network relations, the author made some interviews with several surveyors, which played a part for improving the content of network structure questionnaire. All the measurements to the items on the questionnaire are subjective evaluations, and measured by Likert Scale. This method requires the surveyor to give evaluation rating according to their own cognition. In actual survey,93 valid questionnaires are collected. After the reliability analysis on the data, SPSS statistical analysis software is applied to utilize factor analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to make a statistical analysis on the data and to have a brief discussion and analysis on the initial statistical test results.
4. Conclusion. Based on the thorough study of this thesis, the following suggestions are made to organize knowledge management from the perspective of network:1). This thesis proposes that in the paradigm of innovation network, the netting process makes the knowledge flow more complex and socializing, which has a significant meaning for enlightening the enterprises to manage knowledge from a network perspective.2). This thesis has made empirical analysis on the factors affecting knowledge flow based on network, especially the analysis on the influence of the network structure, which has an important meaning for enlightening organizations to do a better job of micro knowledge management under the network condition.3). While emphasizing the knowledge flow mechanism and the function of the network during the process of knowledge innovation, enterprises should put full emphasis on the function of informal network path, since the spreading speed of informal communication is faster than formal communication, which plays a key role in enlightening the knowledge innovation of organizations.4). Organizations should attach full importance to the building of cross-organization learning ability. The process of knowledge flow is a process of learning, which requires not only the knowledge supplier and exporter to learn, but also the knowledge receiver and importer to learn.5). This thesis has tried to explore the path dependence problem of knowledge flow. Based on such aspects as encouraging the employees to develop diversified network relations, to choose from knowledge flow paths of wide variety, to balance the strong tie and the weak tie and to strengthen collective learning of network, in order to unlock the path of knowledge flow and avoid the the rigidity of enterprises'core competence.
本文认为,创新网络的本质在于构成创新网络的各知识节点间的知识流动和价值交换,知识流动和知识网络存在的根本原因在于知识创新驱动力的存在。创新网络组织间知识流动是其本质所在,创新网络既以组织间的知识流动为支撑,同时又是组织间的互相学习的一种有效组织形式,创新网络的演进取决于知识流动的各个阶段。本文题目是“基于企业创新网络的知识流动研究”(文中简称“企业创新网络”为“创新网络”)①,意在研究在网络创新模式下,组织间知识流动同传统的“线性知识流动”有何不同、知识流动表现出的特点,进而分析知识流动的网络结构、知识流动的网络路径、知识流动的路径依赖、社会网络关系对于知识流动的影响、影响知识流动效率的因素等。本文对创新网络中知识流动的相关问题的理论研究,对创新网络中各类创新主体进一步把握网络创新过程中知识流动表现出的规律,进而减少知识创新合作的不确定性和提高知识合作创新效率有一定借鉴作用。另外,本文提出的结论建议,在现实中,对于启发企业等各类创新主体利用网络的创新机遇和外部知识资源进行知识创新、转变管理视角及建立网络视角的知识管理战略有重要意义。
本文共有八章,总体上可分为四个部分：1、相关文献回顾和该文写作的相关理论；2、规范分析部分；3、实证研究部分；4、结论部分。
1、文献回顾和相关理论部分。该部分回顾了有关知识流动研究的相关文献,并阐述了该文的写作的相关理论基础。现有文献对网络组织知识的构成、知识流动载体、知识流动的影响因素、知识流动模式的研究是本文写作应用的概念基础；劳动分工理论、创新网络理论和社会资本理论构成本文写作的相关理论基础。
