高速动静压混合气体轴承转子系统动力学特性研究
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摘要
随着动力机械对功率密度要求的日益提高,需要转子工作在更高转速下,而限制转子高速运行的关键是轴承。长期以来广泛使用的滚动轴承由于部件间存在接触,在高速运行时磨损严重而影响寿命;液体轴承的摩擦功耗大,失稳转速较低,因此上述两种轴承在高转速下应用受到较大限制。气体轴承由于润滑介质粘度较低,能够有效地克服滚动轴承和液体轴承的缺点,在高速旋转机械中获得日益广泛的应用;动静压混合气体轴承避免了动压气体轴承低速时的磨损问题,并提高了轴承的承载能力和稳定性,成为气体轴承研究的重点之一。
本文以高速动静混合气体轴承为研究对象,研究轴承的静、动态特性;同时结合非线性动力学的理论和方法,通过数值仿真和试验手段,研究高速动静混合气体轴承-转子系统的耦合动力学特性,为高速旋转机械转子-气体轴承系统设计提供有效的方法。
针对经典混合气体轴承设计中仅将动压性能参数与静压性能参数分别计算后进行叠加,忽略了动静压之间的相互影响的问题,建立了含小孔节流项的动静混合径向气体轴承可压缩气体润滑雷诺方程,通过牛顿迭代法和有限差分法实现了混合轴承动静压参数耦合求解。同时针对气体轴承承载能力偏低的弱点,提出了薄膜节流器动静混合气体轴承结构,建立了描述薄膜节流器内流动的气体动力学方程,通过流体阻抗法实现了上述方程与径向气体润滑雷诺方程的耦合求解。
针对气体润滑雷诺方程中考虑转子涡动的气体轴承刚度阻尼系数求解困难的问题,通过多供气孔静压径向气体轴承的压力分布获得了能够准确描述其特性的平均系数及修正系数,给出了节流孔入、出口压力间的关系;采用传递函数法描述了径向气体轴承间隙内气体的流动,推导了非稳态多供气孔动静混合径向气体轴承非线性气膜力的解析表达式,通过对该气膜力进行Laplace变换获得了上述轴承的动力学特性系数。
针对气体轴承-转子系统动力学特性研究中忽略气膜力中压力和位移对时间偏导数项的问题,采用变方向隐式方法计算气体轴承间隙的瞬态流场,并将其与弹性转子运动学方程耦合求解;针对耦合求解中,气体润滑瞬态雷诺方程和转子运动方程不能同步求解的问题,提出了线性预测多场耦合算法,计算了气体轴承-转子系统的非线性动力学特性;研究表明,线性预测多场耦合算法能够消除弱耦合算法引入的滞后误差并提高计算效率。
基于线性预测多场耦合求解方法,提出了相应的简谐激振动力学特性系数识别方法,通过考虑激振频率对动力学特性系数的影响获得了耦合转子弹性变形的动力学特性系数。
针对旋转冲压发动机转子内部流动对结构几何参数变化较为敏感的特点,对旋转冲压发动机转子涡动时压缩进气道的内部流场进行分析,给出了作用在转子上的非线性激振力模型;通过数值仿真获得了旋转冲压发动机复杂激振力作用下动静混合气体轴承-高速转子系统的非线性动力学特性。
在高速气体轴承-旋转冲压转子系统实验台上,进行转子轴承系统动力学特性实验。通过与计算结果进行对比,比较了在实验转速内的低频分量及静平衡位置分布规律,定性验证了耦合求解建模及研究方法的正确性。
As the increasing of power density for power machinery, the rotor needs to work on high rotating speed. The bearing is the key component for limiting the high speed operation of rotor. The widely used rolling element bearing wears heavily and effects the life as the rotating speed is big, which generate from the contact between the components. For the liquid bearing, the friction waste power is large and the instability speed is low. So that two kinds of bearings are limited in the high speed application. The gas bearing can overcome the disadvantages of liquid bearing and rolling element bearing, which generates from that the low viscosty of lubricated medium for gas bearing. So the gas bearing is more and more widely employed in high speed rotating machinery. The hybrid gas bearing can avoid the bearing bush contact problem of aerodynamic gas bearing at lower rotating speed and increase the load capacity and stability, which become the high light of the research on gas bearing.
The high speed hybrid gas bearing is studied as the research object in this dissertation. The static and dynamic characteristics of bearing are studied. By employing numerical and experimental method, the coupling dynamics of high speed hybrid gas bearing rotor system is studied by combining with nonlinear dynamic therotical and method. This offers the reference basis and effective therotical method for the rotor bearing system design of high speed rotating machinery.
