海上风机桶形基础安装与支撑结构动力特性研究
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摘要
海上风能是一种安全、清洁、稳定的可再生能源,是缓解当前能源短缺、解决环境污染问题的战略选择。我国具有漫长的海岸线,海上风能储量大,开发前景好。随着风能开发从陆上走向海洋并逐渐向深海发展,特殊而恶劣的海洋环境对风机基础和整体结构的施工和运行提出了更高的要求。因此,海上风机建造的技术难度和经济成本也将显著提高,并成为制约其快速发展的瓶颈。吸力式桶形基础(简称吸力桶或桶形基础),因其具有安装简便、抗倾覆承载力高、节约材料、可重复利用等优点而将逐渐成为今后海上风机基础形式之一。而海上风机支撑结构,因其高且柔的结构特点和质量与刚度的分布规律,决定了它是一种自身动力特性受环境荷载、基础刚度等因素影响异常敏感的结构物。
桶形基础的吸力安装和海上风机支撑结构动力特性研究涉及到海洋工程和岩土工程的交叉领域,许多问题是在当前国内大力发展海上风电背景下亟待解决的关键技术难题,具有重要的科学研究意义和工程应用价值。因此,本文针对这些问题,分别从理论分析、数值模拟和模型试验等方面进行了系统的研究和探索,具体工作主要包括以下几方面的内容：
1.利用室内桶形基础安装模型试验平台,开展了一系列粉土中吸力桶负压安装的模型试验,结合桶体端部和桶内土体中水力梯度变化趋势,系统分析了桶内吸力所引起的渗流对桶体沉贯阻力和土塞稳定性的影响；针对试验中观察到的土塞失稳现象并结合其失稳机理,提出了吸力安装中引入由土工织物和砾石组成的反滤装置改善桶形基础的吸力安装质量,并通过试验结果评估了该反滤装置的适用性,进而给出了相应的工程应用的建议。
2.基于考虑底部耦合刚度影响的风机结构整体模型,系统研究了水平刚度、转动刚度、耦合刚度和顶部竖向轴压力等参数对支撑结构前四阶自振频率的影响；并引入了考虑底端弹性约束的风机支撑结构自振频率近似计算理论；针对实际风机塔架“底部直径大、顶部直径小”的体型结构特点,研究了风机支撑结构动力特性中“锥化效应”影响；通过具体工程实例及本文模型试验结果验证了改进后的解析计算理论和近似计算方法的可靠性,并就相关参数对计算结果的敏感性做了分析。
3.基于无量纲化的相似性理论,在风机动力特性模型试验平台上,利用改进的循环加载装置,系统研究了由单桩支撑的结构模型,在不同特性循环荷载下的支撑结构自振频率和系统阻尼的变化规律；利用简化的数学计算模型,并结合土体的微观力学行为特性,解释了试验中所观察到的支撑结构自振频率变化规律；在此模型试验平台上还研究了由重力式浅基础、不同长径比的吸力桶基础、对称与非对称三脚架结构及四脚导管架等“多足”基础所支撑的模型结构动力特性及在循环荷载下动力特性变化规律；并基于试验结果给出了实际工程中有关风机基础选型及支撑结构设计上的相关建议。
Offshore wind is a safe, clean and stable source of renewable energy, which is a strategic option to overcome the problems of energy shortage and environment contamination. China is rich of offshore wind energy along the east and southeast coastline, so, it is promising to invest into the offshore wind farm. With the wind turbines shifting from onshore to offshore, and moving into deeper and deeper water area, high requirements for the construction as well as the service of the foundation and the overall wind turbine structure are necessary to meet the adverse offshore environment. Therefore, the difficulty of the technology and the cost to construct the offshore wind turbines are remarkably increasing. And it will become an obstacle to develop the offshore wind energy. Suction caisson, because of its advantages such as simplicity of installation, high bearing capacity against overturning moment and ease of retrieval for reutilization, will be becoming one of the most popular foundation options for the offshore wind turbines in future. Because of its high and slender nature, accompanied with the mass and stiffness distribution, offshore wind turbines are dynamically sensitive structures. Its dynamic properties are also subjected to change under the effects of environmtal loading and foundation stiffness.
The suction installation behavior of suction caisson, the dynamic behavior of the overall wind turbine structure supported on different types of foundations, involving the crossing field of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering, there still exist many unresolved problems, which urgently needs to be studied under current circumstances of rapid development of offshore wind energy. Aiming to investigate these critical issues, studies about suction caisson installation in silt and dynamic behavior of integrated support structure had been conducted in this thesis, which could be listed as follows:
1. Based on the model tests platform, a series of suction caisson installation tests were carried out in silt. According to the development trend of external side friction, internal friction, tip resistance, as well as the average hydraulic gradient around the tip and internal soil plug, a systematic analysis as to the effects from the suction induced seepage on the soil resistance and stability of soil plug was given; an innovative concept of filter layer consisting of geotextile and gravel was introduced to improve the quality of caisson installation, the feasibility and advantage of this kind of filter layer were proved by the tests results, some advice to its real applicability in field were also given.
2. The cross coupling stiffness was considered in the improved analytical method, a systematical investigations were carried out to study the influence from the lateral stiffness, rotational stiffness and cross coupling stiffness on the first four orders of natural frequency of the whole wind turbine structure; an approximate method was introduced to calculate the first order natural frequency, as to the real turbine tower, the'taper effects'were taken into account in the calculation; the improved analytical and approximate method were verified by some real field examples, and relevant sensitivity analysis on several parameters were also carried out.
