东北冷涡结构特征及其强降水形成机理研究
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摘要
东北冷涡是我国东北地区夏季主要的天气系统,它的发生、发展及其演变不仅会给我国东北地区带来低温多雨甚至造成洪涝灾害,而且对我国华北、江南梅雨期乃至东亚地区的环流形势都有重要的影响,因此对东北冷涡系统的研究有着极其重要的意义。本文在总结、回顾过去对东北冷涡的研究的基础上,提出在对东北冷涡研究中亟待解决的几类科学问题,针对以上科学问题,本文首先对不同持续时间和移动速度的冷涡进行分类与合成分析,在此基础上,利用加密观测资料与中尺度数值模式,模拟研究了东北冷涡的发展演变特征及其强对流系统的触发机制,结合数值敏感性试验,考察了东北地形对冷涡的发生发展作用,最后,总结概括了冷涡结构特征模型及其暴雨过程的三维概念模式图,主要得到以下结论:
1.持续缓动型东北冷涡位置多位于内蒙偏东部、吉林中西部和黑龙江中西部地区,冷涡系统多为偏东移,且此类冷涡发展和成熟阶段高层环流呈纬向型环流分布,冷涡西侧、西北侧有低槽,槽底不断有冷空气和正涡度平流向冷涡输送;强的高空急流有利于加强冷涡的气旋性环流和在冷涡东侧产生高空辐散形成上升气流,在冷涡西侧产生下沉气流。短时移动型冷涡位置多位于内蒙偏东北和黑龙江西北部地区,系统主要向偏东南方向移动,且冷涡各阶段高层环流形势呈经向型环流分布,冷涡西侧多为一暖高脊,高空急流较弱,不利于冷涡的发展和维持。
和南方天气系统暴雨不一样,东北冷涡发展阶段暴雨,冷涡位于高空急流的出口区左侧,有利于冷涡的发展加强并且在急流出口区的北侧产生高空辐散,从而触发上升运动形成对流;由于对流层中层冷涡的强旋转作用,使得干空气在冷涡的西侧、南侧侵入,即在冷涡西侧及南侧存在旋转式干侵入,从而使得暴雨多在冷涡的东侧和东南侧形成。
2.利用时变涡度方程和涡散场动能方程分别对冷涡的涡度和动能收支进行了分析,结果表明,西风带平均气流对扰动涡度的输送使得局地涡度增加,使得冷涡加强。对流层高层冷涡中心涡度主要由散度扰动项引起,而散度扰动又主要受高空急流和中层冷空气的作用影响。尽管辐散风动能KD(DKD)量级很小,但在冷涡涡散场动能量输送中起了极其重要的作用,即通过斜压过程的动能产生率GD和辐散风水平通量辐合HFD和为KD提供动能源,使有效位能A向KD转换再通过C(KD,KR)向KR提供动能源,成为对流层低层旋转风动能的主要能源之一。对于旋转风和散度风动能的汇源而言,冷涡不同阶段在对流层各层呈现明显的差异。发展阶段,对流层低层的旋转风动能变化率、辐散风和旋转风之间的能量交换C (KD,KR )和总动能占整层积分的主要部分;成熟阶段,对流层中层总动能最强最显著,低层减弱迅速甚至出现负增长;减弱阶段,总动能在对流层中层减弱最明显,其次是在对流层高层,动能转换项在冷涡发展过程中充当着重要的“桥梁”作用,低层C(KD,KR)的演变对冷涡强降水有一定的预报意义。
3.对冷涡系统不同时期对流云的垂直结构和云内部中小尺度结构的分析结果表明,冷涡发展阶段的初期,体现为孤立的深对流回波亮带,对流系统表现为孤立、深厚的特征,冷涡发展成熟阶段,回波强度比冷涡发展初期的对流系统有所减弱,且为较浅薄的对流系统,冷涡系统下发展的锢囚锋不同于传统的锢囚锋结构,锢囚锋尾部存在干、冷空气的侵入,整个锢囚锋回波系统顶部呈现独特的结构特征:东南部为干、冷空气侵入造成的回波区、中部为锢囚锋主体对流区、西北部为暖锋遇冷锋抬升作用形成的回波区。在锢囚锋尾部存在冰水含量与液态水含量分层现象,干冷空气侵入层在5km左右,在干冷空气侵入层上部为冰态水含量分布的弱回波区,下部为液态水分布的弱回波区;冷涡成熟阶段,对流系统分布在冷涡外沿,表现为多个孤立的对流系统。
4.东北地形对东北冷涡环流及其降水有较大影响。大兴安岭对东北冷涡系统环境流场的影响比较明显,其作用直接影响东侧及北侧的大气辐合程度,并使东侧辐合带的涡度、垂直速度以及温度平流等的垂直分布发生变化,从而影响冷涡降水强度。小兴安岭的地形对黑龙江中西部和北部地区环流及其降水影响较为敏感,是影响黑龙江的降水的直接影响因子。长白山山脉对我国东北中东部地区的冷涡环流及其降水影响较大,直接影响东北中部、中东部地区降水,且影响幅度大于大兴安岭和小兴安岭地区,其中,吉林受长白山地形影响最大。
5.总结归纳了东北冷涡暴雨的结构特征以及冷涡的概念模型。冷涡中心对流层中、高层为高PV库,并向低层伸展,侵入,有利于在系统移动前方激发出上升运动,东侧为来自中低纬的西南或偏东暖、湿气流且为上升运动区;有利于强对流在冷涡的东侧发生。冷涡发展阶段,冷涡位于高空急流的北侧,有利于冷涡的发展加强并且在急流出口区的北侧产生高空辐散,高空辐散区东侧为大风中心,位于大风中心入口区的南侧,增强了冷涡东侧的高层辐散,在对流层低层,水汽输送常有两个通道:一个为西南低空急流携带的暖湿气流,另一个是偏东气流。在有区域性暴雨发生时,地面自动站资料可观测到有明显的湿舌和高能舌伸向暴雨区;冷涡衰退阶段,高、低空急流强度减弱,冷涡位于高空急流入口区北侧,西侧大风中心出口区南侧,对应高空辐合区,冷涡中心位涡值减小,冷涡东移逐渐减弱。
The cold vortex is the main weather systems in summer over northeastern China, its generation and evolution could not only cause microtherm and flood events over northeastern China, but also have significant impact on the circulation over northern China, Meiyu period over southern China and Eastern Asia. Thereby the research on the cold vortex over northeastern China (CVNE) has great significance for us. Several issues are promoted after reviewing and summarizing the past groundwork on the CVNE. Aiming to these issues, this paper first classifies the different duration and velocity of CVNE, and then composite analysis of CVNE is conducted. Furthermore, the evolution characteristics, triggering mechanism of convective systems and the terrain effects are analyzed using encrypt observational data and mesoscale model. Finally, the configuration model and tri-dimensional conception model of heavy rainfall related to CVNE are studied. The major results are listed as follows:
