网格计算环境中若干关键技术的研究
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摘要
进入新世纪以来，信息产业的第三次浪潮开始孕育，它试图全面连通因特网上的所有资源，以最终实现灵活的虚拟组织范围的资源共享和协同工作。然而，传统的分布计算技术在共享配置的灵活性和共享资源种类等方面不能很好地满足虚拟组织的需求。因此，研究可支持虚拟组织并可最终大规模商用的网格计算技术无论从研究或工程应用角度都有相当重要的意义和价值。
以元计算、正统的网格计算和对等计算等相关领域技术为背景，以中间件技术为支撑，论文从系统模型、相关协议与算法和基础设施这三个层次研究了广义范围的网格计算技术，内容主要涉及网格计算环境中的资源管理与调度、容错和安全等。研究工作取得了如下创新性成果：
* 提出一种融合了Web计算技术、正统的网格计算技术和对等计算技术的资源管理模型。现有的资源管理模型往往无法同时满足网格计算的动态性、可伸缩性和适应性需求。针对这个问题，提出了一种融合了Web计算技术，正统的网格计算技术和对等计算技术的资源管理模型。它将整个网格计算环境分为两级：在各个管理域内部可采用不同的管理策略和体系结构，体现了对遗留系统的适应性支持；各管理域之间的组织则采用对等计算模式，从而可适应网格计算环境的动态性和可伸缩性。在该模型中，标准化的互操作性通过万维网服务提供，以克服资源的异质性；动态资源部署采用基于XML的数据模型来描述资源信息，并通过软状态机制来解决分布式垃圾收集问题；动态资源发现算法则通过XQuery来匹配资源提供者和资源使用者双方的需求，克服了LDAP和关系性数据模型的限制，具有高度的灵活性和可扩展性。
* 提出了一种分级的资源调度模型和相应的任务图调度算法。现有的资源调度模型往往无法体现公平性，也缺乏可扩展性支持。为此，论文提出了一种资源池调度模型，它通过将调度阶段划分为用户级调度和资源级调度，与分级的资源管理模型相适应，它的公平性则体现在支持资源使用者和提供者双方协商服务级协定。论文针对同构和异质环境分别设计了相应的任务图静态调度算法，并且探索了这两种不同环境中的动态调度算法。在同构环境中通过引入动态任务迁移机制将DCP算法改造为DCPTM算法，理论分析和仿真实验证实了相应的调度结果具有更好的性能；而在异质环境中则根据通信/计算比值的不同对任务图进行分类，分别采用不同调度算法来适应不同类型的任务图。与同类研究相比，本文算法对调度的应用类型，资源调度发生的不同空间和时间考虑更为全面，从而体现了适应性支持。
* 提出一种高性能的适应性复制协议。要使网格计算技术大规模商用，必须保证关键服务的连续性，这就要求服务是高可用的，而现有研究往往对网格服务的高可用性不够重视。针对这一问题，论文提出了一种可支持不同类型分布应用的高性能复制协议，其设计采用复制实例数目可动态伸缩的逻辑令牌环结构，克服了传统复制协议不能适应遗留系统和性能不佳的缺陷。文中给出了该协议的系统模型和协议描述，详细说明了该协议如何提供高可用性以适应各种不同类型的应用，并进行了相应的性能分析，论证了该协议能够保证系统的整体性能。
* 提出了一种可伸缩、可扩展的访问控制安全策略与相应的安全模型。论文在讨论网格安全性的基础上提出了一种灵活的访问控制安全策略，它支持网格计算环境固有的动态性、可伸缩性和可扩展性。相应的访问控制安全模型基于该策略设计，通过基于XML的查询请求/断言应答语言SAML和可扩展访问控制语言XACML来支持身份认证和访问控制。和现有网格计算安全领域的相关研究对比，该模型对XML技术的充分利用使它可很好地支持层次结构，并具有易扩展的优越性，可实现独立于平台的策略结构化描述，克服了现有研究难以支持虚拟组织中高度灵活的共享关系定义和对共享资源的复杂高级控制的缺陷，可满足细粒度访问控制和单点登录等安全需求，并可利用较为成熟的各种XML解析器实现语义精确的策略描述和执行。
此外，综合上述工作，还提出了一种网格计算基础设施体系。论文提出了一种网格计算基础设施的工程模型，并基于WebLogic Platform、OpenSAML和Sun XACML实现了相应的原型系统。该原型以资源管理和调度子系统为核心，通过反省技术透明地纳入了容错子系统和安全子系统。论文也给出了一些关键模块的具体设计与实现方法
The third tidal wave of IT industry is gestating from the beginning of the new century, which tries to interconnect all resources on Internet so that resource sharing and collaborating can be implemented in the scope of virtual organizations. Therefore, it is significant and valuable for both researchers and engineers to investigate grid computing technologies for large-scale business applications to support virtual organizations.
