智能电网背景下若干系统稳定控制相关问题的研究
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摘要
随着化石资源的日见枯竭以及环境的不断恶化，人们已将可再生能源的利用视为社会与经济可持续发展的重要保障。电力是最重要的二次能源，具有清洁、高效的特点，将作为可再生能源的主要转化形式；而电力系统作为电能的主要载体，需责无旁贷地承担起有效接纳、稳定运行的责任。现代电力系统面临着更高的运行要求、大量具有波动性的可再生能源接入以及日益活跃的需求侧，在此推动下，电力工业正在朝着智能电网的目标逐步推进。以智能电网为背景，本文在电力系统静态电压稳定控制、主动解列以及需求侧响应方面做了如下工作：
第一，针对电力系统静态电压稳定控制中的负荷调整量快速求解问题，提出一种基于有功负荷注入空间静态电压稳定域（SVSR_IS）的负荷调整量计算方法。该方法需以SVSR_IS的准确构造为前提，因此本文首先提出一种基于聚类分析的SVSR_IS两阶段求解方法，该方法可在节省计算量的同时计及稳定域边界曲率的变化得到更加准确的超平面近似。基于SVSR_IS提出的负荷调整量计算方法可通过全局信息给出更优的计算结果，在线应用时在计算速度上具有优势。
第二，基于稳定域的方法存在高维空间上的构造困难，本文基于电力系统一些稳定控制问题的局部特征，提出一种在局部注入空间上节点功率注入与稳定裕度之间函数关系的超平面形式近似表达方法（HFAL_I）。参照SVSR_IS的两阶段求解思路，对具体聚类步骤进行改造给出HFAL_I的两阶段求解方法。基于HFAL_I可以快速计算系统的负荷裕度并给出局部注入变量的控制量。
第三，以多层图分割理论为框架提出了一种电力系统主动解列断面的快速搜索方法，该方法结合了图论和电力系统运行的自身特点，通过粗化、初始分区和还原优化三步完成解列断面的快速搜索。在具体实现过程中，提出一种基于同步机组群的潮流追踪方法提高了粗化过程的效率；提出一种考虑拓扑结构约束的0-1规划方法可在还原优化过程中保证较高的划分质量和子系统的连通性。
第四，随着智能电网的不断发展，通过先进的控制技术可将需求侧响应作为一种可调度的资源参与系统运行。本文以热力学可控负荷的大规模集中式控制为基础给出了其参与系统辅助服务的体系架构，并对其参与风电场并网系统的出力平滑、电压稳定控制的场景进行了仿真，仿真结果表明需求侧响应可以降低系统的运行费用、提高供电可靠性，而故障情况下能够在短时提供大量备用，有助于维持系统稳定运行。
Due to the shortage of fossil resources and the deterioration of environment,people are gradually realizing the importance of renewable energy in guaranteeing thesustainable development of society and economy. As the most important secondaryenergy, with the clean and efficient characteristic, electrical energy would serve as themain conversion form of renewable energy. Power system, as the carrier of electricity,has unshirkable responsibility to ensure the renewable energy access, whilemaintaining stable operation. The emerging issues, such as increasingly systemoperational requirements, the larger amount of renewable energy access, and the moreactive demand-side, have driven the electrical power industry towards the goal ofsmart grid. In the context of smart grid, this thesis is focused on the field of powersystem static voltage stability and control, controlled system splitting, as well asdemand response. The major works are listed in the following:
First, a new calculation method of load adjustment with considering the staticvoltage stability of power system is proposed, which is solved based on the staticvoltage stability region in active load injection space (SVSR_IS). In order to promisethe accurate results, it is necessary to construct a more precise expression of SVSR_IS.Therefore, a two-stage method based on clustering analysis is proposed. It firstreduces the computational burden, and then could obtain a more accurate hyper-planeapproximation with considering the curvature change of the stability region boundary.Due to the hyper-plane form and the embedded global information of SVSR_IS, theproposed method could give better load adjustment result in short time.
Second, construction of high-dimensional stability region is difficult. However,the local feature of some certain control problems in power system makes it possibleto put forward a stability region that only involving local varaibles. At this point ofview, a hyper-plane form approximation of the relationship between load margin andlocal injection space parameters (HFAL_I) is proposed. Similar to the calculation ofSVSR_IS, HFAL_Icould also be solved using a two-stage method while only somedetail steps need modified. Based on HFAL_I, system load margin and the adjustmentof local injection variable could be easily derived.
Third, a multi-level partitioning theory based method for power system controlledsplitting is proposed. Three main steps, called coarsening, initial partitioning andrefinement, are executed in sequence to achieve optimal splitting boundary. Someoperational characteristics of power system are ultilized to accelerate searching speed.In coarsening process, a novel power flow tracing method based on the group ofsynchronized generators is proposed to improve the efficiency, and then a0-1programming problem with considering topology connectivity constraints is solved inrefinement process to guarantee the high quality of partitioning and the connectivityof each island.