For the case that the aerodynamic performance and the aerostatic performance is calculated separately and then superimposed together in the classical hybrid gas bearing design, which ignore the couping effect, the compressible gas lubricated Reynolds equation including the small orifices flow term is established. The coupling solving of aerostatic and aerodynamic parameter for hybrid bearing is carried out by Newton method and finite difference method. To improve the bearing load capacity of gas bearing, the membrane restrictor gas bearing structure is proposed, and then the gas dynamic equation to describe the gas flow in membrane restrictor is established. That equation is couplingly solved with the gas lubricated Reynolds equation by fluid resistance method.
For the stiffness and damping coefficients with whirling of the rotor in gas lubricated Reynolds equation is complicated to get, the average and modified parameters are acquired by employing the pressure distribution of multi-orifices aerostatic journal bearing. And the relation between the inlet and outlet pressure for orifice is obtained. The flow in the journal gas bearing is described by the transfer function, and the analytical form of nonlinear unsteady gas film forces for multi- orifices hybrid gas bearing is derived. By employing the Laplace transform the dynamic coefficients are acquired.
For the case that usually the pressure and displacement derived with time is ingored in the research of gas bearing rotor system, the alternating direction implicit method is employed to calculate the transient flow field of gas bearing clearance, and then solved coupling with equations of motion for elastic rotor; For the case that in the coupling solving procedure, the gas lubricated transient Reynolds equation and equation of motion for rotor can not be solved simultaneously, the linear forecast multi-field algorithm is proposed. The nonlinear dynamics characteristics for gas bearing rotor system are studied. It indicates that the linear forecast multi-field algorithm can eliminate the hysteresis error caused by weak coupling algorithm and improve the efficient of calculation.
Based on the characteristic of linear forecast multi-field coupling solving method, the corrospending harmonic excited dynamic characteristic coefficients identification method is presented. By considering effect of the excited frequency on dynamic characteristic, the dynamic coefficients coupling with the elastic deformation of rotor is acquired.
Because the inner flow of rotating ramjet is sensitive to the geometry of structure, the internal flow in the rotating ramcompressor as whirling is studied, and then nonlinear coupling excited force model acting on the rotor is obtained. The gas lubricated Reynold equation including time terms is coupling solved with the motion of rotor, and the nonlinear rotor dynamic characteristics of hybrid gas journal bering-high speed rotor system with rotating ramcompressor complicated excited forces are obtained.
The dynamic characteristics experiment of rotor bearing system is carried out on the high speed gas bearing-rotating ramjet experimental test rig. By comparing with the numerical results, the low frequency component in the experimental speeds and the distribution of statics balancing position are checked, which proves the correctness of coupling solving modeling and research method qualitatively.
本文以高速动静混合气体轴承为研究对象,研究轴承的静、动态特性;同时结合非线性动力学的理论和方法,通过数值仿真和试验手段,研究高速动静混合气体轴承-转子系统的耦合动力学特性,为高速旋转机械转子-气体轴承系统设计提供有效的方法。
针对经典混合气体轴承设计中仅将动压性能参数与静压性能参数分别计算后进行叠加,忽略了动静压之间的相互影响的问题,建立了含小孔节流项的动静混合径向气体轴承可压缩气体润滑雷诺方程,通过牛顿迭代法和有限差分法实现了混合轴承动静压参数耦合求解。同时针对气体轴承承载能力偏低的弱点,提出了薄膜节流器动静混合气体轴承结构,建立了描述薄膜节流器内流动的气体动力学方程,通过流体阻抗法实现了上述方程与径向气体润滑雷诺方程的耦合求解。
针对气体润滑雷诺方程中考虑转子涡动的气体轴承刚度阻尼系数求解困难的问题,通过多供气孔静压径向气体轴承的压力分布获得了能够准确描述其特性的平均系数及修正系数,给出了节流孔入、出口压力间的关系;采用传递函数法描述了径向气体轴承间隙内气体的流动,推导了非稳态多供气孔动静混合径向气体轴承非线性气膜力的解析表达式,通过对该气膜力进行Laplace变换获得了上述轴承的动力学特性系数。
针对气体轴承-转子系统动力学特性研究中忽略气膜力中压力和位移对时间偏导数项的问题,采用变方向隐式方法计算气体轴承间隙的瞬态流场,并将其与弹性转子运动学方程耦合求解;针对耦合求解中,气体润滑瞬态雷诺方程和转子运动方程不能同步求解的问题,提出了线性预测多场耦合算法,计算了气体轴承-转子系统的非线性动力学特性;研究表明,线性预测多场耦合算法能够消除弱耦合算法引入的滞后误差并提高计算效率。
基于线性预测多场耦合求解方法,提出了相应的简谐激振动力学特性系数识别方法,通过考虑激振频率对动力学特性系数的影响获得了耦合转子弹性变形的动力学特性系数。
针对旋转冲压发动机转子内部流动对结构几何参数变化较为敏感的特点,对旋转冲压发动机转子涡动时压缩进气道的内部流场进行分析,给出了作用在转子上的非线性激振力模型;通过数值仿真获得了旋转冲压发动机复杂激振力作用下动静混合气体轴承-高速转子系统的非线性动力学特性。
在高速气体轴承-旋转冲压转子系统实验台上,进行转子轴承系统动力学特性实验。通过与计算结果进行对比,比较了在实验转速内的低频分量及静平衡位置分布规律,定性验证了耦合求解建模及研究方法的正确性。
