国有经济产业分布演化及其影响因素的分析与检验
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摘要
本文从国有经济产业布局和结构调整的内涵、国有经济产业布局和结构调整的理论依据、国有经济产业布局和结构调整的现实依据以及国有经济产业分布决定因素四个方面展开对国有经济产业分布及其演变的理论分析。命脉与非命脉论认为，如果站在国家整体的利益和发展的角度看，可以将整个国家的产业布局分成命脉领域的相关产业和非命脉领域的相关产业。竞争领域与非竞争领域论的学者认为可以通过市场化的力量来完善和促进国有经济体制，强化国有经济的功能，不断增强国有经济的实力。所以持竞争领域与非竞争领域论认为国有经济产业分布的取向应该是集中于非竞争性领域。赢利领域与亏损领域论认为应该利用赢利和亏损这一简单而根本的市场化标准去决定国有经济产业分布的取舍。弥补市场失灵论认为国有经济产业分布就中应该集中于在一些市场失灵或是市场调节作用不足的产业，或者说国有经济产业分布应该集中于自然垄断行业或者具有正向外部性的提供公共产品的行业。任何社会经济改革的进行必然依赖于一定的经济理论得以完成，国有经济产业布局和结构调整也需要一定理论的指导。
本文详细分析改革开放以后，国有经济在三次产业及工业各部门的分布和发展情况，以期揭示我国国有经济的产业布局的演变趋势及特征。在改革开放前，我国国民经济的各行各业、各个部门几乎全部由公有制经济特别是国有经济所构成，国有经济在恢复经济发展及增强和巩固社会主义现代化建设中发挥着绝对主导的作用；伴随着我国改革开放政策的提出和不断深化、经济体制转型的日趋完善，国有经济对拉动整个国民经济的快速增长也发挥了至关重要的作用。
本文利用1999-2010年制造业中20个产业的面板数据，建立面板数据协整模型，实证检验了自然垄断性、行业外部性、主导性产业、产业溢出效应对中国国有经济产业分布的影响因素的实证分析。国有经济是公有制经济的一种表现形式。国有经济和私有制经济的最大区别就在于两种所有制的产权主体是不同的。国有经济的产权主体是国家，私有制经济的产权主体是个人。正是产权主体是不同带来的是国有经济和私有制经济在其所追求的经济目标和经济效率方面都存在着诸多的差异。国有经济的产业分布从理论上讲是指国有经济在各个产业及部门中的分布状况，它包含两个重要的方面。第一，就是国有经济产业的空间分布结构，也就是国有经济成份具体分布于哪些行业。第二，就是在既定的行业中国有经济所占的比重。一般利用选用国有经济的总资产或总投资占该行业的总资产或总投资的比例来反映。国有经济产业分布的调整和优化在中国整个产业结构调整中居于最重要的地位，这也是大力提高国有经济整体控制力、影响力的关键。如果国有经济产业布局没有一定的侧重点，则国有经济的结构调整就难以达到预想的目标。中国经济改革正处于中国经济转型的关键时期，并且中国区域经济体制的复杂性更加使得以往的经济调整过程中片面追去经济的快速增长，忽视了中国经济资源配置的整体合理性，各个区域项目重复建设，区域产业结构存在着失调和趋同并存的问题。而搞好国有经济产业调整是解决上述问题的关键。自然垄断性和产业溢出效应因素对于国有经济产业分布的影响并不显著，而行业外部性、主导性产业对于中国国有经济产业分布的影响是非常显著的。并且这种影响均为正值，这揭示了当一个产业的外部性作用越加明显以及主导作用越强时，那么，这个产业的国有经济比重也将越大。
本文利用中国制造业的29个产业的相关数据，测算了1999年-2010年各个产业在绩效的变化情况。并在此基础上，建立面板门限模型，分析和检验国有经济产业分布和产业绩效之间的非线性关联。我国的国有企业是在传统的计划经济条件下诞生与运行的。我国也多次探索对国有企业的改革，但富有成效的大规模系统改革是进入改革开放之后进行的。我国国有企业改革主要经历了放权让利、转换经营机制、建立现代企业制度以及战略性改组四个阶段。我国从20世纪80年代初，开始扩大企业的经营自主权，实行“放权让利”的改革举措。国家和主管部门将更多的权力下放给企业，并实行各种形式的承包经营，从经济责任制到资产经营责任制，让企业的经营者和职工获得尽可能多的利益，以调动企业和个人两者的积极性。1992年，国家制定了国有企业转换经营机制的条例，进一步落实企业的自主权，全面推进国有企业经营机制的改革，使国有企业的改革进入到一个新阶段。从1994年开始，中央确立了国有企业改革的目标模式是建立现代企业制度。这一阶段改革的一个突出进展就是第一次触动了企业的所有制，旗帜鲜明地进行了企业产权制度的改革。1997年9月“十五大”提出“着眼于搞好整个国有经济，抓好大的、放活小的，对国有企业实行战略性改组”。十五大报告提出的两个战略性调整着眼于增强国有经济的控制力和竞争力，全面提高国民经济整体素质和效益，增强综合国力和国际竞争力。经过改革后所形成的我国国有经济的产业分布是否是提高中国产业绩效这一问题？目前学术界并没有形成一个统一的认识。重新认识国有资本在稳定经济和提升产业竞争力方面的重要作用、深入研究国有经济产业分布与产业绩效是否具有一定的相关性特征，对于解决我国当前面临的经济和社会问题具有重要意义。经过改革后所形成的我国国有经济的产业分布是否是提高中国产业绩效这一问题？目前学术界并没有形成一个统一的认识。从回归方程的各系数的估计结果来看，国有经济产业的分布对产业技术效率呈现出一个正向的影响，但是2显著为负，说明了国有经济产业的分布与产业技术效率之间存在着“倒U”型关系。