Based on Meta Computing, orthodox Grid Computing and Peer-to-Peer Computing, the author explores fargoing grid computing methodologies, which incorporates middleware support at three levels, viz., system model, relevant protocols together with algorithms as well as the infrastructure. Some of the research goals include resource management, resource scheduling, fault tolerance and security in grid computing environment. Innovative contributions of the dissertation are partly enumerated as follows：
* Proposing a resource management model by syncretizing Web Computing, Orthodox Grid Computing and P2P Computing. Currently a single resource management model can seldom meet various grid computing requirements, such as dynamicity, scalability and adaptability. A new resource management model, which syncretizes web computing, orthodox grid computing and P2P computing, is proposed to solve the problem. In the model, the whole grid computing environment is organized into a hierarchy with two levels: Different management policies and architectures can be adopted in different administrative domains internally to meet adaptability requirement for legacy systems；P2P model is used to organize multiple administrative domains to meet dynamicity and scalability. Web services are introduced in the model to provide standard interoperability to overcome resource heterogeneity. Dynamic resource deployment model employs the XML-based data model to describe resource properties and solves the distributed garbage collection problem by Soft State mechanism. Whereas highly flexible and extensible dynamic resource discovery algorithm, which overcomes the limitation of LDAP and relational data model, matches requirements for both resource providers and consumers via XQuery.
Proposing a new resource scheduling model and related task graph
* scheduling algorithms. Currently most of resource scheduling models lack support for fairness and extensibility. Aiming at the problem, a new resource repository model is proposed in the dissertation. The scheduling is divided into user-level and resource-level to adapt to the resource management model. It also embodies fairness since it enables service level agreement negotiation between resource providers and resource consumers. According to the homogeneous and heterogeneous computing environments, different static task graph scheduling algorithms are designed respectively. Dynamic task graph scheduling algorithms are also explored for these environments. In the homogeneous environment, DCP algorithm is reformed to DCPTM by introducing dynamic task migration idea. Both theory analysis and simulation experiments prove that the new algorithm can generate scheduling results with better performance. In the heterogeneous environment, task graphs are classified according to their communication/computation ratio so that different scheduling algorithms could be applied adaptably for task graphs with different classes. Compared with related works, the adaptable algorithms presented in the dissertation are more full-scale in different scheduled application type, different resource scheduling time and different resource scheduling space.
* Proposing an adaptable efficient replication protocol. The 7X24 non-stop running of critical services is necessary for grid computing technologies to be applied in business field on a large scale. Therefore these services must be highly available; nevertheless, current researches do not care about it enough. An efficient replication protocol is proposed in the dissertation to support different distributed applications. Its design adopts
以元计算、正统的网格计算和对等计算等相关领域技术为背景，以中间件技术为支撑，论文从系统模型、相关协议与算法和基础设施这三个层次研究了广义范围的网格计算技术，内容主要涉及网格计算环境中的资源管理与调度、容错和安全等。研究工作取得了如下创新性成果：
* 提出一种融合了Web计算技术、正统的网格计算技术和对等计算技术的资源管理模型。现有的资源管理模型往往无法同时满足网格计算的动态性、可伸缩性和适应性需求。针对这个问题，提出了一种融合了Web计算技术，正统的网格计算技术和对等计算技术的资源管理模型。它将整个网格计算环境分为两级：在各个管理域内部可采用不同的管理策略和体系结构，体现了对遗留系统的适应性支持；各管理域之间的组织则采用对等计算模式，从而可适应网格计算环境的动态性和可伸缩性。在该模型中，标准化的互操作性通过万维网服务提供，以克服资源的异质性；动态资源部署采用基于XML的数据模型来描述资源信息，并通过软状态机制来解决分布式垃圾收集问题；动态资源发现算法则通过XQuery来匹配资源提供者和资源使用者双方的需求，克服了LDAP和关系性数据模型的限制，具有高度的灵活性和可扩展性。
* 提出了一种分级的资源调度模型和相应的任务图调度算法。现有的资源调度模型往往无法体现公平性，也缺乏可扩展性支持。为此，论文提出了一种资源池调度模型，它通过将调度阶段划分为用户级调度和资源级调度，与分级的资源管理模型相适应，它的公平性则体现在支持资源使用者和提供者双方协商服务级协定。论文针对同构和异质环境分别设计了相应的任务图静态调度算法，并且探索了这两种不同环境中的动态调度算法。在同构环境中通过引入动态任务迁移机制将DCP算法改造为DCPTM算法，理论分析和仿真实验证实了相应的调度结果具有更好的性能；而在异质环境中则根据通信/计算比值的不同对任务图进行分类，分别采用不同调度算法来适应不同类型的任务图。与同类研究相比，本文算法对调度的应用类型，资源调度发生的不同空间和时间考虑更为全面，从而体现了适应性支持。
* 提出一种高性能的适应性复制协议。要使网格计算技术大规模商用，必须保证关键服务的连续性，这就要求服务是高可用的，而现有研究往往对网格服务的高可用性不够重视。针对这一问题，论文提出了一种可支持不同类型分布应用的高性能复制协议，其设计采用复制实例数目可动态伸缩的逻辑令牌环结构，克服了传统复制协议不能适应遗留系统和性能不佳的缺陷。文中给出了该协议的系统模型和协议描述，详细说明了该协议如何提供高可用性以适应各种不同类型的应用，并进行了相应的性能分析，论证了该协议能够保证系统的整体性能。