3. Scaled model tests were carried out to investigate the dynamic behavior of monopile supported wind turbine model in sand bed; based on the simplified model along with the sand behavior under cyclic loading, an sound explanation to its observed phenomenon of dynamic development trend was given; tests were also performed to investigate the dynamic behaviour of turbine model founded on different types of foundations; according to the similitudes and the tests results, suggestions as to the foundation and structure selection for the prototype wind turbine were given.
桶形基础的吸力安装和海上风机支撑结构动力特性研究涉及到海洋工程和岩土工程的交叉领域,许多问题是在当前国内大力发展海上风电背景下亟待解决的关键技术难题,具有重要的科学研究意义和工程应用价值。因此,本文针对这些问题,分别从理论分析、数值模拟和模型试验等方面进行了系统的研究和探索,具体工作主要包括以下几方面的内容：
1.利用室内桶形基础安装模型试验平台,开展了一系列粉土中吸力桶负压安装的模型试验,结合桶体端部和桶内土体中水力梯度变化趋势,系统分析了桶内吸力所引起的渗流对桶体沉贯阻力和土塞稳定性的影响；针对试验中观察到的土塞失稳现象并结合其失稳机理,提出了吸力安装中引入由土工织物和砾石组成的反滤装置改善桶形基础的吸力安装质量,并通过试验结果评估了该反滤装置的适用性,进而给出了相应的工程应用的建议。
2.基于考虑底部耦合刚度影响的风机结构整体模型,系统研究了水平刚度、转动刚度、耦合刚度和顶部竖向轴压力等参数对支撑结构前四阶自振频率的影响；并引入了考虑底端弹性约束的风机支撑结构自振频率近似计算理论；针对实际风机塔架“底部直径大、顶部直径小”的体型结构特点,研究了风机支撑结构动力特性中“锥化效应”影响；通过具体工程实例及本文模型试验结果验证了改进后的解析计算理论和近似计算方法的可靠性,并就相关参数对计算结果的敏感性做了分析。
3.基于无量纲化的相似性理论,在风机动力特性模型试验平台上,利用改进的循环加载装置,系统研究了由单桩支撑的结构模型,在不同特性循环荷载下的支撑结构自振频率和系统阻尼的变化规律；利用简化的数学计算模型,并结合土体的微观力学行为特性,解释了试验中所观察到的支撑结构自振频率变化规律；在此模型试验平台上还研究了由重力式浅基础、不同长径比的吸力桶基础、对称与非对称三脚架结构及四脚导管架等“多足”基础所支撑的模型结构动力特性及在循环荷载下动力特性变化规律；并基于试验结果给出了实际工程中有关风机基础选型及支撑结构设计上的相关建议。
Offshore wind is a safe, clean and stable source of renewable energy, which is a strategic option to overcome the problems of energy shortage and environment contamination. China is rich of offshore wind energy along the east and southeast coastline, so, it is promising to invest into the offshore wind farm. With the wind turbines shifting from onshore to offshore, and moving into deeper and deeper water area, high requirements for the construction as well as the service of the foundation and the overall wind turbine structure are necessary to meet the adverse offshore environment. Therefore, the difficulty of the technology and the cost to construct the offshore wind turbines are remarkably increasing. And it will become an obstacle to develop the offshore wind energy. Suction caisson, because of its advantages such as simplicity of installation, high bearing capacity against overturning moment and ease of retrieval for reutilization, will be becoming one of the most popular foundation options for the offshore wind turbines in future. Because of its high and slender nature, accompanied with the mass and stiffness distribution, offshore wind turbines are dynamically sensitive structures. Its dynamic properties are also subjected to change under the effects of environmtal loading and foundation stiffness.
The suction installation behavior of suction caisson, the dynamic behavior of the overall wind turbine structure supported on different types of foundations, involving the crossing field of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering, there still exist many unresolved problems, which urgently needs to be studied under current circumstances of rapid development of offshore wind energy. Aiming to investigate these critical issues, studies about suction caisson installation in silt and dynamic behavior of integrated support structure had been conducted in this thesis, which could be listed as follows:
1. Based on the model tests platform, a series of suction caisson installation tests were carried out in silt. According to the development trend of external side friction, internal friction, tip resistance, as well as the average hydraulic gradient around the tip and internal soil plug, a systematic analysis as to the effects from the suction induced seepage on the soil resistance and stability of soil plug was given; an innovative concept of filter layer consisting of geotextile and gravel was introduced to improve the quality of caisson installation, the feasibility and advantage of this kind of filter layer were proved by the tests results, some advice to its real applicability in field were also given.
2. The cross coupling stiffness was considered in the improved analytical method, a systematical investigations were carried out to study the influence from the lateral stiffness, rotational stiffness and cross coupling stiffness on the first four orders of natural frequency of the whole wind turbine structure; an approximate method was introduced to calculate the first order natural frequency, as to the real turbine tower, the'taper effects'were taken into account in the calculation; the improved analytical and approximate method were verified by some real field examples, and relevant sensitivity analysis on several parameters were also carried out.
3. Scaled model tests were carried out to investigate the dynamic behavior of monopile supported wind turbine model in sand bed; based on the simplified model along with the sand behavior under cyclic loading, an sound explanation to its observed phenomenon of dynamic development trend was given; tests were also performed to investigate the dynamic behaviour of turbine model founded on different types of foundations; according to the similitudes and the tests results, suggestions as to the foundation and structure selection for the prototype wind turbine were given.
引文
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