In this article from the layout and restructuring of state-owned Economicconnotation, the theoretical basis of the industrial layout of the state-owned economyand structural adjustment, based on the reality of industrial layout of the state-ownedeconomy and structural adjustment, as well as state-owned Economic Distributiondeterminants and distribution of state-owned Economic The theoretical analysis of itsevolution. The the lifeline with non lifeblood On that, if standing on the point of viewof the interests and development of the country as a whole, industrial layout of thewhole country can be divided into the lifeblood of the field of industry and thelifeblood of related industries. Scholars believe that the field of competition andnon-competition field theory by market forces to improve and promote the state-ownedeconomic system, and strengthen the function of the state-owned economy to continueto enhance the strength of the state-owned economy. Holding area of the field ofcompetition and non-competition theory is that the distribution of state-ownedEconomic orientation should be concentrated in non-competitive areas. Profitableareas of loss field theory to decide the distribution of the trade-offs of state-ownedEconomic profits and losses should take advantage of this simple and fundamentalmarket standards. Compensate for market failure theory that the state-owned EconomicDistribution in insufficient role of industry in some market failure or market regulationshould focus on, said the distribution of state-owned economy industry should focuson the natural monopoly industries or public goods with positive externalities provideindustries. Any social and economic reforms carried out must rely on economic theoryto complete, industrial layout and structural adjustment of state-owned economy alsoneed some theoretical guidance.
This paper analyzes the reform and opening up, the state-owned economy in thedistribution and development of the three industries and industrial sectors, in order toreveal the evolution of trends and characteristics of the industrial layout of China's state-owned economy. Before the reform and opening up, China's national economy,all walks of life, various departments almost entirely by the public sector of theeconomy, particularly the state-owned economy, and the state-owned economy in theeconomic recovery and development, and to enhance and consolidate the socialistmodernization plays an absolutely dominant role; accompanied The forward made andthe deepening of China's reform and opening up policy, economic and institutionaltransformation are maturing, the state-owned economy, stimulating the rapid growth ofthe national economy as a whole has also played a crucial role.