1. The durative and slow CVNEs, which circulation of the development and mature state are zonal distribution, are mainly situated at the eastern Neimenggu municipality, the middle and west of Jilin and Heilongjiang province. Continuous cold air and positive vorticity advection are transported to the CVNEs from the West and northwest low trough, and the strong high level Jet favorably strengthen the cyclonic circulation and the divergent field at the east of CVNEs, and it accelerates the updraft motion in the east and sinking motion in the west of CVNESs. The brief and fast CVNEs which circulation of the entire state are meridional distribution and has weaker high level Jet and warm high ridge in the west side of CVNE, mainly situated at the northeastern Neimenggu municipality, the northwest of Heilongjiang province.
Different from the heavy rainfall over southern China, the rainstorm during the development of the CVNE have its particular characteristics. The cold vortex locates at the left side of exit area of high level Jet, which strengthens the cyclonic circulation and the divergent field, and it could trigger upward flow and cause convection. At the west side and south side of the CVNE, there is circumrotate dry incursion because of the high rotation of the CVNE, which could bring rainstorm at the east and north of the CVNE.
2. Budgets of vorticity and divergent and rotational components kinetic energy (KD and KR) are examined. The vorticity perturbation brings by average field of westerly causes the enhancement of local vorticity. The high level vorticity of the CVNE mainly decided by the divergent perturbation item which caused by the high level Jet and middle level cold air. Although KD is minimum, it has great impact on the kinetic energy transport between KD and KR. Source of KD is provided by the kinetic generation item GD and horizontal convergent item HFD of divergent wind via baroclinic process, which makes available potential energy convert to KD then provides kinetic energy source to the KR via transport item C(KD,KR), and it’s one of the main kinetic energy source of low level KR. The sources of divergent and rotational components kinetic energy have various characteristics at different level and different state of CVNE. At the development state, the generate rate of KR, KD and C(KD,KR) are mainly concentrate at the lower troposphere, while at the mature state, the generate rate of KR and KD is convert to the mid-troposphere, and generate rate of KR and KD in the lower troposphere is turn into negative. At the weaken state, kinetic energy diminish remarkably in the mid-troposphere, then in the upper troposphere. The convert item C(KD,KR) which serve as the― bridge‖effect during the evolution of the CVNE, has some prediction meaning to the rainfall related to the CVNE.
