ZVT-PWM BUCK电路效率的研究
摘要
BUCK型DC／DC变换器在电池供电的计算机，消费类产品等需多电源供电的电子系统中有着广泛的应用。小型化成为必然的要求。开关频率的提高使得变换器体积减小，如20KHz提高至1MHz，电源所用的DC／DC变换器体积只有原来的1／7。但随着开关频率的提高，硬开关的开关损耗增加，变换器的工作效率随之下降。而工作效率已是衡量高频DC／DC变换器品质的重要因素，如何在高频下获得高的工作效率成为研究方向之一。
对ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器而言，除了谐振参数对工作效率有很大的影响外，变换器输入输出电压和所带负载对工作效率都有影响。本文对一典型的ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器进行了深入的分析研究。计算出辅助回路各部分的损耗，以及辅助回路中各部分的损耗占输出功率的比例。根据计算公式和计算结果，分析了谐振电感，主开关并联电容和输入输出电压对变换器工作效率的影响，并且详细分析了辅助开关的关断损耗在带不同负载时对变换器工作效率的影响。找出了影响变换器工作效率的关键部分，并据此提出参数优化的方案和提高变换器工作效率的改进措施。设计了一新型ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器，并进行了实验和仿真验证，证实了所做的改进措施确实能够提高变换器的工作效率，验证了本文对辅助回路的损耗分析结果和所提出的参数优化的措施。最后为了适应大功率应用的场合，根据相同的原理对原有的一种两相ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器做出改进，提出一工作效率更高，并且适合于大功率应用的两相ZVT-PWM BUCK电路。
The BUCK DC/DC converter is wildly used in the battery charged computers and consumption products. Minisize is required in these products. The improvement of the switching frequency can diminish the converter size. The DC/DC converter is just one seventh as before when the switching frequency is improved from 20KHz to 1MHz. But the switching loss is increased as the switching frequency is improved and so the converter efficiency is decreased. Because efficiency is a main aspect to evaluate the high frequency DC/DC converter, how can higher efficiency be obtained is the important aspect of research.
To the ZVT-PWM soft-switching converter, not only the resonant parameters but the input and output voltage and the load can affect the converter efficiency. A detailed research of a typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is done in this paper. The loss of the different parts in the assistant circuit of the typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is calculated. The ratio of the loss of the different parts in the assistant circuit to the output power is calculated too. The influence of the resonant parameters and the input-output voltage to the converter efficiency is analyzed base the calculation. And the influence of the turn-off loss of the assistant switch to the efficiency of the typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is analyzed. The main aspects influence the efficiency are found out and the resonant parameters optimization schemes are brought forward. Due to the deficiency of the typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter,
the design of a new ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is described in this paper. The experimental results and simulation results all approved the improvement measurements can improve the converter efficiency. In the end of the paper, a improved two-phases ZVT-PWM BUCK circuit is brought forward base the same principle.
对ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器而言，除了谐振参数对工作效率有很大的影响外，变换器输入输出电压和所带负载对工作效率都有影响。本文对一典型的ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器进行了深入的分析研究。计算出辅助回路各部分的损耗，以及辅助回路中各部分的损耗占输出功率的比例。根据计算公式和计算结果，分析了谐振电感，主开关并联电容和输入输出电压对变换器工作效率的影响，并且详细分析了辅助开关的关断损耗在带不同负载时对变换器工作效率的影响。找出了影响变换器工作效率的关键部分，并据此提出参数优化的方案和提高变换器工作效率的改进措施。设计了一新型ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器，并进行了实验和仿真验证，证实了所做的改进措施确实能够提高变换器的工作效率，验证了本文对辅助回路的损耗分析结果和所提出的参数优化的措施。最后为了适应大功率应用的场合，根据相同的原理对原有的一种两相ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器做出改进，提出一工作效率更高，并且适合于大功率应用的两相ZVT-PWM BUCK电路。
The BUCK DC/DC converter is wildly used in the battery charged computers and consumption products. Minisize is required in these products. The improvement of the switching frequency can diminish the converter size. The DC/DC converter is just one seventh as before when the switching frequency is improved from 20KHz to 1MHz. But the switching loss is increased as the switching frequency is improved and so the converter efficiency is decreased. Because efficiency is a main aspect to evaluate the high frequency DC/DC converter, how can higher efficiency be obtained is the important aspect of research.
