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基于电力电子网络的变流系统研究
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摘要
电力电子系统的集成化是现今电力电子技术发展的趋势,系统的模块化和标准化技术是目前电力电子领域的重要研究方向。研究基于电力电子网络的变流系统,对复杂电力电子装置的系统级集成具有重要意义,是电力电子系统集成技术的基本组成部分。本文从变流系统的功率流和信息流双重分布性的角度出发,对电力电子系统网络(Power Electronics System Network,PES-Net)的模型和变流系统的通信需求进行分析,提出实时电力电子系统网络(Real-time power electronics system network,RT-PES-Net);并对基于新网络的分布式控制及管理方案和模块化软件方案等内容进行系统的研究,提出基于栈操作的实时软件构建方案。本文的研究将为变流系统的控制结构和软件方案标准化提供参考和理论依据,为应用系统的集成提供解决方案。
     复杂中大功率变流系统是网络化分布式控制系统的应用对象。首先,论文以复杂系统为研究对象,分析了应用系统的功率流和信息流在空间结构上的对偶关系和双重分布的特性;在电力电子集成模块(Power Electronics Building Blocks,PEBB)的基础上,研究了变流系统的网络化分布式控制方案,并得出系统组构的初步构想,总结出适合复杂电力电子系统集成的标准化理论。
     接着,论文对电力电子网络模型进行了研究。分析了现有各类总线网络和目前用于电力电子应用系统的网络,从结构、速率和协议等各个方面将两类网络进行了系统的对比。明确了电力电子系统网络(PES-Net)的定义,分析并总结复杂电力电子实时系统所需网络必需具备的条件。根据现有网络技术背景,综合控制结构和网络需求,提出了电力电子系统网络(PES-Net)的模型。
     为满足变流系统的实时控制,论文对分布式控制结构的通信需求进行了研究。以网络控制系统(Networked Control System,NCS)为背景,对变流器系统控制信息延时因素进行了分析;通过对典型电力电子系统的分析,归纳和总结了系统的控制功能和控制内容,对系统不同层次的控制任务进行了响应时间需求分析和网络的分层配置;通过对仿真结果的分析,研究了应用系统内模块控制信息延时对不同应用系统的性能影响和对开关频率的限制。根据变流系统对控制延时的接受程度,将电力电子复杂系统归为两大类:1)零延时系统;2)定延时系统。针对上述两类系统,论文给出了电力电子网络(PES-Net)的通道容量和应用系统开关周期的计算方法。
     论文对开放式、分布式的电力电子系统网络(PES-Net)的硬件组成和同步方案进行了研究,提出新的实时网络和系统级集成方案。根据主节点和从节点的控制任务需求,分别从功能和系统结构的角度对开放式网络的硬件构成进行研究;根据控制系统的接口需求分析,对节点的通用性设计进行重点讨论。针对网络的同步问题,本文分析了简单有效的解决方法,即基于数据结构的同步补偿方案;此外,论文提出基于实时高速电力电子系统网络(RT-PES-Net)的同步方案,研究适合变流器实时控制的网络结构和相应的硬件配置。根据应用控制和通信系统所需的各种操作,论文对实时网络的管理进行了讨论,研究了信息帧管理和相应的硬件设置,并对各种工作模式下所需的通信时间进行了计算和比较。基于实时网络系统及其管理方案,论文给出了组构以PEBB为基础的变流系统的方案。
     论文对基于RT-PES-Net的模块化软件方案进行了研究。首先,将控制软件与功率硬件进行解耦,使得软件设计与硬件部分分离。在分析电力电子软件特性的前提下,论文提出基于栈操作的模块化软件方案,增加子程序实时构件的内聚性;对软件模块化的通用性进行研究,分析模块接口参数和变量的申明和配置,并研究参数的定标,对构件进行分类;分析子程序实时构件在执行速度上的优点。论文对电力电子系统控制软件(Power Electronics System Control Software,PES-CS)的组构和集成进行研究,简化软件主框架。
     最后,论文分别对RT-PES-Net和模块化软件方案进行了相应的实验研究和分析。论文对提出的实时电力电子系统网络(RT-PES-Net)进行了通信实验,将新网络拓扑对变流系统的延时影响与旧网络系统的延时影响进行比较,总结新网络系统在控制实时性、提高开关频率、网络可扩展性和管理灵活度等方面的优势。论文针对RT-PES-Net进行应用研究,验证该网络可解决网络通信失步所造成的问题。论文对基于通用型实时构件和栈操作的模块化软件方案进行实验验证,为标准化软件库的建立和系统级集成提供参考方案。
     网络化的控制结构研究是复杂电力电子系统级集成研究的关键。本课题针对复杂变流系统提出了实时电力电子系统网络(RT-PES-Net),并以该网络为基础对分布式控制结构及相应的网络化管理方案和模块化软件方案展开一系列研究,为电力电子控制系统提供标准化、开放式的网络参考体系,并以此结构来快速构建终端复杂变流系统,为实现标准的应用系统组构提供参考方案,有助于解决电力电子标准化推广所面临的难题。论文为应用系统的即插即用和动态重构提供了研究基础,从而为最终实现复杂变流器的应用系统级集成提供系统化的理论和方法依据。同时,论文的研究开拓了电力电子系统集成和标准化研究的一个新方向。
Nowadays,power electronics trends toward system integration.Hence, modularization and standardization of the power application system are becoming important research topics.Therefore,investigation on the power conversion system based on real-time network(RT-Net) is critical for the system-level integration of complex and high-power converters.Thus,this dissertation focuses on the following topics:the model of power electronics system network(PES-Net),the communication requirements,a proposed real-time network structure,the distributed control and management,and the modularized software strategy.Finally,the dissertation presents a distributed real-time control structure,allowing the modularization and standardization process of the power conversion system based on RT-Net.