3. The vertical structure of convective clouds at different state and mesoscale and microscale structure of convective system are analyzed, and the results show that, at the beginning of development stage, the structure of the warm front is characterized with isolated and deep convective systems; at the development and matured stage, the intensity of radar echo is weaker than its development stage, and the convective systems are shallow. The echo top of occlusion under the cold vortex system presents some special characters: at the southeast of occlusion, its echo area drive by the cold-dry air; at the middle area of occlusion is the main convective system and northwest area with echo caused by the lifting effect of warm front confront the cold front. There is delamination between ice water and liquid water at the tail of the occlusion front. The height of incursion layer of dry-cold air is about 5km, above is the weak echo consist of ice water, while below is the echo with liquid water; At the mature stage of the cold vortex, the convective systems are located mainly outside the cold vortex, and with isolated convective systems, which contains plenty of ice water content mainly locates at the north of the cold vortex, while liquid water content exists below the 0℃layer of the cold vortex center.
4. The terrain of northeast China has great impact on the circulation and rainfall of CVNE, while the Greater Higgnan Mountains (GHM) account for the primary effect, which caused by the by-pass-hill airflow and climbing-hill ascending flow. Convergence, vorticity, vertical motion, temperature advection, and rainfall of north and east side of GHM are corresponding changing with the terrain height. XiaoHingganLing (XHL) which has direct impact on the rainfall over Heilongjiang province mainly causes local circumfluence and rainfall. Changbai Mountain (CM) has great impact on the rainfall over the middle and east of northeastern China. Its impact extent is larger than GHM and XHL, while Jilin province accounts for the main effect of CM.
5. Structure model and heavy rainfall model of CVNE are summarized. At the middle and upper troposphere, high PV pool in the center of CVNE stretches and invades into lower troposphere, which caused upward flow ahead of the direction of CVNE. Warm and high moisture air from lower latitude transports to the east side of CVNE, and it bring strong convection. At the development state, the CVNE locates at the exit area of north side of high level Jet and entrance part of east gale center, causing divergent and triggering upward flow of the east part of CVNE. There are two vapor transporting ways at the lower troposphere: one is warm-wet airflow brought by southwest wind, the other is eastward wind. High moisture and high energy tongue extend to heavy rainfall places when local rainstorms of CVNE take place. At the weakening state, high level Jet and low level jet weaken and the CVNE locates over north of entrance area and south of exit area of west gale center, which cause corresponding convergence ahead of the CVNE, the PV at the center of CVNE diminishes and the CVNE wear off eastward.
1.持续缓动型东北冷涡位置多位于内蒙偏东部、吉林中西部和黑龙江中西部地区,冷涡系统多为偏东移,且此类冷涡发展和成熟阶段高层环流呈纬向型环流分布,冷涡西侧、西北侧有低槽,槽底不断有冷空气和正涡度平流向冷涡输送;强的高空急流有利于加强冷涡的气旋性环流和在冷涡东侧产生高空辐散形成上升气流,在冷涡西侧产生下沉气流。短时移动型冷涡位置多位于内蒙偏东北和黑龙江西北部地区,系统主要向偏东南方向移动,且冷涡各阶段高层环流形势呈经向型环流分布,冷涡西侧多为一暖高脊,高空急流较弱,不利于冷涡的发展和维持。
