幼儿期体能练习方法研究
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摘要
由于静坐少动的生活方式、城市化进程的加速发展及生育政策的影响,大大减少了幼儿活动的时间与空间,现有幼儿园体育活动已经不能满足幼儿力量等素质发展的需要,必须另辟蹊径,寻找一条发展幼儿期体能的新途径。基于此背景,提出了幼儿期体能练习。
本研究综合运用理论与实证研究相结合的方法,对幼儿期体能练习方法的基本理论进行了系统的总结与分析,提出了体能练习方法的选择和应用原则,并在3-4岁幼儿的实践中进行了验证。主要结论：
1)幼儿期体能具有不均衡增长和分龄分段特点。
2)在全面发展体能的基础上,以发展速度、平衡、灵敏协调、柔韧素质为主,辅以力量和耐力素质的体能练习内容,采用区域体能活动、基本体操、体能游戏及体能练习课等形式实施。
3)幼儿期体能练习主要有力量、速度、平衡、耐力、灵敏协调及柔韧等练习方法。具体操作方法有重复、持续、尝试、变换及循序渐进等。
4)基本动作分为移动性动作与非移动性动作。在体能练习中,不同的动作类型所占比重因幼儿年龄不同而不同。根据练习目的、年龄、负荷承受力、环境及特定体育项目基本技术选择设计练习动作。负荷分为生理负荷和心理负荷,负荷变化主要以渐增练习动作难度、渐增动作形式,和以教师掌控为主、结合幼儿自主调整的方式进行。
5)有针对性的体能练习方法可能是发展3-4岁幼儿身体素质的重要途径,是提高幼儿基本动作的完成质量,激发幼儿运动潜能的重要手段之一,是促幼儿社会化,提高自信心,培养乐观的生活、学习态度及正确对待困难的重要方式。
6)科学地选择与应用练习方法可能是保证练习成效的关键。依据体能练习的目的与任务、幼儿的实际情况、教师的素养条件,以及各种方法的职能、适用范围和使用条件来选择练习方法；坚持以“幼儿为本”的指导思想,以取得最优化的练习效果灵活运用练习方法。选择与应用练习方法时,必须要正确处理培养与尊重幼儿运动兴趣、幼儿运动经验与兴趣的关系,及关键期理论与最近发展区理论的指导。
Due to the lifestyles from labor saving to sedentary behaviors, and the accelerating urbanization process and the impact of family planning policy, significantly reduces time and space for children's activity. The existing movement hasn't met children's needs of the quality development about their power, flexibility and so on. So people must find another approach for preschool children's physical fitness's development—the physical fitness exercising in childhood. By literature, questionnaires, interviews, experimental research methods and so on, researched the child's physical fitness exercising from the theory to practice.
We define the preschool child physical fitness and the physical fitness exercising for children via the previous interpretations and combining with the research purpose, and raise the characteristics of the child's activities, and determine the content and methods of the physical fitness exercising for children and forms of the exercise by means of the law of the child's growth and development and the three national children's health's test data research. Through the analysis of the basic movements, we propose the four elements to constitute the basic movements, and raise the proportion of all kinds movements in practice depending on children's age and the load change means by the analysis the load's constitute. The experimental results have verified approaches of physical fitness exercising on the development of children aged 3 to 4.
Conclusion:
1) There are two features which are non-balanced growth and sub-sub-age for the preschool physical fitness.
2) Basis on the overall development, we should focus on the development about speed、balance、agility and flexibility, supplement the strength and endurance on the contents of child's physical fitness exercising via the regional physical activity, basic gymnastics, physical games and practice sessions and so on.
3) There are these approaches to developing of speed、balance、agility、flexibility、strength and endurance in children's physical fitness exercising by carring out the repeat、continuous、tring、conversion and step by step and so on. According to the characteristics of practice methods, choosing the corresponding concrete operation means。
4) Fundamental activities have divided into locomotor skills nonmanipulative skills and manioulative skills. The proportion of each type of action should be different because children's age is different. To choice the movement, according to the purpose、age、load、environment and sports-specific. The load change is increasing the difficulty of the reps, and controlling by the teacher, combining with self-adjusting of children.
5) Targeted approach is the importance way to develop the physical fitness for 3 to 4 years old children, and the vital means to improve the quality of the basic movements, stimulate the potential for children, and the key measures to promote socialization, improve confidence, develop an optimistic attitude towards life and learning.