     The distributed control structure based on PES-Net is oriented to complex highpower conversion systems.First,from this kind of conversion system,the characteristic of space antithetic and the dual distributed for power and data flows are analyzed. According to the concept of power electronics building blocks(PEBB),a networked distributed control strategy is reviewed,and the building process of the application system is presented.In addition,the theory of standardization for complex power conversion system is summarized.
     Next,the model of the PES-Net is proposed.The field bus networks and the existing networks applied to power electronics are discussed.Also,the two types of networks are analytically compared in terms of structure,bandwidth,and protocol.The definition of PES-Net is clarified and,then,the network requirements for real-time control are analyzed.Based on the existing networks and related techniques,the model of PES-Net is presented.
     In order to achieve real-time control of power conversion system,the communication requirements of the network based distributed control structure is studied. The delay components of the conversion-system control are analyzed through the networked control system(NCS) concepts.The control functions and contents of the application system are summarized,and the response time requirements of the control tasks,located in different hierarchical level,are analyzed.According to the analysis of the simulation results,the control delay effect for every module and the delay limits the converter frequency are obtained.Since each application has different delay tolerances, the power converters of interest are classified into zero-delay system or fixed-delay system,and for each one the PES-Net capacitance and the switching period are obtained.
     The implementation and the synchronous scheme of the opened PES-Net are discussed.A novel real-time PES-Net(RT-PES-Net) and the integration of power conversion systems are proposed.The hardware construction of the opened PES-Net is presented according to the functional and structural requirement of master and slave node. The general design of the nodes is analyzed based on the interface analysis of the control system.In order to solve the synchronous problem in the PES-Net,a synchronous compensation method based on data frame is reviewed,and further a novel RT-PES-Net structure and its hardware construction are proposed.Then,the management of the proposed RT-PES-Net is analyzed,which includes a data frame supervision and its corresponding hardware configuration of different operation modes.The communication time of the operating mode is calculated and quantitatively compared.The integration method of application system of interest is proposed based on PEBB and real-time networks.
     Based on the real-time network,modularized software strategy is investigated. Firstly,the control software and the power hardware are decoupled,and the software design is separated from the hardware part.A modularized software architecture based on stack operation is proposed.According to the general principle of software components, interface parameters and variables are declared,and the corresponding addresses are configured,and the data is sealed in fixed-point.In order to build the standard real-time software library,the components are classified.The integration of power electronics system control software(PES-CS) is proposed,and simple software architecture is achieved.The components can be adapted to different application systems by properly configuring parameters and variables.
     Finally,the results of the real-time network system and the modularized software architecture for power conversion systems are implemented.According to the experimental results,the delay effect over the presented real-time network and the conventional network are compared,and the following advantages obtained:real-time control,switching frequency improvement,expandable ability,and flexible management. The application of the real-time network is implemented by applying to a full bridge converter,and the problems resulted from the communication delay can be effectively solved.The modularized software architecture,based on the general real-time control component(RTC) and the stack operation,is verified by experiments.The advantages of the software method are obtained,contributing to modularized software strategy and, consequently,to the system integration for power conversion systems.
     Networked control structure is critical for application integration of complex power conversion systems.This dissertation proposes a real-time network structure for power electronics systems,called RT-PES-Net.Based on the proposed network,distributed control structure,its network management and modularized software architecture are investigated.The thesis provides for a standardized,opened network structure for the control system of the oriented power conversion systems.The application system building process is proposed by using the RT-PES-Net,hence improving the spread process of power electronics standardization.This dissertation contributes to the implementation of "plug and play" and dynamic reconfiguration of complex power system,providing systematic design for the application integration.From the dissertation novel research topics in power electronics system integration and standardization can be further studied.
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