《孙子兵法》语法研究
摘要
《孙子兵法》的语法研究一向薄弱，本文力求通过对《孙子兵传》语法事实的细致描写，全面揭示《孙子兵传》的语法特点和语法规律，填补这一领域的空白。麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。本文也希望这一研究成果，能对人们思考和研究汉语语法有所启迪。本文的研究包括词法和句法两个方面。词法部分包括实词和虚词。实词的名、动、形之类数量巨大，难一全面地逐一研究，只选择了高频词和双音词作为研究对象。本文得出的结论是：《孙子》中词语的词性及语法功能是稳定的，因而是完全可以分类的。体用同词的情况虽然存在，但这种“同词”大部分都不是真正意义上的“同词”，而是属于兼类词，在语法上属于两个词，只有极少一部分属于临时的功能变异。汉语词类缺少形态标志且又变动不居的特点，决定了汉语不可能建立一个对外具有排他性，对内具有周遍性的绝对统一的词类分类标准。因而统计对于判明汉语的词类具有特别重要的意义。通过对《孙子》虚词的研究，本文得出的结论是：虚词的应用，除与结构、语义有关外，还与韵律、语气有关。意义越虚，与韵律、语气的关系就越紧密。副词、介词(或称为次动词)的意义较实在，受韵律、语气的影响较小；助词、连词的意义较虚，受韵律、语气的影响较大。句法部分包括句法结构、单句、复句、句群。本文基本赞同朱德熙先生的词组本位句法，但并不把词组结构与句子结构等同看待。本文通过对《孙子》词组的考察，发现体词性词组与谓词性词组在成句功能上具有明显的差异。体词性词组一般不能成句，谓词性词组一般都能成句，但只有主谓词组才能独立成句，非主谓的谓词性词组只能在复句中充当分句。本文把《孙子》的单句分为说明句与叙述句两大类型，并揭示了两类句子在结构、语义、表达功能等方面的差异。本文对《孙子》的复句和句群作了较为深入细致的研究，对每一类型的结构层次、语义关系、连接手段都作了细致描写，并揭示了复句与句群之间的差异。
The grammatical researches of SunZi's Art of War have been few. The paper tries to reveal the grammatical characteristics and laws to fill the blank of this field by the painstaking description of the grammatical facts in it Just like the saying goes, the sparrow may be small but it has all the vital organs. The author hopes that the paper may enlighten the others on the research of Chinese grammar.
The research of the paper consists of two parts: morphology and syntax. Morphology comprises notional words and function words. Since there are so many nouns, verbs and adjectives and it's difficult to analyse them one by one, so the paper only chooses high-frequency words and disyllabic words and the following is the conclusion of the research: As the word's part of speech and grammatical functions in Sunzi are stable, so they can be classified. Though there is the object in word form as so as its usage, most of them are not truly so. They belong to the words which have two nature and they are two words in the grammatical sense. Only few of them have temporary functional variability. The characteristic of Chinese words lacking morphology symbols and changing frequently determines that Chinese words can't set up an absolute unitary classification standard which has exclusiveness to the other groups and absoluteness to its own group. Therefore, statistics of words is of special significance to judge Chinese words' part of speech. We draw such a conclusion through the research of Sunzi's function words: the application of function words is related to rhyme scheme (meter)and mood besides sentence structures and meanings. The less their meaning is, the tenser the relation with rhyme scheme and tone. As adverbs and prepositions are meaningful, so rhyme scheme and tone have less influence upon them while auxiliary words and conjunctions are less meaningful, they are more influenced by rhyme scheme and tone. Syntax includes sentence structures, simple sentences, compound sentences and sentence groups. We basically agree with Mr ZhuDexi's phrase-based syntax, but we holds the opinion that phrase structures are different with sentence structures. We discover that nominal phrases and verbal phrases have distinct difference in constituting sentences since nominal phrases can not make up a sentence while verbal phrases can. However, only subject-predicate phrases can compose sentences independently while non-subject-predicate phrases can only be used as clauses in the compound sentences. The simple sentences in SunZi are divided into two categories in the paper: expositive sentences and narrative ones and the paper reveals the differences in structures, meanings, functions, etc between the two categories. It also makes thorough and careful research into SunZi's compound sentences and sentence groups, including their structure gradations, semantic relations, conjunctive means and their differences.