This article using the panel data of20industries in the manufacturing1999-2010,the establishment of the panel data cointegration model, empirical test of naturalmonopoly, the industry externalities dominant industry, industry spillover effects onthe distribution of China's state-owned Economic Factors Affecting An EmpiricalAnalysis. The state-owned economy is a form of expression in the public sector of theeconomy. The biggest difference is that the state-owned economy and privateownership economy two kinds of ownership of property rights is different. Propertyrights of state-owned economy is a national, personal property rights of privateownership economy. It is property rights is different is the state-owned economy andprivate ownership economy there are many differences in their pursuit of economicobjectives and economic efficiency. The state-owned economy of industrialdistribution theory refers to the distribution of state-owned economy in variousindustries and sectors, it contains two important aspects. First, the spatial distributionof state-owned Economic structure, which is state-owned economic sectors in specificdistribution which industries. Second, is the established industry proportion of theeconomy. General selection of the total assets or total investment of state-ownedeconomy accounted for the proportion of the industry's total assets or total investmentto reflect. The adjustment and optimization of the distribution of the state Economicliving in the most important position in the entire industrial structure adjustment,which is vigorously improve the overall control of the state-owned economy, the keyinfluence. Industrial layout of the state-owned economy is not necessarily the focus ofthe state-owned economy of structural adjustment would be difficult to achieve thedesired goals. China's economic reform is at a critical period of China's economictransformation, and the complexity of the regional economic system more so that the overall rationality of the economic adjustment process in the past one-sided to chasethe rapid growth of the economy, ignoring China's economic resources configuration,various regional projects redundant construction, the regional industrial structure existsdisorders coexist and convergence problems. Do a good job in industrial restructuringof state-owned economy is the key to solve the above problems. Natural monopoly andindustry spillover effect is not significant factors affect the distribution of state-ownedEconomic and industry externalities, the dominant industry, the impact of China'sstate-owned Economic distribution is very significant of. And this effect was positive,which reveals when the external role of the industry is becoming increasingly obvious,and the stronger leading role, then, the proportion of state-owned economy of thisindustry will be greater.
29In this paper, the Chinese manufacturing industry data, estimates the changesof the the1999-2010industry performance. On this basis, the establishment of a panelthreshold model, analysis and testing of nonlinear correlation between the distributionof industries and industrial performance of the state-owned economy. China'sstate-owned enterprises in the traditional planned economy under the conditions ofbirth and running. China has repeatedly explore the reform of state-owned enterprises,but productive large-scale system reform after the reform and opening up. Majorstate-owned enterprise reform in China has experienced the devolution of power tochange their operational mechanism, establishing a modern enterprise system as wellas the strategic restructuring of the four stages. From the early1980s, the countrybegan to expand the operational autonomy of enterprises, the implementation ofreform initiatives "devolution of power". Countries and the competent authorities todevolve more power to the enterprise, and the implementation of various forms ofcontractual management, to get as much benefit from the economic responsibility tothe asset management responsibility, so that business owners and workers, in order tomobilize the enterprise and personal enthusiasm of both. In1992, the countries todevelop regulations for state-owned enterprises to change their operational mechanism,to further the implementation of the autonomy of the enterprise, and comprehensivelypromote the reform of state-owned enterprises operating mechanism, so that the reformof state-owned enterprises into a new stage. Beginning in1994, the central target modeto establish a state-owned enterprise reform is to establish a modern enterprise system. An outstanding progress in the reform of this stage is the first time touched theownership of the enterprise, the enterprise property right system reform unequivocally.September1997Fifteenth focus on doing a good job the entire national economy,grasp large and small, and deregulation of the strategic reorganization of state-ownedenterprises ". The two strategic adjustment proposed by the report of the15th to focuson enhancing the dominance and competitiveness of state-owned economy, andcomprehensively improve the quality and efficiency of the national economy as awhole, and to enhance the comprehensive national strength and internationalcompetitiveness. Formed after the reform of China's state-owned economy, thedistribution of industries is to improve the performance of China's industrial problems?Academia and not form a unified understanding. New understanding of an importantrole in stabilizing the economy and enhance industrial competitiveness of state-ownedcapital-depth study of the distribution of industries and industrial performance of thestate-owned economy whether certain characteristics of great significance for solvingthe economic and social problems of our country is currently facing. Formed after thereform of China's state-owned economy, the distribution of industries is to improve theperformance of China's industrial problems? Academia and not form a unifiedunderstanding. From the results of the regression equation coefficient estimates, thedistribution of state-owned Economic efficiency of industrial technology, showing apositive impact, but significantly negative, indicating that exists between thedistribution of state-owned Economic efficiency of industrial technology." inverted U"type relationship.