2、规范分析部分。该部分从分析创新网络中知识流动的基本内涵、创新网络中知识流动表现出的特点和网络中知识流动的方式入手,运用网络理论、社会资本理论,并借鉴知识流动研究的相关文献,对“创新网络知识流动的机理及网络结构”和“创新网络知识流动的路径”进行了规范研究。本文分别从创新网络的网络宏观层面、组织间各知识层面和组织间知识流动的微观过程对知识流动进行了分析,重点在于分析流动的微观过程。本文认为,在传统知识流动过程模型中应增加以下因素：考虑知识流动的情景因素、组织间不同知识流动载体、组织间知识势差、社会网络关系因素的影响。本文创造性地提出了创新网络生命周期与知识流动的阶段关系模型，科学地说明创新网络的萌芽、上升、平稳和衰退阶段同知识流动取得阶段、沟通阶段、应用阶段、接受阶段及同化阶段的关系。影响知识流的微观过程的重要因素之一是知识流动的网络结构,本文把知识节点流动网络构成归纳为知识流动的“点式网络结构”和“发散式网络结构”,并对两种网络结构在处理知识流动方面的效率进行了比较。
在分析“创新网络知识流动路径”部分,重点内容是本文所提出的知识流动的双网络路径模型：每个组织知识节点均可能通过正式网络和非正式网络同网络中的其他知识结点直接地或间接地发生联系。正式网络最大特征是正式性,具有组织间的相关机制和合作协议作为保证,在合作创新过程中,由于创新网络的集体学习功能,有利于隐性知识流动。在创新网络中,知识还可通过劳动力要素、物质设备和用品的流动而流动,知识交流行为是嵌入于社会关系之中的,本文提出知识流动过程是技术过程和社会过程的统一,意在分析社会网络关系是如何影响组织间知识流动和知识创新的。本文探索性地把“强关系”和“弱关系”理论运用到对知识流动的社会网络路径的分析,认为,在知识流动过程中,这两种关系分别起着不同作用。强关系网络由于同质性较强,难于提供有效知识,即高度关联的强关系不大适合进行根本创新,弱关系比强关系更能带来多样化的知识,“弱关系”在知识节点间发挥作用主要体现其在不同知识主体间架起知识关系桥的作用,有更好的知识传播效果。
3、实证研究部分。目的在于分析创新网络中影响知识流动效率的因素及相对影响程度。首先,论文通过问卷调查设计,对创新网络组织中知识流动效率及其影响因素等五个变量设计了衡量题项,包括知识定制化程度、知识源的知识发送意愿和发送能力、知识受体的知识吸收意识与吸收能力以及、网络中知识节点间的信任机制。同时,由于网络结构主要是通过创新网络密度、网络知识节点间路径长度、网络知识节点的顶点度三因素对知识流动效率影响因素的影响来间接影响知识流动效率,本文将其作为调节变量,并设置衡量题项。其次,通过发放问卷调查和对问卷对象实际访谈方式进行调查问卷,实际调查收回有效问卷共93份。本文以李克特五点法进行衡量、打分,同时以得分“3”为标志把样本划分为知识流动效率高(大于等于3分)的样本组72份和知识流动效率低的样本组(小于3分)21份,运用T检验得出了影响知识流动效率的24个题项。之后论文运用SPSS统计分析软件采用因子分析、多元线性回归分析、主成分分析及相关性分析构建了知识流动效率模型。
4、全文的结论部分。根据全文研究,立足网络视角,给组织知识管理提出如下启示：第一,本文提出了在创新网络的范式下,知识流动的结网过程使知识流动更加复杂化和社会化,这对启发企业从网络视角去管理知识具有重要意义。第二,本文将实证分析基于网络的影响知识流动的因素,特别是分析了网络结构因素的影响,对于启发组织在网络环境下做好微观知识管理工作有重要意义。第三,企业在重视知识创新过程中知识流动的制度网络的作用的同时,应充分重视非正式网络路径的作用,非正式交流的传播速度要比正式交流快得多,对于启发组织知识创新有重要作用。第四,组织应充分重视跨组织学习能力的建设,知识流动的过程是学习的过程,不仅需要知识提供者或输出者学习,也需要知识接受者或输入者学习。第五,本文尝试探索了知识流动的路径依赖问题。本文从鼓励企业员工发展多样化的网络关系、在宽泛多样的知识流动路径中进行选择、搞好强关系和弱关系的平衡、加强网络集体学习等方面入手,以对解除知识流动路径锁定,防止企业核心能力刚性的形成。
As innovative paradigm evolves, the organizational knowledge flow among enterprises has experienced a change from "Linear Model" to "Network Model". Knowledge flow is a process when an organization with high knowledge potential sends knowledge to another organization with low knowledge potential, including innovation, coding, transferring and spreading, sharing and communicating of knowledge. Since 1970s, knowledge innovation depending on inner strength has been considered the major method of enhancing competitive capability. This innovative model required enterprises to produce constant new knowledge by themselves. It was an inner innovation model or closed innovation. "Linear Model" knowledge innovation was the basic knowledge innovation paradigm. Since 1990s, enterprise innovation network emerges as an organization and becomes a new organizational style of innovation. Innovation network refers to those organizations that develop advanced technical products by acquiring, integrating, creating and applying different knowledge and technique. This is an important organization model for cooperative innovation among enterprises. The reasons for its emergence are:the enhancement of specialized labor division and the acceleration of innovation require the enterprise to cooperate with several innovation bodies in order to achieve the development and popularization of the product, which is the outer motivation; the inner motivation, from the perspective of knowledge complexity theory, is the complexity of innovation of current technology and knowledge.
