非言语行为的跨文化分析
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摘要
人们在交际过程中，除使用语言符号外，还使用非语言的符号，简称非言语。非言语行为包括言语行为之外的一切由人类和环境所产生的刺激，这些刺激对于信息发出和接受者都具有潜在信息价值或意义。
本文分别阐述的是中美群体共享的，因袭性和规范性都很强的非言语行为，包括时间语，空间语，身势语，副语言等等。它们的形式是约定俗成。因此也就因中美不同文化而异。
本文以中美非言语交际为主线，对文化给予非言语交际的影响进行研究，进而阐述源于中美不同文化的非言语行为。本文认为造成中美非言语行为差异的主要文化因素是集体主义和个体主义，高语境文化和低语境文化，阴性文化和阳性文化，并就具体的时间语，空间语，身势语，副语言等等进行了对比分析和论证。
集体主义—个体主义这一价值标准是衡量个人与集体联系是松散还是紧密的一个尺度。集体主义文化强调群体的和谐，与集体、社会联系紧密，相互依赖程度强，并力求身心与整个环境的相适应。而个体主义文化强调的是自我和个人的成就，与集体、社会的关系松散，相互依赖程度弱。
高语境文化—低语境文化 高语境文化传播的绝大部分信息或存于物质语境中，或内化在个人身上，而极少数则处在清晰，被传递的编码讯息中。这意味着，在高语境文化中的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。低语境即将大量的信息置于清晰的编码中。相对
地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境之中。这意味着，在低语
境文化中的人们习惯侧重用言语本身的力量来进行交际。
阴性文化一阳性文化 阳性文化表现出的是力量，自我表现、
竞争和雄心壮志。阴性文化是指那种注重感情、富于同情心的文化。
因此，本文不仅仅是分析中美非言语交际的差异，而且更注重
对造成这些差异的文化因素进行分析。
Nonverbal communication (NVC) is like verbal communication, an essential part of the overall human communication process. NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.
Focusing on Chinese and American NVC, this thesis examines the influence of culture on various aspects of nonverbal behavior so as to demonstrate the variety of culturally derived nonverbal behaviors and the underlying value structures that produce these behaviors. Due to the different origin and development in cultural systems, Chinese and American cultures display different cultural traits that attribute to the differences in their NVC. It is discussed that the major dimensions of cultural variabilities are individualistic culture and collectivistic culture, masculine culture and feminine culture, high-context culture and low- context culture, which produce differences in NVC of Chinese and Americans, specific examples of the NVC differences between Chinese and Americans are analyzed and illustrated, ranging from chronemics, proxemics, kinesics, paralanguage.
Collectivism- Individualism In collectivistic culture, it emphasizes on collectivity, harmony, cooperation, interdependency, and it tries to be harmonious with the whole circumstance. While in individualistic culture, the individual is the single most important unit in any social setting, regardless of the size of that unit, and the uniqueness of each
individual is of paramount value.
High-context-Low Context A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. It means that people who are in high-context communication culture are sensitive to the subtle circumstance hint. A low-context communication is just the opposition, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. Comparably to say, only a little bit messages are contained in circumstance. It means that people who are in low-context communication culture are like communicating with the power of language itself.
Femininity- Masculinity Masculine traits are typically attributes such as power, arid assertiveness, competitiveness and ambitiousness. While feminine traits are attributes such as affection, compassion, nurturance and emotionality.
Therefore this thesis goes beyond a mere cataloging of differences in NVC and offers insights into cultural explanations for a variety of NVC differences between Chinese and Americans.
本文分别阐述的是中美群体共享的，因袭性和规范性都很强的非言语行为，包括时间语，空间语，身势语，副语言等等。它们的形式是约定俗成。因此也就因中美不同文化而异。
本文以中美非言语交际为主线，对文化给予非言语交际的影响进行研究，进而阐述源于中美不同文化的非言语行为。本文认为造成中美非言语行为差异的主要文化因素是集体主义和个体主义，高语境文化和低语境文化，阴性文化和阳性文化，并就具体的时间语，空间语，身势语，副语言等等进行了对比分析和论证。
集体主义—个体主义这一价值标准是衡量个人与集体联系是松散还是紧密的一个尺度。集体主义文化强调群体的和谐，与集体、社会联系紧密，相互依赖程度强，并力求身心与整个环境的相适应。而个体主义文化强调的是自我和个人的成就，与集体、社会的关系松散，相互依赖程度弱。
高语境文化—低语境文化 高语境文化传播的绝大部分信息或存于物质语境中，或内化在个人身上，而极少数则处在清晰，被传递的编码讯息中。这意味着，在高语境文化中的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。低语境即将大量的信息置于清晰的编码中。相对
地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境之中。这意味着，在低语
境文化中的人们习惯侧重用言语本身的力量来进行交际。
阴性文化一阳性文化 阳性文化表现出的是力量，自我表现、
竞争和雄心壮志。阴性文化是指那种注重感情、富于同情心的文化。
因此，本文不仅仅是分析中美非言语交际的差异，而且更注重
对造成这些差异的文化因素进行分析。
Nonverbal communication (NVC) is like verbal communication, an essential part of the overall human communication process. NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.
