高频交流脉冲密度调制理论及其在电动汽车中的应用
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摘要
功率变换领域采用高频技术是当前和未来功率变换和分配技术的主要发展方向之一。当交-交变频器的输入频率非常高，通常为20KHz时，为了在零电压条件下实现逆变器开关管的通断，变换器的开关时刻必须选择在高频交流电压脉冲为零时，这意味着变换器开关时刻在时间轴上成为不连续的点，而常规的硬开关PWM变换器是将开关时刻选择在任意时刻。因此，开关时刻在时间轴上仅为离散点的高频交-交变频器采用常规的PWM调制策略肯定不是最优的方案。本文阐述的高频交流脉冲密度调制(PDM)的控制策略能够较容易地将高频交流信号低失真地合成幅值和频率变换的低频信号。PDM技术的特点是将高频交流脉冲信号的一个半周期作为合成低频信号的基本单元，通过比较同时刻参考波形和输出波形的面积差，使得两个曲线包围的面积可以基本维持平衡。这个面积的平衡导致输出半个周期脉冲的密度由参考信号的幅值来控制。根据交流电机在恒转矩区和恒功率区的特性，结合零电压开关技术，分别给出相应的脉宽调制控制(PWM)方式和方波控制方式下的高频交流脉冲密度调制变频器的数学模型，电压和电流的谐波分析以及输出电压、电流和功率的仿真波形。仿真结果表明，本文提出的这种高频交流脉冲密度调制技术适用于高频交流环节功率变换分布系统，特别适合于作未来电动汽车的高频交流驱动系统。
High-frequency link power converters are receiving increasing attention. When the input frequency of AC-AC converter is quite high, such as 20KHz or above, in order to make sure the converter switching action is restricted to the zero crossing point of the link voltage, the switching cycle becomes discrete pulse spectrums, however, the conventional PWM converters are ruled out because they would fail either to the efficiency or the low-distortion criteria. The three-phase high-frequency AC pulse density modulation (PDM) converter, which is proposed in this paper, can efficiently synthesize low-distortion variable frequency variable amplitude low frequency voltage signals from the fixed-frequency voltage of the high frequency link. The main advantage of this PDM converter is that one half-cycle of the high-frequency voltage becomes the basic unit of synthesis of the low-frequency signals. The area difference under the reference signal and synthesized signal and the next pulse with the polarity will reduce thi
s difference. With this feedback, the density of the half-cycle pulses in the synthesized output is modulated by the amplitude of the reference signal. According to the mechanism characteristics of the AC motor, with zero-voltage switching technology, the PDM converter mathematical models both the PWM and rectangular wave control mode are given in this paper. And the voltage and current harmonic analysis and the simulation waveforms of the output voltage, current and power are also described respectively. The simulation results prove that the PDM control theory can be fit for the high frequency AC link power conversion distribution system, especially be suitable for the electric driver system of the electric vehicle in the future.
High-frequency link power converters are receiving increasing attention. When the input frequency of AC-AC converter is quite high, such as 20KHz or above, in order to make sure the converter switching action is restricted to the zero crossing point of the link voltage, the switching cycle becomes discrete pulse spectrums, however, the conventional PWM converters are ruled out because they would fail either to the efficiency or the low-distortion criteria. The three-phase high-frequency AC pulse density modulation (PDM) converter, which is proposed in this paper, can efficiently synthesize low-distortion variable frequency variable amplitude low frequency voltage signals from the fixed-frequency voltage of the high frequency link. The main advantage of this PDM converter is that one half-cycle of the high-frequency voltage becomes the basic unit of synthesis of the low-frequency signals. The area difference under the reference signal and synthesized signal and the next pulse with the polarity will reduce thi
s difference. With this feedback, the density of the half-cycle pulses in the synthesized output is modulated by the amplitude of the reference signal. According to the mechanism characteristics of the AC motor, with zero-voltage switching technology, the PDM converter mathematical models both the PWM and rectangular wave control mode are given in this paper. And the voltage and current harmonic analysis and the simulation waveforms of the output voltage, current and power are also described respectively. The simulation results prove that the PDM control theory can be fit for the high frequency AC link power conversion distribution system, especially be suitable for the electric driver system of the electric vehicle in the future.