This thesis deems that it is the core nature that the knowledge flow is within the innovation network organizations. The innovation network, on one hand, is based on the knowledge flow among organizations, and on the other, provides an effective organizational method for mutual learning among organizations. The evolution of the innovation network depends on each phase of knowledge flow. The title of this thesis is "Research on Knowledge Flow Based on the Innovation Network", aiming to study the differences between the knowledge flow within organizations and the traditional "Linear knowledge flow" under the condition of network innovation model and the features emerging in the knowledge flow, in order to further analyze the network structure, the network path and path dependence of the knowledge flow, the influence of the social network relationship on the knowledge flow and factors affecting the efficiency of knowledge flow. This thesis is supposed to be taken as reference for theoretical studies on relevant problems concerning knowledge flow, for all varieties innovation bodies in innovation network to further grasp the law of the knowledge flow during network innovation and reduce the uncertainty of knowledge innovation cooperation and improve the cooperation innovation efficiency of knowledge. In addition, the suggestion in the conclusion part of this thesis has in reality a significant meaning for enlightening such innovation bodies as enterprises to utilize innovation opportunities of the network and outer knowledge resource to implement knowledge innovation, to transfer managing perspective and to establish knowledge management strategy from a network perspective.
The thesis consists of eight chapters and is divided into four parts in general:1.literature review of and relevant theories; 2. Normative analysis; 3. Empirical study; 4. Conclusion.
1. This part takes a retrospect view on documents related to knowledge flow and illustrates the theoretical background of this thesis. The study that the available documents have on the constitution of network organization knowledge, knowledge flow carrier, the factors affecting knowledge flow and the knowledge flow models is the conceptual base of the application part of this thesis; the labor division theory, innovation network theory and social capital theory constitute the theoretical base of this thesis.
2. Normative analysis. Based on analyzing the basic connotation of knowledge flow in innovation network, the features of knowledge flow in innovation network and the method of knowledge flow in network, this part, with reference to relevant documents of knowledge flow, applies network theory and social capital theory to implement a normative study on "the mechanism and network structure of knowledge flow in innovation network" and "the path of knowledge flow in innovation network". This thesis makes an analysis on knowledge flow from the macro level of innovation network, each knowledge level among organizations and the micro process of knowledge flow among organizations. The focus is on the analysis of micro process of knowledge flow. While analyzing the micro process, this thesis deems that the following factors should be added into the traditional model of knowledge flow process:the situational factors, different knowledge flow carriers among organizations, potential difference among organizations and the factors of social network relations. This thesis has made an innovative proposal of a relational model between the lifecycle of innovation network and phases of knowledge flow, which scientifically illustrates the relations between the emerging, rising, stabilizing, declining phases of innovation network and the acquiring, communicating, applying, accepting and assimilating phases of knowledge flow. One of the important factors affecting the micro process of knowledge flow is the network structure of knowledge flow. This thesis induces the constitution of knowledge node flowing network into "point network structure" and "divergent network structure", and has made a comparison on the efficiency of processing knowledge flow between these two network structures. The highlight in the part analyzing the path of network knowledge flow is the dual network path model of knowledge flow proposed in this thesis:all the knowledge nodes in each organization may have direct or indirect connections to each other via knowledge nodes between formal, informal networks and other networks. The most distinguished feature of the formal network is formality, which is equipped with relevant mechanism and collaboration agreement among organizations as assurance. It is in favor of tacit knowledge flow due to the collective learning function of the innovation network during the collaborative innovation. In the innovation network, knowledge can flow via the flowing of labor factors, material facility and appliances. The action of knowledge exchange is embedded in social relations. The knowledge flow process proposed in this thesis is the combination of technological process and social process, aiming to analyze how the social network relation affects the knowledge flow and innovation among organizations. This thesis has made an exploratory analysis on social network path of knowledge flow from the theory of "strong tie" and "weak tie", and deems that those two ties play different roles in the knowledge flow process. Due to the high homogeneity, strong tie has disadvantage in providing effective knowledge, which means strong tie with high connection is not suitable for thorough innovation. Weak tie can bring more diversified knowledge compared with strong tie. The role that "Weak tie" plays among knowledge nodes is mainly reflected by its function as a knowledge bridge among different knowledge bodies, which has a better effect of knowledge distribution.