Focusing on Chinese and American NVC, this thesis examines the influence of culture on various aspects of nonverbal behavior so as to demonstrate the variety of culturally derived nonverbal behaviors and the underlying value structures that produce these behaviors. Due to the different origin and development in cultural systems, Chinese and American cultures display different cultural traits that attribute to the differences in their NVC. It is discussed that the major dimensions of cultural variabilities are individualistic culture and collectivistic culture, masculine culture and feminine culture, high-context culture and low- context culture, which produce differences in NVC of Chinese and Americans, specific examples of the NVC differences between Chinese and Americans are analyzed and illustrated, ranging from chronemics, proxemics, kinesics, paralanguage.
Collectivism- Individualism In collectivistic culture, it emphasizes on collectivity, harmony, cooperation, interdependency, and it tries to be harmonious with the whole circumstance. While in individualistic culture, the individual is the single most important unit in any social setting, regardless of the size of that unit, and the uniqueness of each
individual is of paramount value.
High-context-Low Context A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. It means that people who are in high-context communication culture are sensitive to the subtle circumstance hint. A low-context communication is just the opposition, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. Comparably to say, only a little bit messages are contained in circumstance. It means that people who are in low-context communication culture are like communicating with the power of language itself.
Femininity- Masculinity Masculine traits are typically attributes such as power, arid assertiveness, competitiveness and ambitiousness. While feminine traits are attributes such as affection, compassion, nurturance and emotionality.
Therefore this thesis goes beyond a mere cataloging of differences in NVC and offers insights into cultural explanations for a variety of NVC differences between Chinese and Americans.
引文
Birdwhistell, R.L. Kinesics and Context Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970
Bolinger, D. Sears, D.A. Aspects of Language 3rd ed. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, inc. 1981
Brogan, D.W. American Character N.Y: Alfred. A. Knopt. 1944
Brooks, N. Teaching Culture in the Foreign Language Classroom. Foreign Language Annals 1, 1968
Brooks, W.D. Interpersonal Communication 2nd ed. W.m.C.Brown Company Publisher 1980
Burgoon. J. K. et al. Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996
Casmir, F.L. Intercultural and International Communication University Press of America 1996
Devito, J.A. The Interpersonal Communication Book 5th ed. Harper and Row, publishers. New York 1989
Ekman, Paul. Friesen, Wallace. Unmasking the Face Englewood Cliffs. N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1975
Fast, Julius Body Language NewYork: M.Evans and Company 1970
Gamble, T. K, et al. Communication Works 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company 1990
Geertz, C. The Interpretation of Cultures New York: Basic Books 1973
Gouran, D.S. et al. Mastering Communication Allyn and Bacon 1992
Hall, E.T. Beyond Culture Anchor Books 1976
Hall, E. T. The Hidden Dimension N.Y.: Doubledow and Company 1966
Hall, E.T. The Silent Language Anchor Books 1959
Hamilton, Cheryl Parker, Cordell. Communicating for Results 5th ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company 1997
Hinde, R.A. Non-Verbal Communication Canbridge at the University 1992
Levine, R.D. et al. Beyond Language Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey 1982
McClosky, Herbert, John Zaller. The American Ethos. London: Harvard University Press, 1984
McCroshey, C. J. et al. Human Communication West Virgina University 1976
Mehrabian, Albert. Silent Messages Belmunt, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. 1971
Myers, D.G. Social Psychology 4th ed. Hope College 1993
Neill, S. Classroom Nonverbal Communication London and NewYork 1991
Pearson, J.C. Interpersonal Communication Scott, Foresman and Company 1983