* 提出了一种可伸缩、可扩展的访问控制安全策略与相应的安全模型。论文在讨论网格安全性的基础上提出了一种灵活的访问控制安全策略，它支持网格计算环境固有的动态性、可伸缩性和可扩展性。相应的访问控制安全模型基于该策略设计，通过基于XML的查询请求/断言应答语言SAML和可扩展访问控制语言XACML来支持身份认证和访问控制。和现有网格计算安全领域的相关研究对比，该模型对XML技术的充分利用使它可很好地支持层次结构，并具有易扩展的优越性，可实现独立于平台的策略结构化描述，克服了现有研究难以支持虚拟组织中高度灵活的共享关系定义和对共享资源的复杂高级控制的缺陷，可满足细粒度访问控制和单点登录等安全需求，并可利用较为成熟的各种XML解析器实现语义精确的策略描述和执行。
此外，综合上述工作，还提出了一种网格计算基础设施体系。论文提出了一种网格计算基础设施的工程模型，并基于WebLogic Platform、OpenSAML和Sun XACML实现了相应的原型系统。该原型以资源管理和调度子系统为核心，通过反省技术透明地纳入了容错子系统和安全子系统。论文也给出了一些关键模块的具体设计与实现方法
The third tidal wave of IT industry is gestating from the beginning of the new century, which tries to interconnect all resources on Internet so that resource sharing and collaborating can be implemented in the scope of virtual organizations. Therefore, it is significant and valuable for both researchers and engineers to investigate grid computing technologies for large-scale business applications to support virtual organizations.
Based on Meta Computing, orthodox Grid Computing and Peer-to-Peer Computing, the author explores fargoing grid computing methodologies, which incorporates middleware support at three levels, viz., system model, relevant protocols together with algorithms as well as the infrastructure. Some of the research goals include resource management, resource scheduling, fault tolerance and security in grid computing environment. Innovative contributions of the dissertation are partly enumerated as follows：
* Proposing a resource management model by syncretizing Web Computing, Orthodox Grid Computing and P2P Computing. Currently a single resource management model can seldom meet various grid computing requirements, such as dynamicity, scalability and adaptability. A new resource management model, which syncretizes web computing, orthodox grid computing and P2P computing, is proposed to solve the problem. In the model, the whole grid computing environment is organized into a hierarchy with two levels: Different management policies and architectures can be adopted in different administrative domains internally to meet adaptability requirement for legacy systems；P2P model is used to organize multiple administrative domains to meet dynamicity and scalability. Web services are introduced in the model to provide standard interoperability to overcome resource heterogeneity. Dynamic resource deployment model employs the XML-based data model to describe resource properties and solves the distributed garbage collection problem by Soft State mechanism. Whereas highly flexible and extensible dynamic resource discovery algorithm, which overcomes the limitation of LDAP and relational data model, matches requirements for both resource providers and consumers via XQuery.
Proposing a new resource scheduling model and related task graph
* scheduling algorithms. Currently most of resource scheduling models lack support for fairness and extensibility. Aiming at the problem, a new resource repository model is proposed in the dissertation. The scheduling is divided into user-level and resource-level to adapt to the resource management model. It also embodies fairness since it enables service level agreement negotiation between resource providers and resource consumers. According to the homogeneous and heterogeneous computing environments, different static task graph scheduling algorithms are designed respectively. Dynamic task graph scheduling algorithms are also explored for these environments. In the homogeneous environment, DCP algorithm is reformed to DCPTM by introducing dynamic task migration idea. Both theory analysis and simulation experiments prove that the new algorithm can generate scheduling results with better performance. In the heterogeneous environment, task graphs are classified according to their communication/computation ratio so that different scheduling algorithms could be applied adaptably for task graphs with different classes. Compared with related works, the adaptable algorithms presented in the dissertation are more full-scale in different scheduled application type, different resource scheduling time and different resource scheduling space.
* Proposing an adaptable efficient replication protocol. The 7X24 non-stop running of critical services is necessary for grid computing technologies to be applied in business field on a large scale. Therefore these services must be highly available; nevertheless, current researches do not care about it enough. An efficient replication protocol is proposed in the dissertation to support different distributed applications. Its design adopts
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