引文
[1] 陈坚．电力电子学——电力电子变换和控制技术．北京：高等教育出版社，2002，3～5高玉奎等．半导体变流技术．北京：兵器工业出版社，1997，192～212
[2] 高玉奎等．半导体变流技术．北京：兵器工业出版社，1997，192～212
[3] 中国电工技术学会电动车辆专业委员会．《电动车辆研究与开发》汇编．北京：2001年10月
[4] 王聪．软开关功率变换器及其应用．北京：科学出版社，2000，21～165
[5] 胡崇岳．现代交流调速技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2000年4月，1～27
[6] 孙逢春．电动汽车——21世纪的重要交通工具．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1997
[7] 马宪民．一种用于电动汽车的高频交流谐振式变频器的分析．电力电子技术暨电力谐波问题研讨会论文集，西安交通大学，2000年3月，265～269
[8] 马宪民．电动汽车高频交流功率分布系统的谐波分析．西安科技学院学报，2001，No．2，145～147
[9] Ma Xianmin, Chen Quanshi. A high frequency AC power propulsion system for hybrid electric vehicles. ICEE 2001 Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, July 22-26 2001, Xi'an, China, 1400～1403
[10] Ehsani M, Rahman K M, Toliyat H A. Propulsion system design of electric and hybrid vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1997, 144(1): 7～13
[11] 马宪民等．电动汽车高频交流脉冲密度控制系统的研究．第七届中国电力电子与传动控制学术会议论文集，CPED‘2001，中国天水，电气传动自动化(增刊)，2001年7月，284～286
[12] Ma Xianmin. A Novel Scheme of Propulsion System Using Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Electric Vehicle. Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and System, August 18-20, 2001, Shenyang, China, International Academic publishers, 497～499
[13] 马宪民．高频软开关技术在电动汽车中的应用现状与发展．电气传动，2002，No．1
[14] 杨静衡．电动汽车的电气传动系统．电气传动，1999，(4)：3～10
[15] 王海仙等．电动汽车电气驱动技术及其发展．电工电能新技术，1996，(4)：16～20
[16] Ma Xianmin, B.k.Bose. Analysis of soft-switched high frequency AC-AC Converter for induction motor drive. Journal of China university of mining and technology,
Jun 2000, 10(1): 49～53
[17] Jih-Sheng Lai. Resonant snubber-based soft-switching inverter for electronic propulsion drives[J]. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Feb 1997, 44(1): 71～80
[18] P.D.Ziogas. The delta modulation technique in static PWM inverters. IEEE Trans on IA, 1981 17(4): 199～204
[19] C.C.Chan, K.T.Chau. Soft Switching Inverters in Electric vehicles. EVS14[C], USA, 1997, 12, 1～10
[20] 李宏等．高频大功率变频技术综述．电工技术杂志，1994，10，2～4
[21] D.M.Divan and G. Skibinski. Zero Switching Loss Inverters for High Power Applications. Transactions On Industry Application. 25(4), April 1989, 634～643
[22] D.M.Divan. The Resonant DC Link Converter- A New Concept in Static Power Conversion. IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications. 25(2), February 1989, 317～325
[23] J.S.Lai and B.K.Bose. An Induction Motor Drive Using an Improved High Frequency Resonant DC Link Inverter. IEEE Transactions Power Electronics, 6, July 1991, 504～513
[24] 蔡宣三．高频功率变换技术的现状[J]．电工电能新技术，1991，No．11，11～18
[25] 王聪．软性开关逆变技术的现状．北京：机械工业出版社，1993
[26] I.G. Hansen and G. R.Sundberg. Space Station 20-kHz Power Management and Distribution System. Presented at 1986 Power Electrics Specialist Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1986, 23～27
[27] 马宪民．高频交流脉沖密度调制变频器的研究[J]．西安矿业学院学报，1999，19(4)：356～359
[28] 刘凤君．正弦波逆变器．北京：科学出版社，2002
[29] 刘皓春等．电动汽车驱动控制新技术．武汉汽车工业大学学报，No．3
[30] 陈国呈．PWM变频调速及软开关电力变换技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[31] 臧英杰等．电气传动的脉宽调制控制技术．北京：机械工业出版，1994
[32] Ma Xianmin, Yang Qian. Model Analysis of Three-phase PDM Converter with High-frequencyLink. WCICA'02, shanghai, June2002, 4(4): 2841～2845