本文详细分析改革开放以后，国有经济在三次产业及工业各部门的分布和发展情况，以期揭示我国国有经济的产业布局的演变趋势及特征。在改革开放前，我国国民经济的各行各业、各个部门几乎全部由公有制经济特别是国有经济所构成，国有经济在恢复经济发展及增强和巩固社会主义现代化建设中发挥着绝对主导的作用；伴随着我国改革开放政策的提出和不断深化、经济体制转型的日趋完善，国有经济对拉动整个国民经济的快速增长也发挥了至关重要的作用。
本文利用1999-2010年制造业中20个产业的面板数据，建立面板数据协整模型，实证检验了自然垄断性、行业外部性、主导性产业、产业溢出效应对中国国有经济产业分布的影响因素的实证分析。国有经济是公有制经济的一种表现形式。国有经济和私有制经济的最大区别就在于两种所有制的产权主体是不同的。国有经济的产权主体是国家，私有制经济的产权主体是个人。正是产权主体是不同带来的是国有经济和私有制经济在其所追求的经济目标和经济效率方面都存在着诸多的差异。国有经济的产业分布从理论上讲是指国有经济在各个产业及部门中的分布状况，它包含两个重要的方面。第一，就是国有经济产业的空间分布结构，也就是国有经济成份具体分布于哪些行业。第二，就是在既定的行业中国有经济所占的比重。一般利用选用国有经济的总资产或总投资占该行业的总资产或总投资的比例来反映。国有经济产业分布的调整和优化在中国整个产业结构调整中居于最重要的地位，这也是大力提高国有经济整体控制力、影响力的关键。如果国有经济产业布局没有一定的侧重点，则国有经济的结构调整就难以达到预想的目标。中国经济改革正处于中国经济转型的关键时期，并且中国区域经济体制的复杂性更加使得以往的经济调整过程中片面追去经济的快速增长，忽视了中国经济资源配置的整体合理性，各个区域项目重复建设，区域产业结构存在着失调和趋同并存的问题。而搞好国有经济产业调整是解决上述问题的关键。自然垄断性和产业溢出效应因素对于国有经济产业分布的影响并不显著，而行业外部性、主导性产业对于中国国有经济产业分布的影响是非常显著的。并且这种影响均为正值，这揭示了当一个产业的外部性作用越加明显以及主导作用越强时，那么，这个产业的国有经济比重也将越大。
本文利用中国制造业的29个产业的相关数据，测算了1999年-2010年各个产业在绩效的变化情况。并在此基础上，建立面板门限模型，分析和检验国有经济产业分布和产业绩效之间的非线性关联。我国的国有企业是在传统的计划经济条件下诞生与运行的。我国也多次探索对国有企业的改革，但富有成效的大规模系统改革是进入改革开放之后进行的。我国国有企业改革主要经历了放权让利、转换经营机制、建立现代企业制度以及战略性改组四个阶段。我国从20世纪80年代初，开始扩大企业的经营自主权，实行“放权让利”的改革举措。国家和主管部门将更多的权力下放给企业，并实行各种形式的承包经营，从经济责任制到资产经营责任制，让企业的经营者和职工获得尽可能多的利益，以调动企业和个人两者的积极性。1992年，国家制定了国有企业转换经营机制的条例，进一步落实企业的自主权，全面推进国有企业经营机制的改革，使国有企业的改革进入到一个新阶段。从1994年开始，中央确立了国有企业改革的目标模式是建立现代企业制度。这一阶段改革的一个突出进展就是第一次触动了企业的所有制，旗帜鲜明地进行了企业产权制度的改革。1997年9月“十五大”提出“着眼于搞好整个国有经济，抓好大的、放活小的，对国有企业实行战略性改组”。十五大报告提出的两个战略性调整着眼于增强国有经济的控制力和竞争力，全面提高国民经济整体素质和效益，增强综合国力和国际竞争力。经过改革后所形成的我国国有经济的产业分布是否是提高中国产业绩效这一问题？目前学术界并没有形成一个统一的认识。重新认识国有资本在稳定经济和提升产业竞争力方面的重要作用、深入研究国有经济产业分布与产业绩效是否具有一定的相关性特征，对于解决我国当前面临的经济和社会问题具有重要意义。经过改革后所形成的我国国有经济的产业分布是否是提高中国产业绩效这一问题？目前学术界并没有形成一个统一的认识。从回归方程的各系数的估计结果来看，国有经济产业的分布对产业技术效率呈现出一个正向的影响，但是2显著为负，说明了国有经济产业的分布与产业技术效率之间存在着“倒U”型关系。
In this article from the layout and restructuring of state-owned Economicconnotation, the theoretical basis of the industrial layout of the state-owned economyand structural adjustment, based on the reality of industrial layout of the state-ownedeconomy and structural adjustment, as well as state-owned Economic Distributiondeterminants and distribution of state-owned Economic The theoretical analysis of itsevolution. The the lifeline with non lifeblood On that, if standing