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广州市森林健康风险研究
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摘要
当前,我国森林正面临着严重的健康风险问题,如森林覆盖率较低、立地质量较差、林分结构简单、人工林增多、生物多样性降低、水土流失严重、森林灾害频发等,给国家带来了巨大的生态和经济损失。因此,从系统和全局的高度对森林健康风险进行全面认识、客观分析、科学决策是森林可持续经营的重要任务,对促进林业可持续发展具有重要的理论和实际意义。
     本论文的研究是导师担任总技术负责人的重大项目:“广州数字林业及大树名木保护系统建设项目”(GZIT2010-ZB0533)的重要内容之一,本文以系统科学、可持续发展、森林健康等理论为指导,对广州市森林健康风险进行了全面的研究。研究过程中,对国内外关于森林健康的内涵、森林健康风险因子、森林健康风险评价、森林健康风险预警等方面的研究进展进行了综述,结合广州市自然地理、社会经济、森林资源与森林健康现状,从森林结构、功能、环境三大方面对广州市森林健康风险进行了评价、预警、防范研究。主要研究结果如下:
     (1)结合国内标准及专家学者的最新研究成果,从森林结构性、功能性、环境性风险三方面选取了20类风险因素,对广州市及其八个区(市)的森林健康风险进行了深度分析和计算,并按功能类别分成15类因素(C类)。
     (2)15类(C类)森林健康风险因素中,每类因素又有若干指标(D类),根据指标筛选原则,结合定性分析,并进行测度分析,筛选出了能综合反映森林健康风险的22个森林健康风险评价指标,编制了22个森林健康风险评价指标的分级阈值表,构建了广州市森林健康风险评价指标体系。
     (3)运用功效系数法和标准比值法进行计算,得到了两组广州市及其八个区(市)的22个森林健康风险评价指标的水平值,为森林健康风险评价及其类比评价提供了定量依据。
     (4)采用AHP法得到了广州市森林健康风险评价22个指标的权重,分别为D1(0.006)、D2(0.018)、D3(0.009)、D4(0.009)、D5(0.010)、D6(0.010)、D7(0.043)、D8(0.045)、D9(0.015)、D10(0.015)、D11(0.015)、D12(0.046)、 D13(0.046)、D14(0.046)、D15(0.031)、D16(0.043)、D17(0.192)、D18(0.192)、 Di9(0.069)、D20(0.113)、D2i (0.013)、D22(0.013)。
     (5)采用综合指数法、功效系数法、人工神经网络法、模糊综合评价法等,以年为时间尺度,以广州市及其八个区(市)为空间尺度,构建了风险评价模型。通过模型计算出了四组风险综合评价指数值,对森林健康风险进行了类比评价。依据五等级风险判别标准,得到了广州市及其八个区(市)森林健康风险综合评价等级均处于轻度。
     (6)根据预警指标筛选原则,并对各预警指标进行测度分析和定性分析,筛选出了16个风险预警指标,并确定了各风险预警指标处于无、轻度、中度、高度、巨大五个风险预警等级时的警限值,构建了广州市森林健康风险预警指标体系。
     (7)运用AHP法得到了森林未覆盖率、人工林面积占有率、商品林面积占有率、林分平均每公顷蓄积量等16个预警指标的权重:0.018、0.018、0.018、0.018、0.033、0.033,0.057,0.057,0.064、0.064,0.027,0.027,0.167、0.167,0.065,0.167。
     (8)运用功效系数法、标准比值法确定了广州市及其八个区(市)的预警指标值;对16个预警指标进行了单指标警情预报;采用综合指数法和功效系数法建立了相应的预警模型,得到了两组广州市及其八个区(市)森林健康风险预警综合指标值:0271、0283、0277、0258、0.316、0262、0263、0239、0324和90.659、0.682、0.614、0.637、0.542、0.643、0.681、0.682、0.619,根据预警等级判别标准,得到了广州市及其八个区(市)森林健康风险预警状态均为轻警,预警等级均处于2级。
     (9)通过对1984-2011年各类森林灾害法律、法规、文件进行研究,发现了森林火灾、病虫害、气象灾害防治及林地经营权与流转过程中存在的问题,提出了建立健全广州市森林健康风险法制体系、构建森林健康风险灾害性保险共同体、建立森林健康风险动态预警系统、完善森林健康风险防范的经营技术措施等来防范未来森林健康风险。
     森林健康风险具有动态性、随机性,风险种类多,影响因素复杂,森林健康风险的预报预警、防范、治理将是一项长期而艰巨的重要任务,森林健康风险研究也将是一项复杂的系统工程。随着科学技术的发展,新理论、新方法、新技术将进一步运用到森林健康风险研究、预防、治理工作中,开展对森林健康风险的全面研究,对减少生态和经济损失,促进林业可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。
At present, forests are facing many severe unhealthy risk issues in China, such as low forest coverage, poor site quality, simple stand structure, increased plantations, reduced biodiversity, severe soil erosion, forest disasters etc, each year they produced enormous ecological and economic losses to our forests. Therefore, comprehensively understanding, objectively analyzing, scientifically making a strategic decision of forest health risks is an important task for sustainable forest management from the system and overall perspective, has important theoretical and practical significance to promote the sustainable development of forestry.