The grammatical researches of SunZi's Art of War have been few. The paper tries to reveal the grammatical characteristics and laws to fill the blank of this field by the painstaking description of the grammatical facts in it Just like the saying goes, the sparrow may be small but it has all the vital organs. The author hopes that the paper may enlighten the others on the research of Chinese grammar.
The research of the paper consists of two parts: morphology and syntax. Morphology comprises notional words and function words. Since there are so many nouns, verbs and adjectives and it's difficult to analyse them one by one, so the paper only chooses high-frequency words and disyllabic words and the following is the conclusion of the research: As the word's part of speech and grammatical functions in Sunzi are stable, so they can be classified. Though there is the object in word form as so as its usage, most of them are not truly so. They belong to the words which have two nature and they are two words in the grammatical sense. Only few of them have temporary functional variability. The characteristic of Chinese words lacking morphology symbols and changing frequently determines that Chinese words can't set up an absolute unitary classification standard which has exclusiveness to the other groups and absoluteness to its own group. Therefore, statistics of words is of special significance to judge Chinese words' part of speech. We draw such a conclusion through the research of Sunzi's function words: the application of function words is related to rhyme scheme (meter)and mood besides sentence structures and meanings. The less their meaning is, the tenser the relation with rhyme scheme and tone. As adverbs and prepositions are meaningful, so rhyme scheme and tone have less influence upon them while auxiliary words and conjunctions are less meaningful, they are more influenced by rhyme scheme and tone. Syntax includes sentence structures, simple sentences, compound sentences and sentence groups. We basically agree with Mr ZhuDexi's phrase-based syntax, but we holds the opinion that phrase structures are different with sentence structures. We discover that nominal phrases and verbal phrases have distinct difference in constituting sentences since nominal phrases can not make up a sentence while verbal phrases can. However, only subject-predicate phrases can compose sentences independently while non-subject-predicate phrases can only be used as clauses in the compound sentences. The simple sentences in SunZi are divided into two categories in the paper: expositive sentences and narrative ones and the paper reveals the differences in structures, meanings, functions, etc between the two categories. It also makes thorough and careful research into SunZi's compound sentences and sentence groups, including their structure gradations, semantic relations, conjunctive means and their differences.
引文
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冯胜利：《汉语韵律句法学》，上海教育出版社，2000。
李零：《孙子兵法古本研究》，北京大学出版社，1995。
吕叔湘：《汉语语法论文集》，商务印书馆，1997。
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吴如嵩(主编)：《孙子兵法辞典》，白山出版社，1993。
吴九龙(主编)：《孙子校释》，军事科学出版社，1991。
吴为章 田小琳：《汉语句群》，商务印书馆，2000。
赵元任：《汉语口语语法》，商务印书馆，2001。
朱德熙：《语法讲义》，商务印书馆，2000。
冯胜利：《汉语韵律句法学》，上海教育出版社，2000。
李零：《孙子兵法古本研究》，北京大学出版社，1995。
吕叔湘：《汉语语法论文集》，商务印书馆，1997。
马建忠：《马氏文通》，商务印书馆，1983。
钱宗武：《汉语论丛》，21世纪中国国际网络出版有限公司，2002。
吴如嵩(主编)：《孙子兵法辞典》，白山出版社，1993。
吴九龙(主编)：《孙子校释》，军事科学出版社，1991。
吴为章 田小琳：《汉语句群》，商务印书馆，2000。
赵元任：《汉语口语语法》，商务印书馆，2001。
朱德熙：《语法讲义》，商务印书馆，2000。