on the point of viewof the interests and development of the country as a whole, industrial layout of thewhole country can be divided into the lifeblood of the field of industry and thelifeblood of related industries. Scholars believe that the field of competition andnon-competition field theory by market forces to improve and promote the state-ownedeconomic system, and strengthen the function of the state-owned economy to continueto enhance the strength of the state-owned economy. Holding area of the field ofcompetition and non-competition theory is that the distribution of state-ownedEconomic orientation should be concentrated in non-competitive areas. Profitableareas of loss field theory to decide the distribution of the trade-offs of state-ownedEconomic profits and losses should take advantage of this simple and fundamentalmarket standards. Compensate for market failure theory that the state-owned EconomicDistribution in insufficient role of industry in some market failure or market regulationshould focus on, said the distribution of state-owned economy industry should focuson the natural monopoly industries or public goods with positive externalities provideindustries. Any social and economic reforms carried out must rely on economic theoryto complete, industrial layout and structural adjustment of state-owned economy alsoneed some theoretical guidance.
This paper analyzes the reform and opening up, the state-owned economy in thedistribution and development of the three industries and industrial sectors, in order toreveal the evolution of trends and characteristics of the industrial layout of China's state-owned economy. Before the reform and opening up, China's national economy,all walks of life, various departments almost entirely by the public sector of theeconomy, particularly the state-owned economy, and the state-owned economy in theeconomic recovery and development, and to enhance and consolidate the socialistmodernization plays an absolutely dominant role; accompanied The forward made andthe deepening of China's reform and opening up policy, economic and institutionaltransformation are maturing, the state-owned economy, stimulating the rapid growth ofthe national economy as a whole has also played a crucial role.