     The research of this paper is an important part of a major project "Guangzhou Digital forestry and trees of wood protection system construction projects"(GZIT2010-ZB0533) which charged by my mentor as the total technical director. This paper takes the system science theory, sustainable development theory, forest health theory, and so on, as a guide, conduct comprehensive study of forest health risks in Guangzhou. During the course of the study, the research progress at home and abroad on the connotation of forest health, forest health risk factors, risk assessment of forest health, forest health risk warning are reviewed, and we make an evaluation, early warning, prevention research on forest health risks from three aspects of forest structure, function, environment, combining the physical geography, socio-economic, forest resources and forest health status quo of Guangzhou. The main findings are as follows:
     (1) combining with the latest research results of domestic standards, experts and scholars, select20categories of risk factors from the three aspects of forest structural, functional, environmental risks, conduct in-depth analysis and calculation for forest health risks of Guangzhou and its eight regions (municipalities), and divide into15categories of factors (C class) according to function categories.
     (2) In the15categories of (C class) forest health risk factors, there are a number of indexes (D class) in each category, in accordance with the principle of index selection, combining with qualitative analysis, make measure analysis and screen out 22evaluation indexes of forest health risks, work out a classification threshold table of the22evaluation indexes of forest health risks, build evaluation index system of forest health risks.
     (3) By means of Standard Ratio Method and Efficacy Coefficient Method, two groups of22level values of evaluation indexes of forest health risks have been gained in Guangzhou and its eight regions (municipalities), and provide a quantitative basis for forest health risks assessment and its analog evaluation.
     (4) The weights of22evaluation indexes of forest health risks have been obtained with the help of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Guangzhou, respectively D1(0.006), D2(0.018), D3(0.009), D4(0.009),D5(0.010), D6(0.010), D7(0.043), D8(0.045), D9(0.015), D10(0.015), D11(0.015), DI2(0.046), D13(0.046), D14(0.046), D15(0.031), D16(0.043), D17(0.192), D18(0.192), D19(0.069), D20(0.113), D21(0.013), D22(0.013).
     (5) Select four methods of composite index method, efficacy coefficient method, artificial neural network method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, take the year as time scale, take Guangzhou and its eight regions (municipalities) as spatial scale, and construct risk evaluation models. Through the models, this paper calculate four groups of risk evaluation index value, and conduct analogy evaluation of forest health risks. Comprehensive evaluation level of forest health risks has been considered as slight according to the five risk rank criterion.
     (6) Based on the early warning indexes screening principle, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, screen out the16risk early warning indexes; determine the limits of the various risk early warning indexes including the five risk early warning rank of non, mild, medium, high, huge. Finally establish early warning indexes system of forest health risks.
     (7) Get the weights of the16early warning indexes including the forest no-coverage rate, the plantation area occupancy, commercial forest area occupancy, forest growing stock per hectare on average by applying analytic hierarchy process mothod:0.018,0.0180,0.018,0.018,0.033,0.033,0.057,0.057,0.064,0.064,0.027,0.027,0.167,0.167,0.065,0.167.
     (8) Determine the early warning index values of Guangzhou and its eight districts (municipalities) by applying efficacy coefficient method and the standard ratio method. Conduct the single index police intelligence forecast as for the16early warning indexes, establish corresponding early warning model by using Composite Index Method and Efficacy Coefficient Method, acquire two groups of the early warning composite index values of forest health risk of Guangzhou and its eight districts(municipalities):respectively0.271,0.283,0.277,0.258,0.316,0.262,0.263,0.239,0.324and0.659,0.682,0.614,0.637,0.542,0.643,0.681,0.682,0.619. The early warning status of forest health risks of Guangzhou and its eight districts(municipalities) is light and the early warning level is two according to the early warning level criterion.
     (9) Through the study of all types of forests disaster laws, regulations, and number of files during1984-2011years, analyze the problems which exist in forest fires, pests and diseases, meteorological disaster prevention and the issues which exist in the operating right and transfer process of woodland, propose to establish a sound legal system of Guangzhou forest health risks; build forest health risks catastrophic insurance communities; establish forest health risks dynamic early warning system; improve the prevention techniques and measures of forest health risks to guard against future forest health risks.
     Forest health risk is dynamic, random, there are many types of risk, the influencing factors are complex. the forecasting and early warning, prevention, governance of forest health risks will be a long and arduous task, the research on forest health risks is a complex system project. With the development of science and technology, new theories, new methods, new technologies will be further applied to the study of the forecasting and early warning, prevention, governance of forest health risks, carrying out a comprehensive study on forest health risks has a very important significance. to reduce the ecological and economic losses and promote sustainable development of forestry.
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