污泥水富集硝化菌添加强化污水处理系统硝化的试验研究
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摘要
城市污水处理厂污泥(初沉污泥和剩余污泥)处理过程中产生的污泥水(厌氧消化池上清液、浓缩池上清液、脱水滤液)含有高浓度氨氮,其水量仅为污水处理厂进水的1～2%,但氮负荷占进水总氮负荷的15～25%。本文调查了西安市邓家村污水处理厂产生的污泥水的水质特性和西安市三个污水处理厂的硝化菌种群结构,并对污泥水的单独处理、采用污泥水富集硝化菌的效果、富集硝化菌的微生态结构与动力学参数、硝化菌添加及原生动物捕食对污水处理系统硝化性能与微生物群落结构的影响等进行了系统的研究。主要结论如下:
(1)污泥水具有高氨氮、高磷酸盐、低C/N比的特点。其中TKN浓度为494～946mg/L,TP浓度为72.1～124.8 mg/L,SCOD/TKN比值为0.25～0.84。
(2)污泥水单独处理时,氨氮平均去除率为99%,但是污泥水中的COD较难降解,脱氮效率较低,TCOD、SCOD和TN的平均去除率分别为66%、50%和29.9%。
(3)采用污泥水富集的硝化菌中,Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcusmobilis为氨氧化菌优势菌属,Nitrobacter为亚硝酸盐氧化菌优势菌属。氨氧化速率在10～40℃之间的温度修正系数τ_N为1.092,亚硝酸盐氧化速率在15～30℃之间的温度修正系数τ_N为1.061。氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌在20℃的基质半饱和常数K_N分别为1.60 mgNH_4~+-N/L、2.78 mgNO_2~--N/L。温度影响因子与氨氧化菌的基质半饱和常数与常规污水处理厂接近,但亚硝酸盐氧化菌的基质半饱和常数偏高。
(4)污泥水富集过程中,污泥龄越短、温度越低,硝化菌的表观产率系数越大,A/O比、水力负荷对其影响不明显。
(5)硝化菌添加到污水处理系统后,污泥的硝化活性逐渐增加,氨氧化速率比亚硝酸氧化速率增加量高,因此硝化菌添加后会出现一定程度的亚硝酸盐积累。此外,添加初期,污水处理系统中原生动物数量会增加;污泥沉降指数SVI也出现一定的增加,并与出水亚硝酸盐浓度正相关。
(6)生物添加能有效强化污水处理系统的硝化性能和群落结构。对模拟的城市污水处理系统进行硝化菌生物添加后,污泥中氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量(前8天氨氧化菌增加约一个数量级,亚硝酸盐氧化菌增加近两个数量级)会迅速增加,但是氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率的增加相对缓慢。硝化菌的多样性增加,群落结构与添加的硝化菌群落结构逐渐接近,氨氧化菌的优势菌属在添加前后均为Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis lineage,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌由添加前的Nitrospira转变Nitrobacter,结构相关系数由添加前的0.13增加至添加结束时的0.93。
(7)原生动物捕食对硝化菌中慢速生长型的K-strategist影响较大,对快速生长型的r-strategist影响较小。经原生动物抑制的反应器中K-strategist(Nitrosospira与Nitrospira)数量与硝化菌种类多于原生动物未加以抑制的反应器,而r-strategist(Nitrosomonas europaea与Nitrobacter)数量与种类无明显差别,因此原生动物捕食对硝化性能无明显影响。
(8)具有生物脱氮功能的城市污水处理厂污泥中硝化菌种类繁多,生物多样性丰富。所调查的三个污水处理厂(邓家村污水处理厂、北石桥污水处理厂和第三污水处理厂)污泥中,氨氧化菌均以Nitrosomonas europaea/nitrosococcus mobilislineage为主,同时存在Nitrososipra;亚硝酸氧化菌主要为Nitrospira和Nitrobacter,优势菌属为Nitrospira,同时存在少量的Nitrococcus,而Nitrospina很少检测到。
总之,采用污泥水富集硝化菌并添加强化污水处理系统硝化可以在处理污泥水的同时有效强化污水处理系统的硝化性能和微生物群落结构。
Reject water produced from sludge treatment process in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is of high ammonium concentration,low readily biodegradable organics and C/N ratio.Eventhough its flow rate is small(less than 1%of the total influent flow),the nitrogen load accounts for 15～25%of the total influent load.This study investigated the quality of reject water and its separate treatment firstly,and then examined the nitrifying biomass accumulation with reject water and the effect of bioaugmentation and predation on the microbial community and nitrification performance of the sewage treatment system.Finally,the microbial communities of three WWTPs in Xi'an were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).The main results and Conclusions are as follows.