和南方天气系统暴雨不一样,东北冷涡发展阶段暴雨,冷涡位于高空急流的出口区左侧,有利于冷涡的发展加强并且在急流出口区的北侧产生高空辐散,从而触发上升运动形成对流;由于对流层中层冷涡的强旋转作用,使得干空气在冷涡的西侧、南侧侵入,即在冷涡西侧及南侧存在旋转式干侵入,从而使得暴雨多在冷涡的东侧和东南侧形成。
2.利用时变涡度方程和涡散场动能方程分别对冷涡的涡度和动能收支进行了分析,结果表明,西风带平均气流对扰动涡度的输送使得局地涡度增加,使得冷涡加强。对流层高层冷涡中心涡度主要由散度扰动项引起,而散度扰动又主要受高空急流和中层冷空气的作用影响。尽管辐散风动能KD(DKD)量级很小,但在冷涡涡散场动能量输送中起了极其重要的作用,即通过斜压过程的动能产生率GD和辐散风水平通量辐合HFD和为KD提供动能源,使有效位能A向KD转换再通过C(KD,KR)向KR提供动能源,成为对流层低层旋转风动能的主要能源之一。对于旋转风和散度风动能的汇源而言,冷涡不同阶段在对流层各层呈现明显的差异。发展阶段,对流层低层的旋转风动能变化率、辐散风和旋转风之间的能量交换C (KD,KR )和总动能占整层积分的主要部分;成熟阶段,对流层中层总动能最强最显著,低层减弱迅速甚至出现负增长;减弱阶段,总动能在对流层中层减弱最明显,其次是在对流层高层,动能转换项在冷涡发展过程中充当着重要的“桥梁”作用,低层C(KD,KR)的演变对冷涡强降水有一定的预报意义。
3.对冷涡系统不同时期对流云的垂直结构和云内部中小尺度结构的分析结果表明,冷涡发展阶段的初期,体现为孤立的深对流回波亮带,对流系统表现为孤立、深厚的特征,冷涡发展成熟阶段,回波强度比冷涡发展初期的对流系统有所减弱,且为较浅薄的对流系统,冷涡系统下发展的锢囚锋不同于传统的锢囚锋结构,锢囚锋尾部存在干、冷空气的侵入,整个锢囚锋回波系统顶部呈现独特的结构特征:东南部为干、冷空气侵入造成的回波区、中部为锢囚锋主体对流区、西北部为暖锋遇冷锋抬升作用形成的回波区。在锢囚锋尾部存在冰水含量与液态水含量分层现象,干冷空气侵入层在5km左右,在干冷空气侵入层上部为冰态水含量分布的弱回波区,下部为液态水分布的弱回波区;冷涡成熟阶段,对流系统分布在冷涡外沿,表现为多个孤立的对流系统。
4.东北地形对东北冷涡环流及其降水有较大影响。大兴安岭对东北冷涡系统环境流场的影响比较明显,其作用直接影响东侧及北侧的大气辐合程度,并使东侧辐合带的涡度、垂直速度以及温度平流等的垂直分布发生变化,从而影响冷涡降水强度。小兴安岭的地形对黑龙江中西部和北部地区环流及其降水影响较为敏感,是影响黑龙江的降水的直接影响因子。长白山山脉对我国东北中东部地区的冷涡环流及其降水影响较大,直接影响东北中部、中东部地区降水,且影响幅度大于大兴安岭和小兴安岭地区,其中,吉林受长白山地形影响最大。
5.总结归纳了东北冷涡暴雨的结构特征以及冷涡的概念模型。冷涡中心对流层中、高层为高PV库,并向低层伸展,侵入,有利于在系统移动前方激发出上升运动,东侧为来自中低纬的西南或偏东暖、湿气流且为上升运动区;有利于强对流在冷涡的东侧发生。冷涡发展阶段,冷涡位于高空急流的北侧,有利于冷涡的发展加强并且在急流出口区的北侧产生高空辐散,高空辐散区东侧为大风中心,位于大风中心入口区的南侧,增强了冷涡东侧的高层辐散,在对流层低层,水汽输送常有两个通道:一个为西南低空急流携带的暖湿气流,另一个是偏东气流。在有区域性暴雨发生时,地面自动站资料可观测到有明显的湿舌和高能舌伸向暴雨区;冷涡衰退阶段,高、低空急流强度减弱,冷涡位于高空急流入口区北侧,西侧大风中心出口区南侧,对应高空辐合区,冷涡中心位涡值减小,冷涡东移逐渐减弱。
The cold vortex is the main weather systems in summer over northeastern China, its generation and evolution could not only cause microtherm and flood events over northeastern China, but also have significant impact on the circulation over northern China, Meiyu period over southern China and Eastern Asia. Thereby the research on the cold vortex over northeastern China (CVNE) has great significance for us. Several issues are promoted after reviewing and summarizing the past groundwork on the CVNE. Aiming to these issues, this paper first classifies the different duration and velocity of CVNE, and then composite analysis of CVNE is conducted. Furthermore, the evolution characteristics, triggering mechanism of convective systems and the terrain effects are analyzed using encrypt observational data and mesoscale model. Finally, the configuration model and tri-dimensional conception model of heavy rainfall related to CVNE are studied. The major results are listed as follows:
1. The durative and slow CVNEs, which circulation of the development and mature state are zonal distribution, are mainly situated at the eastern Neimenggu municipality, the middle and west of Jilin and Heilongjiang province. Continuous cold air and positive vorticity advection are transported to the CVNEs from the West and northwest low trough, and the strong high level Jet favorably strengthen the cyclonic circulation and the divergent field at the east of CVNEs, and it accelerates the updraft motion in the east and sinking motion in the west of CVNESs. The brief and fast CVNEs which circulation of the entire state are meridional distribution and has weaker high level Jet and warm high ridge in the west side of CVNE, mainly situated at the northeastern Neimenggu municipality, the northwest of Heilongjiang province.