To the ZVT-PWM soft-switching converter, not only the resonant parameters but the input and output voltage and the load can affect the converter efficiency. A detailed research of a typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is done in this paper. The loss of the different parts in the assistant circuit of the typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is calculated. The ratio of the loss of the different parts in the assistant circuit to the output power is calculated too. The influence of the resonant parameters and the input-output voltage to the converter efficiency is analyzed base the calculation. And the influence of the turn-off loss of the assistant switch to the efficiency of the typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is analyzed. The main aspects influence the efficiency are found out and the resonant parameters optimization schemes are brought forward. Due to the deficiency of the typical ZVT-PWM BUCK converter,
the design of a new ZVT-PWM BUCK converter is described in this paper. The experimental results and simulation results all approved the improvement measurements can improve the converter efficiency. In the end of the paper, a improved two-phases ZVT-PWM BUCK circuit is brought forward base the same principle.
引文
1．阮新波，严仰光．直流开关电源的软开关技术．科学出版社，2000
2．黄宇清，谢运祥等．软开关技术发展现状述评．电气自动化，2001，1：11～15
3．张占松，蔡宣三．高频功率电子学．科学出版社，1993
4．叶治政，叶靖国．开关稳压电源．高等教育出版社，1989
5．刘胜利．现代高频开关电源实用技术．电子工业出版社，2001
6．谢勇．两种降压式PWM软开关变换器的分析比较．扬州大学学报，2002，5(1)：71～74
7．谢勇．三种BUCK谐振型PWM DC／DC变换器的比较．电力电子技术，2001，35(3)：27～29
8．杨旭，王兆安．零电压过度PWM软开关电路的损耗计算．电力电子技术，1999，2(1)：29～32
9．王聪．软开关功率变换器及其应用．北京，科学出版社，2000
10．赵良炳．现代电力电子技术基础．清华大学出版社，1995
11．黄远寿，刘光丽．电路(上、下)．成都，成都科技大学出版社，1993
12．康华光．电子技术基础(模拟部分)．高等教育出版社，1996
13．李爱文．现代通信电源基础开关电源的原理和设计．科学出版社，2001
14．陈治明．电力电子器件基础．北京，机械工业出版社，1992
15．杨柳春．谈开关电源的效率．兰州石化技术学院学报，2002，2(1)：17～19
16．杨志华，开关电源中二极管反向恢复的电压涌浪与损耗．通信电源技术，1998，12(4)：5～8
17．胡庆彬，卢元元．功率二极管反向恢复特性的仿真研究．电力电子技术，1990，5：45～48
18. Barbi I. Buck Qasi-resonant Converter Operation at Constant Frequency: Analysis, Design and Experimentation[T]. IEEE Trans on Power Electronecs. 1990,5(3):270～283
19. Hua G Ch, Lee F C. An Overview of Soft-Switching Techniques for PWM Converters. Proceeding of the International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. 1994:801～808
20. HUA G, LI Z Y. Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Converter. LI Z Y. VPEC91[C],
Virginia, VPEC, 1991:207～214
21. Hua G Ch, Leu Ch Sh. Novel Zero-voltage-Transition PWM Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 1994,9(2):213～219
22. D. Divan et al. Low Stress Switching for Efficiency. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1996,33:33～39
23. Whittington H W. Flynn B W. Macpherson DE. Switched Mode Power Supplies-Design and Construction. second editon, Research Studies Press LTD, and John Wiley & Sons INS. 1997
24．李洁，钟彦儒等．一种ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器的改进电路．电力电子技术，2001，35(4)：23～25
25．沈忠亭，严仰光．功率晶体管快速关断研究．电力电子技术，2001，35(5)：55～58
26. G. Hua. W.A. Tabisz, C.S. Leu, N. Dai, R. Watson. Development of Dc Distributed Power System Components. VPEC Annu. Seminar, 1993:87～96
27. Guichao Huan, Chingchan Liu, Yimin Jiang, et al. Novel Zero-Transition PWM Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1994,9(2):213～219
28. B. Choi. Dynamics and Control of Switchmode Power Conversions in Distributed Power Systems. Dep. Elect. Eng, Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polylech. Inst. State Univ, Blacksburg, May 1992
29. R. Tymerski, V. Vorperian. Generation, Classification and Analysis of Switched-mode Dc-to-Dc Converters by the Use of Converter Cells. INTELTC, pp. 1986:181～195
30. J.G. Cho, J. Sabate, and F.C. Lee. Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM dc/dc Converter for High Power Applications. IEEE APEC. 1993:143～149