(1) The TKN and TP concentration of the reject water was 494～946 and 72.1～124.8 mg/L respectively,and the ratio of SCOD/TKN was 0.25～0.84.
(2) Reject water can be treated separately.A high level of nitrification and 99%of the average removal efficiency of ammonia can be achieved.Since the low biodegradability of COD in the reject water,the average removal efficiency of TCOD, SCOD and TN during the experiment was 66%,50%and 29.9%respectively.
(3) In the nitrifying biomass accumulated with reject water,Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis was the dominant ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB), Nitrobacter spp.was the dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB).The temperature correction factors of ammonium utilized rate(AUR) and nitrite utilized rate(NUR) were 1.092 and 1.061 respectively;the K_N of AOB and NOB was,1.60±0.29mgNH_3-N/L, 2.78±0.30mgNO_2~--N/L respectively.The values ofτ_N and K_N of AOB were similar with that of the nitrifiers in WWTP,but the K_N of NOB was relative high.
(4) Low SRT and temperature may increase the observed yield coefficieny(Y_(obs)) of nitrifiers,but,the HRT and A/O ratio had no evident effect on Y_(obs).
(5) Nitrification performance can be enhanced by the bioaugmentation.AUR increased more rapidly than NUR,so there was a nitrite accumulation after the bioaugmentation.
(6) Bioaugmentation can increase the amount of nitrifiers quickly,and after the bioaugmentaion,the community structure was similar to the seed source,FISH analysis showed that Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis lineage were the dominant AOB in all activated sludge samples,and the dominant NOB were Nitrospira spp.before the bioaugmentation,and then gradually transferred to Nitrobacter spp.(the dominant NOB in the seed source) after bioaugmentation.
(7) The K-strategists(Nitrosospira,Nitrospira) were more vulnerable to predation pressure than the r-strategists(Nitrosomonas europaea,Nitrobacter),so the K-strategists were detected in the reactor without protozoa but not in the reactor with prozoa,and predation did not have a significant influence on nitrifiers performance.
(8) Compared to reactors in lab-scale,a more diversified community of nitrifiers was observed in full scall WWTP.In the three WWTPs surveyed,Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis was the dominant AOB,and there were quite amount of Nitrososipra coexisted;Nitrobacter spp.was the dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB),Nitrososipra coexisted,and a few Nitrococcus,Nitrospina detected.
In general,bioaugment with nitrifiers cultivated with reject water is an effective way to treat the reject water and to enhancing nitrifiers performance and microbial community in WWTP simultaneously.
(1)污泥水具有高氨氮、高磷酸盐、低C/N比的特点。其中TKN浓度为494～946mg/L,TP浓度为72.1～124.8 mg/L,SCOD/TKN比值为0.25～0.84。
(2)污泥水单独处理时,氨氮平均去除率为99%,但是污泥水中的COD较难降解,脱氮效率较低,TCOD、SCOD和TN的平均去除率分别为66%、50%和29.9%。
(3)采用污泥水富集的硝化菌中,Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcusmobilis为氨氧化菌优势菌属,Nitrobacter为亚硝酸盐氧化菌优势菌属。氨氧化速率在10～40℃之间的温度修正系数τ_N为1.092,亚硝酸盐氧化速率在15～30℃之间的温度修正系数τ_N为1.061。氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌在20℃的基质半饱和常数K_N分别为1.60 mgNH_4~+-N/L、2.78 mgNO_2~--N/L。温度影响因子与氨氧化菌的基质半饱和常数与常规污水处理厂接近,但亚硝酸盐氧化菌的基质半饱和常数偏高。
(4)污泥水富集过程中,污泥龄越短、温度越低,硝化菌的表观产率系数越大,A/O比、水力负荷对其影响不明显。
(5)硝化菌添加到污水处理系统后,污泥的硝化活性逐渐增加,氨氧化速率比亚硝酸氧化速率增加量高,因此硝化菌添加后会出现一定程度的亚硝酸盐积累。此外,添加初期,污水处理系统中原生动物数量会增加;污泥沉降指数SVI也出现一定的增加,并与出水亚硝酸盐浓度正相关。
(6)生物添加能有效强化污水处理系统的硝化性能和群落结构。对模拟的城市污水处理系统进行硝化菌生物添加后,污泥中氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量(前8天氨氧化菌增加约一个数量级,亚硝酸盐氧化菌增加近两个数量级)会迅速增加,但是氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率的增加相对缓慢。硝化菌的多样性增加,群落结构与添加的硝化菌群落结构逐渐接近,氨氧化菌的优势菌属在添加前后均为Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis lineage,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌由添加前的Nitrospira转变Nitrobacter,结构相关系数由添加前的0.13增加至添加结束时的0.93。
(7)原生动物捕食对硝化菌中慢速生长型的K-strategist影响较大,对快速生长型的r-strategist影响较小。经原生动物抑制的反应器中K-strategist(Nitrosospira与Nitrospira)数量与硝化菌种类多于原生动物未加以抑制的反应器,而r-strategist(Nitrosomonas europaea与Nitrobacter)数量与种类无明显差别,因此原生动物捕食对硝化性能无明显影响。