Different from the heavy rainfall over southern China, the rainstorm during the development of the CVNE have its particular characteristics. The cold vortex locates at the left side of exit area of high level Jet, which strengthens the cyclonic circulation and the divergent field, and it could trigger upward flow and cause convection. At the west side and south side of the CVNE, there is circumrotate dry incursion because of the high rotation of the CVNE, which could bring rainstorm at the east and north of the CVNE.
2. Budgets of vorticity and divergent and rotational components kinetic energy (KD and KR) are examined. The vorticity perturbation brings by average field of westerly causes the enhancement of local vorticity. The high level vorticity of the CVNE mainly decided by the divergent perturbation item which caused by the high level Jet and middle level cold air. Although KD is minimum, it has great impact on the kinetic energy transport between KD and KR. Source of KD is provided by the kinetic generation item GD and horizontal convergent item HFD of divergent wind via baroclinic process, which makes available potential energy convert to KD then provides kinetic energy source to the KR via transport item C(KD,KR), and it’s one of the main kinetic energy source of low level KR. The sources of divergent and rotational components kinetic energy have various characteristics at different level and different state of CVNE. At the development state, the generate rate of KR, KD and C(KD,KR) are mainly concentrate at the lower troposphere, while at the mature state, the generate rate of KR and KD is convert to the mid-troposphere, and generate rate of KR and KD in the lower troposphere is turn into negative. At the weaken state, kinetic energy diminish remarkably in the mid-troposphere, then in the upper troposphere. The convert item C(KD,KR) which serve as the― bridge‖effect during the evolution of the CVNE, has some prediction meaning to the rainfall related to the CVNE.
3. The vertical structure of convective clouds at different state and mesoscale and microscale structure of convective system are analyzed, and the results show that, at the beginning of development stage, the structure of the warm front is characterized with isolated and deep convective systems; at the development and matured stage, the intensity of radar echo is weaker than its development stage, and the convective systems are shallow. The echo top of occlusion under the cold vortex system presents some special characters: at the southeast of occlusion, its echo area drive by the cold-dry air; at the middle area of occlusion is the main convective system and northwest area with echo caused by the lifting effect of warm front confront the cold front. There is delamination between ice water and liquid water at the tail of the occlusion front. The height of incursion layer of dry-cold air is about 5km, above is the weak echo consist of ice water, while below is the echo with liquid water; At the mature stage of the cold vortex, the convective systems are located mainly outside the cold vortex, and with isolated convective systems, which contains plenty of ice water content mainly locates at the north of the cold vortex, while liquid water content exists below the 0℃layer of the cold vortex center.
4. The terrain of northeast China has great impact on the circulation and rainfall of CVNE, while the Greater Higgnan Mountains (GHM) account for the primary effect, which caused by the by-pass-hill airflow and climbing-hill ascending flow. Convergence, vorticity, vertical motion, temperature advection, and rainfall of north and east side of GHM are corresponding changing with the terrain height. XiaoHingganLing (XHL) which has direct impact on the rainfall over Heilongjiang province mainly causes local circumfluence and rainfall. Changbai Mountain (CM) has great impact on the rainfall over the middle and east of northeastern China. Its impact extent is larger than GHM and XHL, while Jilin province accounts for the main effect of CM.
5. Structure model and heavy rainfall model of CVNE are summarized. At the middle and upper troposphere, high PV pool in the center of CVNE stretches and invades into lower troposphere, which caused upward flow ahead of the direction of CVNE. Warm and high moisture air from lower latitude transports to the east side of CVNE, and it bring strong convection. At the development state, the CVNE locates at the exit area of north side of high level Jet and entrance part of east gale center, causing divergent and triggering upward flow of the east part of CVNE. There are two vapor transporting ways at the lower troposphere: one is warm-wet airflow brought by southwest wind, the other is eastward wind. High moisture and high energy tongue extend to heavy rainfall places when local rainstorms of CVNE take place. At the weakening state, high level Jet and low level jet weaken and the CVNE locates over north of entrance area and south of exit area of west gale center, which cause corresponding convergence ahead of the CVNE, the PV at the center of CVNE diminishes and the CVNE wear off eastward.
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