[33] Burak Ozpineci O.P.Pinto and Leon M.Tolbert. Pulse-Width Optimization in a Pulse Density Modulation High Frequency Ac-Ac Converter Using Genetic Agrithoms. WPET '98, Dearborn, Michigan, October22-23, 1998, 79～84
[34] R. L. Steigerwald. High-frequency resonant transistor dc-dc converters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Elect., vol. IE-31, May 1984, 181～191
[35] E Hiraki, M Kurokawa, S Sugimoto and M Nakaoka. A Novel Resonant DC Link Bidirectional Three phase PWM Converter for Battery Energy Storage System. Proceedings of IEEE International conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1997
[36] H Yonemori, H Ishi, M Yoshida and M Nakaoka. Three-Phase ZVS-PWM Inverter System with Transformer-Assisted Quasi-Resonant DC Link and its Feasible Comparative Evaluation. Proceedings of 27th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1997
[37] Murai Y et al. Waveform Distortion and Correction Circuit for PWM Inverters with Switching Lag Time. IEEE Trans, 1985
[38] B. K. Bose, Ma Xianmin. Analysis of Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Induction Motor Drive. IEEE Industry Applications Society 32nd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Oct 5-9, 1997, 326-328
[39] 马宪民．高频交流谐振式变频器在电动汽车中的应用．清华大学汽车系汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室开放基金
[40] 马宪民等译．电力电子学与变频传动技术与应用．中国矿业大学出版社，1999
[41] 陈国呈等．软开关变频器主电路的数学解析．电工技术学报，2001
[42] 陈国呈．电压型PWM逆变器的波形失真及其补偿方法．冶金自动化，1990
[43] Mikihiko Matsui. High Frequency Link Non-Resonant Type Soft Switching Converter. IPEC-Yokohama'95, Vol3, 1542～1546
[44] G.C.Hua. Novel Zero-Voltage Transition PWM Converter. Proc.of PESC, 1993, 538～544
[2] 高玉奎等．半导体变流技术．北京：兵器工业出版社，1997，192～212
[3] 中国电工技术学会电动车辆专业委员会．《电动车辆研究与开发》汇编．北京：2001年10月
[4] 王聪．软开关功率变换器及其应用．北京：科学出版社，2000，21～165
[5] 胡崇岳．现代交流调速技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2000年4月，1～27
[6] 孙逢春．电动汽车——21世纪的重要交通工具．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1997
[7] 马宪民．一种用于电动汽车的高频交流谐振式变频器的分析．电力电子技术暨电力谐波问题研讨会论文集，西安交通大学，2000年3月，265～269
[8] 马宪民．电动汽车高频交流功率分布系统的谐波分析．西安科技学院学报，2001，No．2，145～147
[9] Ma Xianmin, Chen Quanshi. A high frequency AC power propulsion system for hybrid electric vehicles. ICEE 2001 Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, July 22-26 2001, Xi'an, China, 1400～1403
[10] Ehsani M, Rahman K M, Toliyat H A. Propulsion system design of electric and hybrid vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1997, 144(1): 7～13
[11] 马宪民等．电动汽车高频交流脉冲密度控制系统的研究．第七届中国电力电子与传动控制学术会议论文集，CPED‘2001，中国天水，电气传动自动化(增刊)，2001年7月，284～286
[12] Ma Xianmin. A Novel Scheme of Propulsion System Using Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Electric Vehicle. Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and System, August 18-20, 2001, Shenyang, China, International Academic publishers, 497～499
[13] 马宪民．高频软开关技术在电动汽车中的应用现状与发展．电气传动，2002，No．1
[14] 杨静衡．电动汽车的电气传动系统．电气传动，1999，(4)：3～10
[15] 王海仙等．电动汽车电气驱动技术及其发展．电工电能新技术，1996，(4)：16～20
[16] Ma Xianmin, B.k.Bose. Analysis of soft-switched high frequency AC-AC Converter for induction motor drive. Journal of China university of mining and technology,
Jun 2000, 10(1): 49～53