31. Zhou. Xunwei, Donati, Mauro. Improve Light Load Efficiency for Syschronous Rectifier Buck Converter. IEEE APEC. 1999:295～302
32. Serada, T, Tsukamoto.K. Highly Efficiency Converter for Next-Generation Portable Devices. IEEE APEC. 1998:1089～1095
33．孔剑虹，胡磊等．组合软开关功率变换器的理论和应用．电子学报，2001，11，1571～1574
34．吴隆安，徐从欢等．高频开关电源变压器设计原理．华中理工大学学报，1996，8：
40～42
35. Busatto, Giovanni et al. Experimental and Numerical Investigation on MOSFET' s Failure During Reverse Recovery. IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices. 1999,46(6):1268～1273
36. Divakar. B.P, Sutanto. Danny. Optimum Buck Converter with a Single Switch. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1999,14(4):636～642
37. Jaber Abu-Qahouq et al. Unified Steady-State Analysis of Soft-Switching DC/DC Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 2002,17(5):684～691
38. Reis Barbosa. Lucio, et al. Buck Quadratic PWM Soft-Switching Converter Using a Single Active Switch. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1999,14(3):445～453
39. Kazimierczuk. Marian K et al. Dc and Ac Analysis of Buck PWM Dc-Dc Converter with Peak-Voltage-Modulation Feedforward Control. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 1999, 5:246～249
40．肖曙，谢沅清．PWM控制器SG3525的两种宏模型．北京邮电大学学报，1996，19(3)：65～71
41．吴隆安，涂从幻等．高频开关电源变压器设计原理．华中理工大学学报，1996，24(8)：40～42
42．李洁，钟彦儒等．一种两相ZVT-PWM DC／DC变换器的分析与设计．电源技术应用，2001，7(7)：39～42
43．许化民，龚春英等．交错并联的双管正激式DC／DC变换器．电力电子技术，1999，4(8)：7～9
44. P. Wong, Q. Wu, P. Xu, B. Yang, and F.C. Lee. Invertigating Coupling Inductors in the Interleaving QSW VRS. Proc APEC. 2000:973～978
45. Byungcho Choi. Comparative Study on Paralleling Schemes of Converter Modules for Distributed Power Applications. IEEE Trans. On Industry Electronics April 1998,45(2):194～199
46. Jung-Goo Cho, et al. Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Multiphase Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1998,13(1):152～159
47. Pit-Leong Wong, Peng Xu et al. Performance Improvements of Interleaving VRMs
with Coupling Inductors. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 2001,16(4):499～507
48．杜中义．开关电源输出纹波抑制措施的研究．电力电子技术，1996，4(11)：55～57
49．包伟，蔡宣三．利用PSPICE仿真研究PWM开关电源．电工新能源技术，1995．2：25～29
50．贾新章等，OrCAD／Pspice 9实用教程．西安电子科技大学出版社，2000
51. Alfonso Damiano et al. Optimization of Harmonic Performance in Multilevel Converter Structures. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 2001,15(3):346～341
52. XiaoDong Sun, XuanSan Cui et al. A Novel Two-Transistor Forward ZVT-PWM Converter. IEMC' 97:311～315
53. Luo S G et al. A Classification and Evaluation of Paralleling Methods for Power Supply Modules. IEEE PESC' 99, 1999:901～908
2．黄宇清，谢运祥等．软开关技术发展现状述评．电气自动化，2001，1：11～15
3．张占松，蔡宣三．高频功率电子学．科学出版社，1993
4．叶治政，叶靖国．开关稳压电源．高等教育出版社，1989
5．刘胜利．现代高频开关电源实用技术．电子工业出版社，2001
6．谢勇．两种降压式PWM软开关变换器的分析比较．扬州大学学报，2002，5(1)：71～74
7．谢勇．三种BUCK谐振型PWM DC／DC变换器的比较．电力电子技术，2001，35(3)：27～29
8．杨旭，王兆安．零电压过度PWM软开关电路的损耗计算．电力电子技术，1999，2(1)：29～32
9．王聪．软开关功率变换器及其应用．北京，科学出版社，2000
10．赵良炳．现代电力电子技术基础．清华大学出版社，1995
11．黄远寿，刘光丽．电路(上、下)．成都，成都科技大学出版社，1993
12．康华光．电子技术基础(模拟部分)．高等教育出版社，1996
13．李爱文．现代通信电源基础开关电源的原理和设计．科学出版社，2001
14．陈治明．电力电子器件基础．北京，机械工业出版社，1992
15．杨柳春．谈开关电源的效率．兰州石化技术学院学报，2002，2(1)：17～19
16．杨志华，开关电源中二极管反向恢复的电压涌浪与损耗．通信电源技术，1998，12(4)：5～8
17．胡庆彬，卢元元．功率二极管反向恢复特性的仿真研究．电力电子技术，1990，5：45～48
18. Barbi I. Buck Qasi-resonant Converter Operation at Constant Frequency: Analysis, Design and Experimentation[T]. IEEE Trans on Power Electronecs. 1990,5(3):270～283
19. Hua G Ch, Lee F C. An Overview of Soft-Switching Techniques for PWM Converters. Proceeding of the International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. 1994:801～808
20. HUA G, LI Z Y. Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Converter. LI Z Y. VPEC91[C],
Virginia, VPEC, 1991:207～214
21. Hua G Ch, Leu Ch Sh. Novel Zero-voltage-Transition PWM Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 1994,9(2):213～219