This article using the panel data of20industries in the manufacturing1999-2010,the establishment of the panel data cointegration model, empirical test of naturalmonopoly, the industry externalities dominant industry, industry spillover effects onthe distribution of China's state-owned Economic Factors Affecting An EmpiricalAnalysis. The state-owned economy is a form of expression in the public sector of theeconomy. The biggest difference is that the state-owned economy and privateownership economy two kinds of ownership of property rights is different. Propertyrights of state-owned economy is a national, personal property rights of privateownership economy. It is property rights is different is the state-owned economy andprivate ownership economy there are many differences in their pursuit of economicobjectives and economic efficiency. The state-owned economy of industrialdistribution theory refers to the distribution of state-owned economy in variousindustries and sectors, it contains two important aspects. First, the spatial distributionof state-owned Economic structure, which is state-owned economic sectors in specificdistribution which industries. Second, is the established industry proportion of theeconomy. General selection of the total assets or total investment of state-ownedeconomy accounted for the proportion of the industry's total assets or total investmentto reflect. The adjustment and optimization of the distribution of the state Economicliving in the most important position in the entire industrial structure adjustment,which is vigorously improve the overall control of the state-owned economy, the keyinfluence. Industrial layout of the state-owned economy is not necessarily the focus ofthe state-owned economy of structural adjustment would be difficult to achieve thedesired goals. China's economic reform is at a critical period of China's economictransformation, and the complexity of the regional economic system more so that the overall rationality of the economic adjustment process in the past one-sided to chasethe rapid growth of the economy, ignoring China's economic resources configuration,various regional projects redundant construction, the regional industrial structure existsdisorders coexist and convergence problems. Do a good job in industrial restructuringof state-owned economy is the key to solve the above problems. Natural monopoly andindustry spillover effect is not significant factors affect the distribution of state-ownedEconomic and industry externalities, the dominant industry, the impact of China'sstate-owned Economic distribution is very significant of. And this effect was positive,which reveals when the external role of the industry is becoming increasingly obvious,and the stronger leading role, then, the proportion of state-owned economy of thisindustry will be greater.
29In this paper, the Chinese manufacturing industry data, estimates the changesof the the1999-2010industry performance. On this basis, the establishment of a panelthreshold model, analysis and testing of nonlinear correlation between the distributionof industries and industrial performance of the state-owned economy. China'sstate-owned enterprises in the traditional planned economy under the conditions ofbirth and running. China has repeatedly explore the reform of state-owned enterprises,but productive large-scale system reform after the reform and opening up. Majorstate-owned enterprise reform in China has experienced the devolution of power tochange their operational mechanism, establishing a modern enterprise system as wellas the strategic restructuring of the four stages. From the early1980s, the countrybegan to expand the operational autonomy of enterprises, the implementation ofreform initiatives "devolution of power". Countries and the competent authorities todevolve more power to the enterprise, and the implementation of various forms ofcontractual management, to get as much benefit from the economic responsibility tothe asset management responsibility, so that business owners and workers, in order tomobilize the enterprise and personal enthusiasm of both. In1992, the countries todevelop regulations for state-owned enterprises to change their operational mechanism,to further the implementation of the autonomy of the enterprise, and comprehensivelypromote the reform of state-owned enterprises operating mechanism, so that the reformof state-owned enterprises into a new stage. Beginning in1994, the central target modeto establish a state-owned enterprise reform is to establish a modern enterprise system. An outstanding progress in the reform of this stage is the first time touched theownership of the enterprise, the enterprise property right system reform unequivocally.September1997Fifteenth focus on doing a good job the entire national economy,grasp large and small, and deregulation of the strategic reorganization of state-ownedenterprises ". The two strategic adjustment proposed by the report of the15th to focuson enhancing the dominance and competitiveness of state-owned economy, andcomprehensively improve the quality and efficiency of the national economy as awhole, and to enhance the comprehensive national strength and internationalcompetitiveness. Formed after the reform of China's state-owned economy, thedistribution of industries is to improve the performance of China's industrial problems?Academia and not form a unified understanding. New understanding of an importantrole in stabilizing the economy and enhance industrial competitiveness of state-ownedcapital-depth study of the distribution of industries and industrial performance of thestate-owned economy whether certain characteristics of great significance for solvingthe economic and social problems of our country is currently facing. Formed after thereform of China's state-owned economy, the distribution of industries is to improve theperformance of China's industrial problems? Academia and not form a unifiedunderstanding. From the results of the regression equation coefficient estimates, thedistribution of state-owned Economic efficiency of industrial technology, showing apositive impact, but significantly negative, indicating that exists between thedistribution of state-owned Economic efficiency of industrial technology." inverted U"type relationship.
引文
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