Ruban, B.D. Communication and Human Behavior N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Company 1984
Samovar, L. A. et al. Communication Between Cultures 3rd ed. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2000
Smith, R. J. China's Cultural Heritage: The Ch'ing Dynasty 1644-1912 Francis Pinter Publishers. London 1983
Stewart, J. et al Together: communicating Interpersonally. 2nd ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. 1980
TuBBS, S.L. Human Communication 6th ed. Eastern Michigan University 1991
Weaver, R.L. Understanding Interpersonal Communication Scott, Foresman and Company 1984
毕继万 《跨文化非语言交际》 外语教学与研究出版社 1999
邓炎昌，刘润清 《语言与文化—英汉语言文化对比》 外语教学与研究出版社 2001
顾嘉祖、陆昇 《语言与文化》 上海外语出版社 1990
关世杰 《跨文化交流学》 北京大学出版社 1996
关世杰(译) 《文化的冲突与共融》(第二版) 新华出版社 2002
贾玉新 《跨文化交际学》 上海外语教育出版社 2000
孟小平(译) 《非言语交流》 北京语言学院出版社 1991
毛茂臣 《语义学：跨学科的学问》 学林出版社 1987
胡文仲《跨文化交际学选读》(英文版)湖南教育出版社 1989
胡文仲 《跨文化交际学概论》 外语教学与研究出版社 1999
张维鼎 《语言文化纵论》 四川辞书出版社 2002
郑立信、顾嘉祖 《美国英语与美国文化》 湖南教育出版社 1998
周国光 《体态语》 中央民族大学出版社 1997
朱永涛 《英美文化基础教程》 外语教学与研究出版社 2001
朱永涛 《美国价值观—一个中国学者的探讨》外语教学与研究出版社 2002
Bolinger, D. Sears, D.A. Aspects of Language 3rd ed. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, inc. 1981
Brogan, D.W. American Character N.Y: Alfred. A. Knopt. 1944
Brooks, N. Teaching Culture in the Foreign Language Classroom. Foreign Language Annals 1, 1968
Brooks, W.D. Interpersonal Communication 2nd ed. W.m.C.Brown Company Publisher 1980
Burgoon. J. K. et al. Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996
Casmir, F.L. Intercultural and International Communication University Press of America 1996
Devito, J.A. The Interpersonal Communication Book 5th ed. Harper and Row, publishers. New York 1989
Ekman, Paul. Friesen, Wallace. Unmasking the Face Englewood Cliffs. N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1975
Fast, Julius Body Language NewYork: M.Evans and Company 1970
Gamble, T. K, et al. Communication Works 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company 1990
Geertz, C. The Interpretation of Cultures New York: Basic Books 1973
Gouran, D.S. et al. Mastering Communication Allyn and Bacon 1992
Hall, E.T. Beyond Culture Anchor Books 1976
Hall, E. T. The Hidden Dimension N.Y.: Doubledow and Company 1966
Hall, E.T. The Silent Language Anchor Books 1959
Hamilton, Cheryl Parker, Cordell. Communicating for Results 5th ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company 1997
Hinde, R.A. Non-Verbal Communication Canbridge at the University 1992
Levine, R.D. et al. Beyond Language Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey 1982
McClosky, Herbert, John Zaller. The American Ethos. London: Harvard University Press, 1984
McCroshey, C. J. et al. Human Communication West Virgina University 1976
Mehrabian, Albert. Silent Messages Belmunt, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. 1971
Myers, D.G. Social Psychology 4th ed. Hope College 1993
Neill, S. Classroom Nonverbal Communication London and NewYork 1991
Pearson, J.C. Interpersonal Communication Scott, Foresman and Company 1983
Ruban, B.D. Communication and Human Behavior N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Company 1984
Samovar, L. A. et al. Communication Between Cultures 3rd ed. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2000
Smith, R. J. China's Cultural Heritage: The Ch'ing Dynasty 1644-1912 Francis Pinter Publishers. London 1983
Stewart, J. et al Together: communicating Interpersonally. 2nd ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. 1980
TuBBS, S.L. Human Communication 6th ed. Eastern Michigan University 1991
Weaver, R.L. Understanding Interpersonal Communication Scott, Foresman and Company 1984
毕继万 《跨文化非语言交际》 外语教学与研究出版社 1999
邓炎昌，刘润清 《语言与文化—英汉语言文化对比》 外语教学与研究出版社 2001
顾嘉祖、陆昇 《语言与文化》 上海外语出版社 1990
关世杰 《跨文化交流学》 北京大学出版社 1996
关世杰(译) 《文化的冲突与共融》(第二版) 新华出版社 2002
贾玉新 《跨文化交际学》 上海外语教育出版社 2000
孟小平(译) 《非言语交流》 北京语言学院出版社 1991
毛茂臣 《语义学：跨学科的学问》 学林出版社 1987
胡文仲《跨文化交际学选读》(英文版)湖南教育出版社 1989
胡文仲 《跨文化交际学概论》 外语教学与研究出版社 1999
张维鼎 《语言文化纵论》 四川辞书出版社 2002
郑立信、顾嘉祖 《美国英语与美国文化》 湖南教育出版社 1998
周国光 《体态语》 中央民族大学出版社 1997
朱永涛 《英美文化基础教程》 外语教学与研究出版社 2001
朱永涛 《美国价值观—一个中国学者的探讨》外语教学与研究出版社 2002
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