Last, with the development of smart grid, demand response could be turned intoone kind of dispatchable resource through the state-of-the-art technology, and then itcould play a role in the power system operation and control. A framework of demandresponse providing ancillary services is given based on the large-scale centralizedcontrol of thermostatically controllable load (TCL). Two scenario of TCL attendingwind power system control, for example, wind farm output smoothing and staticvoltage stability control, are simulated. Simulation results showed that demandresponse could reduce system operational cost and improve system reliability at thesame time. In case of contingency, demand response could also serve as large reservesin short time to help maintaining system stable.
第一，针对电力系统静态电压稳定控制中的负荷调整量快速求解问题，提出一种基于有功负荷注入空间静态电压稳定域（SVSR_IS）的负荷调整量计算方法。该方法需以SVSR_IS的准确构造为前提，因此本文首先提出一种基于聚类分析的SVSR_IS两阶段求解方法，该方法可在节省计算量的同时计及稳定域边界曲率的变化得到更加准确的超平面近似。基于SVSR_IS提出的负荷调整量计算方法可通过全局信息给出更优的计算结果，在线应用时在计算速度上具有优势。
第二，基于稳定域的方法存在高维空间上的构造困难，本文基于电力系统一些稳定控制问题的局部特征，提出一种在局部注入空间上节点功率注入与稳定裕度之间函数关系的超平面形式近似表达方法（HFAL_I）。参照SVSR_IS的两阶段求解思路，对具体聚类步骤进行改造给出HFAL_I的两阶段求解方法。基于HFAL_I可以快速计算系统的负荷裕度并给出局部注入变量的控制量。
第三，以多层图分割理论为框架提出了一种电力系统主动解列断面的快速搜索方法，该方法结合了图论和电力系统运行的自身特点，通过粗化、初始分区和还原优化三步完成解列断面的快速搜索。在具体实现过程中，提出一种基于同步机组群的潮流追踪方法提高了粗化过程的效率；提出一种考虑拓扑结构约束的0-1规划方法可在还原优化过程中保证较高的划分质量和子系统的连通性。
第四，随着智能电网的不断发展，通过先进的控制技术可将需求侧响应作为一种可调度的资源参与系统运行。本文以热力学可控负荷的大规模集中式控制为基础给出了其参与系统辅助服务的体系架构，并对其参与风电场并网系统的出力平滑、电压稳定控制的场景进行了仿真，仿真结果表明需求侧响应可以降低系统的运行费用、提高供电可靠性，而故障情况下能够在短时提供大量备用，有助于维持系统稳定运行。
Due to the shortage of fossil resources and the deterioration of environment,people are gradually realizing the importance of renewable energy in guaranteeing thesustainable development of society and economy. As the most important secondaryenergy, with the clean and efficient characteristic, electrical energy would serve as themain conversion form of renewable energy. Power system, as the carrier of electricity,has unshirkable responsibility to ensure the renewable energy access, whilemaintaining stable operation. The emerging issues, such as increasingly systemoperational requirements, the larger amount of renewable energy access, and the moreactive demand-side, have driven the electrical power industry towards the goal ofsmart grid. In the context of smart grid, this thesis is focused on the field of powersystem static voltage stability and control, controlled system splitting, as well asdemand response. The major works are listed in the following:
First, a new calculation method of load adjustment with considering the staticvoltage stability of power system is proposed, which is solved based on the staticvoltage stability region in active load injection space (SVSR_IS). In order to promisethe accurate results, it is necessary to construct a more precise expression of SVSR_IS.Therefore, a two-stage method based on clustering analysis is proposed. It firstreduces the computational burden, and then could obtain a more accurate hyper-planeapproximation with considering the curvature change of the stability region boundary.Due to the hyper-plane form and the embedded global information of SVSR_IS, theproposed method could give better load adjustment result in short time.
Second, construction of high-dimensional stability region is difficult. However,the local feature of some certain control problems in power system makes it possibleto put forward a stability region that only involving local varaibles. At this point ofview, a hyper-plane form approximation of the relationship between load margin andlocal injection space parameters (HFAL_I) is proposed. Similar to the calculation ofSVSR_IS, HFAL_Icould also be solved using a two-stage method while only somedetail steps need modified. Based on HFAL_I, system load margin and the adjustmentof local injection variable could be easily derived.
Third, a multi-level partitioning theory based method for power system controlledsplitting is proposed. Three main steps, called coarsening, initial partitioning andrefinement, are executed in sequence to achieve optimal splitting boundary. Someoperational characteristics of power system are ultilized to accelerate searching speed.In coarsening process, a novel power flow tracing method based on the group ofsynchronized generators is proposed to improve the efficiency, and then a0-1programming problem with considering topology connectivity constraints is solved inrefinement process to guarantee the high quality of partitioning and the connectivityof each island.
Last, with the development of smart grid, demand response could be turned intoone kind of dispatchable resource through the state-of-the-art technology, and then itcould play a role in the power system operation and control. A framework of demandresponse providing ancillary services is given based on the large-scale centralizedcontrol of thermostatically controllable load (TCL). Two scenario of TCL attendingwind power system control, for example, wind farm output smoothing and staticvoltage stability control, are simulated. Simulation results showed that demandresponse could reduce system operational cost and improve system reliability at thesame time. In case of contingency, demand response could also serve as large reservesin short time to help maintaining system stable.
引文
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