6) To decide the exercising content in light of the Critical Period theory, to guide the orientation of reps and the load by using the Zone of Proximal Development theory. it must be handled properly with grooming and respect the relationship between the interest and the experience for exercising to children when people select and utilize exercising approaches.
本研究综合运用理论与实证研究相结合的方法,对幼儿期体能练习方法的基本理论进行了系统的总结与分析,提出了体能练习方法的选择和应用原则,并在3-4岁幼儿的实践中进行了验证。主要结论：
1)幼儿期体能具有不均衡增长和分龄分段特点。
2)在全面发展体能的基础上,以发展速度、平衡、灵敏协调、柔韧素质为主,辅以力量和耐力素质的体能练习内容,采用区域体能活动、基本体操、体能游戏及体能练习课等形式实施。
3)幼儿期体能练习主要有力量、速度、平衡、耐力、灵敏协调及柔韧等练习方法。具体操作方法有重复、持续、尝试、变换及循序渐进等。
4)基本动作分为移动性动作与非移动性动作。在体能练习中,不同的动作类型所占比重因幼儿年龄不同而不同。根据练习目的、年龄、负荷承受力、环境及特定体育项目基本技术选择设计练习动作。负荷分为生理负荷和心理负荷,负荷变化主要以渐增练习动作难度、渐增动作形式,和以教师掌控为主、结合幼儿自主调整的方式进行。
5)有针对性的体能练习方法可能是发展3-4岁幼儿身体素质的重要途径,是提高幼儿基本动作的完成质量,激发幼儿运动潜能的重要手段之一,是促幼儿社会化,提高自信心,培养乐观的生活、学习态度及正确对待困难的重要方式。
6)科学地选择与应用练习方法可能是保证练习成效的关键。依据体能练习的目的与任务、幼儿的实际情况、教师的素养条件,以及各种方法的职能、适用范围和使用条件来选择练习方法；坚持以“幼儿为本”的指导思想,以取得最优化的练习效果灵活运用练习方法。选择与应用练习方法时,必须要正确处理培养与尊重幼儿运动兴趣、幼儿运动经验与兴趣的关系,及关键期理论与最近发展区理论的指导。
Due to the lifestyles from labor saving to sedentary behaviors, and the accelerating urbanization process and the impact of family planning policy, significantly reduces time and space for children's activity. The existing movement hasn't met children's needs of the quality development about their power, flexibility and so on. So people must find another approach for preschool children's physical fitness's development—the physical fitness exercising in childhood. By literature, questionnaires, interviews, experimental research methods and so on, researched the child's physical fitness exercising from the theory to practice.
We define the preschool child physical fitness and the physical fitness exercising for children via the previous interpretations and combining with the research purpose, and raise the characteristics of the child's activities, and determine the content and methods of the physical fitness exercising for children and forms of the exercise by means of the law of the child's growth and development and the three national children's health's test data research. Through the analysis of the basic movements, we propose the four elements to constitute the basic movements, and raise the proportion of all kinds movements in practice depending on children's age and the load change means by the analysis the load's constitute. The experimental results have verified approaches of physical fitness exercising on the development of children aged 3 to 4.
Conclusion:
1) There are two features which are non-balanced growth and sub-sub-age for the preschool physical fitness.
2) Basis on the overall development, we should focus on the development about speed、balance、agility and flexibility, supplement the strength and endurance on the contents of child's physical fitness exercising via the regional physical activity, basic gymnastics, physical games and practice sessions and so on.
3) There are these approaches to developing of speed、balance、agility、flexibility、strength and endurance in children's physical fitness exercising by carring out the repeat、continuous、tring、conversion and step by step and so on. According to the characteristics of practice methods, choosing the corresponding concrete operation means。
4) Fundamental activities have divided into locomotor skills nonmanipulative skills and manioulative skills. The proportion of each type of action should be different because children's age is different. To choice the movement, according to the purpose、age、load、environment and sports-specific. The load change is increasing the difficulty of the reps, and controlling by the teacher, combining with self-adjusting of children.
5) Targeted approach is the importance way to develop the physical fitness for 3 to 4 years old children, and the vital means to improve the quality of the basic movements, stimulate the potential for children, and the key measures to promote socialization, improve confidence, develop an optimistic attitude towards life and learning.
6) To decide the exercising content in light of the Critical Period theory, to guide the orientation of reps and the load by using the Zone of Proximal Development theory. it must be handled properly with grooming and respect the relationship between the interest and the experience for exercising to children when people select and utilize exercising approaches.
引文
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