22. D. Divan et al. Low Stress Switching for Efficiency. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1996,33:33～39
23. Whittington H W. Flynn B W. Macpherson DE. Switched Mode Power Supplies-Design and Construction. second editon, Research Studies Press LTD, and John Wiley & Sons INS. 1997
24．李洁，钟彦儒等．一种ZVT-PWM BUCK变换器的改进电路．电力电子技术，2001，35(4)：23～25
25．沈忠亭，严仰光．功率晶体管快速关断研究．电力电子技术，2001，35(5)：55～58
26. G. Hua. W.A. Tabisz, C.S. Leu, N. Dai, R. Watson. Development of Dc Distributed Power System Components. VPEC Annu. Seminar, 1993:87～96
27. Guichao Huan, Chingchan Liu, Yimin Jiang, et al. Novel Zero-Transition PWM Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1994,9(2):213～219
28. B. Choi. Dynamics and Control of Switchmode Power Conversions in Distributed Power Systems. Dep. Elect. Eng, Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polylech. Inst. State Univ, Blacksburg, May 1992
29. R. Tymerski, V. Vorperian. Generation, Classification and Analysis of Switched-mode Dc-to-Dc Converters by the Use of Converter Cells. INTELTC, pp. 1986:181～195
30. J.G. Cho, J. Sabate, and F.C. Lee. Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM dc/dc Converter for High Power Applications. IEEE APEC. 1993:143～149
31. Zhou. Xunwei, Donati, Mauro. Improve Light Load Efficiency for Syschronous Rectifier Buck Converter. IEEE APEC. 1999:295～302
32. Serada, T, Tsukamoto.K. Highly Efficiency Converter for Next-Generation Portable Devices. IEEE APEC. 1998:1089～1095
33．孔剑虹，胡磊等．组合软开关功率变换器的理论和应用．电子学报，2001，11，1571～1574
34．吴隆安，徐从欢等．高频开关电源变压器设计原理．华中理工大学学报，1996，8：
40～42
35. Busatto, Giovanni et al. Experimental and Numerical Investigation on MOSFET' s Failure During Reverse Recovery. IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices. 1999,46(6):1268～1273
36. Divakar. B.P, Sutanto. Danny. Optimum Buck Converter with a Single Switch. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1999,14(4):636～642
37. Jaber Abu-Qahouq et al. Unified Steady-State Analysis of Soft-Switching DC/DC Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 2002,17(5):684～691
38. Reis Barbosa. Lucio, et al. Buck Quadratic PWM Soft-Switching Converter Using a Single Active Switch. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1999,14(3):445～453
39. Kazimierczuk. Marian K et al. Dc and Ac Analysis of Buck PWM Dc-Dc Converter with Peak-Voltage-Modulation Feedforward Control. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 1999, 5:246～249
40．肖曙，谢沅清．PWM控制器SG3525的两种宏模型．北京邮电大学学报，1996，19(3)：65～71
41．吴隆安，涂从幻等．高频开关电源变压器设计原理．华中理工大学学报，1996，24(8)：40～42
42．李洁，钟彦儒等．一种两相ZVT-PWM DC／DC变换器的分析与设计．电源技术应用，2001，7(7)：39～42
43．许化民，龚春英等．交错并联的双管正激式DC／DC变换器．电力电子技术，1999，4(8)：7～9
44. P. Wong, Q. Wu, P. Xu, B. Yang, and F.C. Lee. Invertigating Coupling Inductors in the Interleaving QSW VRS. Proc APEC. 2000:973～978
45. Byungcho Choi. Comparative Study on Paralleling Schemes of Converter Modules for Distributed Power Applications. IEEE Trans. On Industry Electronics April 1998,45(2):194～199
46. Jung-Goo Cho, et al. Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Multiphase Converters. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1998,13(1):152～159
47. Pit-Leong Wong, Peng Xu et al. Performance Improvements of Interleaving VRMs
with Coupling Inductors. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 2001,16(4):499～507
48．杜中义．开关电源输出纹波抑制措施的研究．电力电子技术，1996，4(11)：55～57
49．包伟，蔡宣三．利用PSPICE仿真研究PWM开关电源．电工新能源技术，1995．2：25～29
50．贾新章等，OrCAD／Pspice 9实用教程．西安电子科技大学出版社，2000
51. Alfonso Damiano et al. Optimization of Harmonic Performance in Multilevel Converter Structures. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 2001,15(3):346～341
52. XiaoDong Sun, XuanSan Cui et al. A Novel Two-Transistor Forward ZVT-PWM Converter. IEMC' 97:311～315
53. Luo S G et al. A Classification and Evaluation of Paralleling Methods for Power Supply Modules. IEEE PESC' 99, 1999:901～908