(8)具有生物脱氮功能的城市污水处理厂污泥中硝化菌种类繁多,生物多样性丰富。所调查的三个污水处理厂(邓家村污水处理厂、北石桥污水处理厂和第三污水处理厂)污泥中,氨氧化菌均以Nitrosomonas europaea/nitrosococcus mobilislineage为主,同时存在Nitrososipra;亚硝酸氧化菌主要为Nitrospira和Nitrobacter,优势菌属为Nitrospira,同时存在少量的Nitrococcus,而Nitrospina很少检测到。
总之,采用污泥水富集硝化菌并添加强化污水处理系统硝化可以在处理污泥水的同时有效强化污水处理系统的硝化性能和微生物群落结构。
Reject water produced from sludge treatment process in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is of high ammonium concentration,low readily biodegradable organics and C/N ratio.Eventhough its flow rate is small(less than 1%of the total influent flow),the nitrogen load accounts for 15～25%of the total influent load.This study investigated the quality of reject water and its separate treatment firstly,and then examined the nitrifying biomass accumulation with reject water and the effect of bioaugmentation and predation on the microbial community and nitrification performance of the sewage treatment system.Finally,the microbial communities of three WWTPs in Xi'an were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).The main results and Conclusions are as follows.
(1) The TKN and TP concentration of the reject water was 494～946 and 72.1～124.8 mg/L respectively,and the ratio of SCOD/TKN was 0.25～0.84.
(2) Reject water can be treated separately.A high level of nitrification and 99%of the average removal efficiency of ammonia can be achieved.Since the low biodegradability of COD in the reject water,the average removal efficiency of TCOD, SCOD and TN during the experiment was 66%,50%and 29.9%respectively.
(3) In the nitrifying biomass accumulated with reject water,Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis was the dominant ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB), Nitrobacter spp.was the dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB).The temperature correction factors of ammonium utilized rate(AUR) and nitrite utilized rate(NUR) were 1.092 and 1.061 respectively;the K_N of AOB and NOB was,1.60±0.29mgNH_3-N/L, 2.78±0.30mgNO_2~--N/L respectively.The values ofτ_N and K_N of AOB were similar with that of the nitrifiers in WWTP,but the K_N of NOB was relative high.
(4) Low SRT and temperature may increase the observed yield coefficieny(Y_(obs)) of nitrifiers,but,the HRT and A/O ratio had no evident effect on Y_(obs).
(5) Nitrification performance can be enhanced by the bioaugmentation.AUR increased more rapidly than NUR,so there was a nitrite accumulation after the bioaugmentation.
(6) Bioaugmentation can increase the amount of nitrifiers quickly,and after the bioaugmentaion,the community structure was similar to the seed source,FISH analysis showed that Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis lineage were the dominant AOB in all activated sludge samples,and the dominant NOB were Nitrospira spp.before the bioaugmentation,and then gradually transferred to Nitrobacter spp.(the dominant NOB in the seed source) after bioaugmentation.
(7) The K-strategists(Nitrosospira,Nitrospira) were more vulnerable to predation pressure than the r-strategists(Nitrosomonas europaea,Nitrobacter),so the K-strategists were detected in the reactor without protozoa but not in the reactor with prozoa,and predation did not have a significant influence on nitrifiers performance.
(8) Compared to reactors in lab-scale,a more diversified community of nitrifiers was observed in full scall WWTP.In the three WWTPs surveyed,Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis was the dominant AOB,and there were quite amount of Nitrososipra coexisted;Nitrobacter spp.was the dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB),Nitrososipra coexisted,and a few Nitrococcus,Nitrospina detected.
In general,bioaugment with nitrifiers cultivated with reject water is an effective way to treat the reject water and to enhancing nitrifiers performance and microbial community in WWTP simultaneously.
引文
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