[17] Jih-Sheng Lai. Resonant snubber-based soft-switching inverter for electronic propulsion drives[J]. IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Feb 1997, 44(1): 71～80
[18] P.D.Ziogas. The delta modulation technique in static PWM inverters. IEEE Trans on IA, 1981 17(4): 199～204
[19] C.C.Chan, K.T.Chau. Soft Switching Inverters in Electric vehicles. EVS14[C], USA, 1997, 12, 1～10
[20] 李宏等．高频大功率变频技术综述．电工技术杂志，1994，10，2～4
[21] D.M.Divan and G. Skibinski. Zero Switching Loss Inverters for High Power Applications. Transactions On Industry Application. 25(4), April 1989, 634～643
[22] D.M.Divan. The Resonant DC Link Converter- A New Concept in Static Power Conversion. IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications. 25(2), February 1989, 317～325
[23] J.S.Lai and B.K.Bose. An Induction Motor Drive Using an Improved High Frequency Resonant DC Link Inverter. IEEE Transactions Power Electronics, 6, July 1991, 504～513
[24] 蔡宣三．高频功率变换技术的现状[J]．电工电能新技术，1991，No．11，11～18
[25] 王聪．软性开关逆变技术的现状．北京：机械工业出版社，1993
[26] I.G. Hansen and G. R.Sundberg. Space Station 20-kHz Power Management and Distribution System. Presented at 1986 Power Electrics Specialist Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1986, 23～27
[27] 马宪民．高频交流脉沖密度调制变频器的研究[J]．西安矿业学院学报，1999，19(4)：356～359
[28] 刘凤君．正弦波逆变器．北京：科学出版社，2002
[29] 刘皓春等．电动汽车驱动控制新技术．武汉汽车工业大学学报，No．3
[30] 陈国呈．PWM变频调速及软开关电力变换技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[31] 臧英杰等．电气传动的脉宽调制控制技术．北京：机械工业出版，1994
[32] Ma Xianmin, Yang Qian. Model Analysis of Three-phase PDM Converter with High-frequencyLink. WCICA'02, shanghai, June2002, 4(4): 2841～2845
[33] Burak Ozpineci O.P.Pinto and Leon M.Tolbert. Pulse-Width Optimization in a Pulse Density Modulation High Frequency Ac-Ac Converter Using Genetic Agrithoms. WPET '98, Dearborn, Michigan, October22-23, 1998, 79～84
[34] R. L. Steigerwald. High-frequency resonant transistor dc-dc converters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Elect., vol. IE-31, May 1984, 181～191
[35] E Hiraki, M Kurokawa, S Sugimoto and M Nakaoka. A Novel Resonant DC Link Bidirectional Three phase PWM Converter for Battery Energy Storage System. Proceedings of IEEE International conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1997
[36] H Yonemori, H Ishi, M Yoshida and M Nakaoka. Three-Phase ZVS-PWM Inverter System with Transformer-Assisted Quasi-Resonant DC Link and its Feasible Comparative Evaluation. Proceedings of 27th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1997
[37] Murai Y et al. Waveform Distortion and Correction Circuit for PWM Inverters with Switching Lag Time. IEEE Trans, 1985
[38] B. K. Bose, Ma Xianmin. Analysis of Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Induction Motor Drive. IEEE Industry Applications Society 32nd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Oct 5-9, 1997, 326-328
[39] 马宪民．高频交流谐振式变频器在电动汽车中的应用．清华大学汽车系汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室开放基金
[40] 马宪民等译．电力电子学与变频传动技术与应用．中国矿业大学出版社，1999
[41] 陈国呈等．软开关变频器主电路的数学解析．电工技术学报，2001
[42] 陈国呈．电压型PWM逆变器的波形失真及其补偿方法．冶金自动化，1990
[43] Mikihiko Matsui. High Frequency Link Non-Resonant Type Soft Switching Converter. IPEC-Yokohama'95, Vol3, 1542～1546
[44] G.C.Hua. Novel Zero-Voltage Transition PWM Converter. Proc.of PESC, 1993, 538～544