3. Empirical study. The aim of this part is to analyze the factors affecting the efficiency of knowledge flow in innovation network and comparative degree of the effects. By reading documents and making actual questionnaire, the author of this thesis has designed a model of factors affecting knowledge flow efficiency based on innovation network. In this model, the thesis takes knowledge flow efficiency as an explained variable, the factors (the customized degree of knowledge, the will of knowledge delivery from the knowledge source and its capability, the knowledge absorbing awareness and capability of the knowledge receiver and the trust mechanism among knowledge nodes in network) explaining variables, and the network structure (the density of innovation network, the path length between knowledge nodes and vertex degree of network knowledge nodes) moderator variables. Since the establishment of this model, the author applied research results of each factor made by scholars from home and abroad to design measurement items for explained variable, explaining variables and moderator variables. The author designed a questionnaire on the basis of the pre-designed measurement items, and modified it according to the actual comments of the surveyors; as to the function of informal network relations, the author made some interviews with several surveyors, which played a part for improving the content of network structure questionnaire. All the measurements to the items on the questionnaire are subjective evaluations, and measured by Likert Scale. This method requires the surveyor to give evaluation rating according to their own cognition. In actual survey,93 valid questionnaires are collected. After the reliability analysis on the data, SPSS statistical analysis software is applied to utilize factor analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to make a statistical analysis on the data and to have a brief discussion and analysis on the initial statistical test results.
4. Conclusion. Based on the thorough study of this thesis, the following suggestions are made to organize knowledge management from the perspective of network:1). This thesis proposes that in the paradigm of innovation network, the netting process makes the knowledge flow more complex and socializing, which has a significant meaning for enlightening the enterprises to manage knowledge from a network perspective.2). This thesis has made empirical analysis on the factors affecting knowledge flow based on network, especially the analysis on the influence of the network structure, which has an important meaning for enlightening organizations to do a better job of micro knowledge management under the network condition.3). While emphasizing the knowledge flow mechanism and the function of the network during the process of knowledge innovation, enterprises should put full emphasis on the function of informal network path, since the spreading speed of informal communication is faster than formal communication, which plays a key role in enlightening the knowledge innovation of organizations.4). Organizations should attach full importance to the building of cross-organization learning ability. The process of knowledge flow is a process of learning, which requires not only the knowledge supplier and exporter to learn, but also the knowledge receiver and importer to learn.5). This thesis has tried to explore the path dependence problem of knowledge flow. Based on such aspects as encouraging the employees to develop diversified network relations, to choose from knowledge flow paths of wide variety, to balance the strong tie and the weak tie and to strengthen collective learning of network, in order to unlock the path of knowledge flow and avoid the the rigidity of enterprises'core competence.
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③付彦举例说明了超组织知识的概念：以企业客户知识为例,如果只是企业在日常经营活动中或经过与客户的接触调查过程单方面获得的有关客户的知识,我们通常把它归属于组织层面的企业知识的范畴；而如果是客户与企业长期合作,彼此在长期合作过程中逐步摸索出的致力于“双赢”的合作经营模式,则可以归属于组织间知识的范畴,这类知识不仅为企业方面拥有,而且也为客户方面拥有,是双方共同拥有的知识。企业间的网络知识(Net Knowledge)就可以说是组织间知识的一种类型,它是存在于企业知识系统之间的各类知识的有效互动形成的共同知识。组织间知识的概念对于我们讨论组织间知识流动问题将是非常重要的,也有助于我们理解组织为什么要与其他组织进行知识交流。
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⑤小世界现象源于社会心理学家Milgram在20世纪60年代有关追踪美国社交网络中最短路径的研究,相关研究表明,在社交网络中存在着短路径,即人们只要知道自己认识的人,就能很快地把信件转发到任何远方目标,这一现象也称为“六度分离”(six degrees of separation)问题或“小世界现象”。
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②规模经济(economies of scale)又名规模效益。所谓规模经济是指在一个给定的技术水平上,随着规模扩大、产出的增加则平均成本、(单位产出成本)逐步下降；联结经济产生于具有高度的相互依赖性的复数个主体之间的互动活动中。如果复数个体间不存在高度的相互依赖性,比如,不相关或轻度相关,则我们不可能由此而获得联结经济。
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