As the increasing of power density for power machinery, the rotor needs to work on high rotating speed. The bearing is the key component for limiting the high speed operation of rotor. The widely used rolling element bearing wears heavily and effects the life as the rotating speed is big, which generate from the contact between the components. For the liquid bearing, the friction waste power is large and the instability speed is low. So that two kinds of bearings are limited in the high speed application. The gas bearing can overcome the disadvantages of liquid bearing and rolling element bearing, which generates from that the low viscosty of lubricated medium for gas bearing. So the gas bearing is more and more widely employed in high speed rotating machinery. The hybrid gas bearing can avoid the bearing bush contact problem of aerodynamic gas bearing at lower rotating speed and increase the load capacity and stability, which become the high light of the research on gas bearing.
The high speed hybrid gas bearing is studied as the research object in this dissertation. The static and dynamic characteristics of bearing are studied. By employing numerical and experimental method, the coupling dynamics of high speed hybrid gas bearing rotor system is studied by combining with nonlinear dynamic therotical and method. This offers the reference basis and effective therotical method for the rotor bearing system design of high speed rotating machinery.
For the case that the aerodynamic performance and the aerostatic performance is calculated separately and then superimposed together in the classical hybrid gas bearing design, which ignore the couping effect, the compressible gas lubricated Reynolds equation including the small orifices flow term is established. The coupling solving of aerostatic and aerodynamic parameter for hybrid bearing is carried out by Newton method and finite difference method. To improve the bearing load capacity of gas bearing, the membrane restrictor gas bearing structure is proposed, and then the gas dynamic equation to describe the gas flow in membrane restrictor is established. That equation is couplingly solved with the gas lubricated Reynolds equation by fluid resistance method.
For the stiffness and damping coefficients with whirling of the rotor in gas lubricated Reynolds equation is complicated to get, the average and modified parameters are acquired by employing the pressure distribution of multi-orifices aerostatic journal bearing. And the relation between the inlet and outlet pressure for orifice is obtained. The flow in the journal gas bearing is described by the transfer function, and the analytical form of nonlinear unsteady gas film forces for multi- orifices hybrid gas bearing is derived. By employing the Laplace transform the dynamic coefficients are acquired.
For the case that usually the pressure and displacement derived with time is ingored in the research of gas bearing rotor system, the alternating direction implicit method is employed to calculate the transient flow field of gas bearing clearance, and then solved coupling with equations of motion for elastic rotor; For the case that in the coupling solving procedure, the gas lubricated transient Reynolds equation and equation of motion for rotor can not be solved simultaneously, the linear forecast multi-field algorithm is proposed. The nonlinear dynamics characteristics for gas bearing rotor system are studied. It indicates that the linear forecast multi-field algorithm can eliminate the hysteresis error caused by weak coupling algorithm and improve the efficient of calculation.
Based on the characteristic of linear forecast multi-field coupling solving method, the corrospending harmonic excited dynamic characteristic coefficients identification method is presented. By considering effect of the excited frequency on dynamic characteristic, the dynamic coefficients coupling with the elastic deformation of rotor is acquired.
Because the inner flow of rotating ramjet is sensitive to the geometry of structure, the internal flow in the rotating ramcompressor as whirling is studied, and then nonlinear coupling excited force model acting on the rotor is obtained. The gas lubricated Reynold equation including time terms is coupling solved with the motion of rotor, and the nonlinear rotor dynamic characteristics of hybrid gas journal bering-high speed rotor system with rotating ramcompressor complicated excited forces are obtained.
The dynamic characteristics experiment of rotor bearing system is carried out on the high speed gas bearing-rotating ramjet experimental test rig. By comparing with the numerical results, the low frequency component in the experimental speeds and the distribution of statics balancing position are checked, which proves the correctness of coupling solving modeling and research method qualitatively.
引文
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