中心城—外围组团用地形态—客运需求—交通配置一体化研究
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摘要
为了解决特大城市中心城人口、就业过分集中所产生的种种问题,同时避免城市郊区化过程中的随机增长问题,全球越来越多的大都市选择了在中心城外围建设卫星城或新城等外围组团,形成“一心多核”的多中心空间结构,中心城-外围组团间社会经济联系正越来越紧密,客货交通流也迅速增加。然而由于中心城-外围组团既相互独立又紧密联系,中心城-外围组团间的中短距离客运需求既不同于城市内的短距离客运需求也不同于区域或广域内的中长距离客运需求,当前对于这种中短距离客运需求研究较少。而现实中交通基础设施建设一方面投资大、周期长,还得占用大量土地资源；另一方面一旦建设则会给各方面带来巨大利益。因此准确的把握客运需求的发生与发展,在有限的人力、物力、财力等资源限制下,实现客运交通基础设施的合理规划与建设,对于城市的可持续发展至关重要。
土地利用是产生交通需求的根源,交通需求又是交通系统发展的动力,而交通系统反过来又引导用地的发展。因此用地形态-客运需求-客运交通系统配置三者之间并不是孤立存在的,它们往往是互相反馈、相互促进的关系,必须对三者进行一体化考虑,基于这种思想,本文主要包括了以下研究内容：
(1)分析中心城-外围组团客运交通系统演化的基本原理。在研究了国内外相关研究的基础上对中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统相关概念进行界定,分析了中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统演化的动力,并从宏观角度分析了中心城-外围组团间用地空间形态和交通系统的互馈演化过程和演化机理,最后落脚于交通需求产生的根源土地利用性质上,分析了城市或区域单一型土地开发形态和混合型土地开发形态对客运交通需求(如出行频率、出行时间、出行距离、出行方式等)的互馈演化过程和演化机理。
(2)研究了中心城-外围组团间客运需求空间分布机理。从城市空间结构对城间客流分布的影响出发,结合案例分别分析了“强中心”结构和“弱中心”结构对客流分布的不同影响；其次从中心城-外围组团不同区位位置出发,分析了中心城-外围组团间交叉型、邻接型和分离型对城间客流分布的不同影响；再结合中心城-外围组团间在同一条运输通道内“串联型”空间结构和不同运输通道内“并联型”、“混联型”空间结构对客流分布的影响,并建立了基于空间相互作用的客流分布模型；最后分析了城市土地利用性质对城间客流的影响,并建立了城间客流和城间客运交通系统的互馈演化机理模型。
(3)建立了中心城-外围组团客运交通需求模型。在界定中心城-外围组团间客运出行的基础上,将中心城-外围组团间客运需求分类通勤客运需求和非通勤客运需求两大类。在分析各自的出行特性和相应影响因素后,建立了基于就业区位的通勤方式-居住区位选择模型和非通勤客流预测模型,并结合成灌走廊内中心城-郫县-都江堰现况的调查数据,对模型参数进行了标定。
(4)建立了中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统配置结构优化模型。在对中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统进行分类界定的基础上,考虑到中心城-外围组团间客运交通路径的有限性,将客运交通方式依附于交通路径,形成六种“方式-路径”,在分析各种“方式-路径”能力、经济、效率、环保、服务等特性指标的基础上,从政府、运营商、出行者角度出发,建立中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统配置结构优化的双层规划模型,并采用遗传算法(GA)对模型进行求解。
(5)结合成都市中心城-外围组团发展的实际情况对文本所涉及的主要理论、方法和模型进行了案例分析。以成都市中心城-外围组团的一条典型客运交通走廊成灌(中心城-郫县-都江堰)走廊为案例,结合本文第三,四、五章的主要理论方法与模型,对成灌走廊2015年的客运交通需求进行了预测,并根据客流预测结果,提出成灌走廊2015年的客运交通系统规划方案。
综上所述,论文基于用地形态-客运需求-客运交通系统配置的一体化思想,在分析了三者之间互馈演化机理的基础上,重点针对中心城-外围组团间客运需求的空间分布、中心城-外围组团间客运需求预测、中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统配置进行了研究,并以成都市成灌走廊为案例对文中的主要理论、方法和数学模型等进行了案例研究,研究结果与成都市现况和规划情况较为吻合。
In order to solve the varieties conflict brought by excessive concentration of population and work in urban and avoid the random growth issues on suburbanization process, more and more metropolitan builds outer cities such as satellite cities and new cities to form the "one center-multi core" spatial structure. Because the social and economic contacts of inner-outer cities become more closely and the passenger and cargo flow is rapid increasing. However, the relationship between the urban and the suburban is mutually independent group and close contact,the passenger traffic demand of short distance between urban and suburban is different from the demand of short distance within the city nor from the demand of long distance over cities, up to now, the research on this kind of short of passenger transport demand is less. Real transportation infrastructure construction needs big investment and the period of construction is long, still have to take up much of the land resources; On the other hand once infrastructure has been done, it will bring great benefits to all aspects. So it is important to study the occurrence and development of the passenger transport demand accurately, realize the passenger transportation infrastructure reasonable planning and construction, realize the sustainable development of the city with limited human, material and financial resources.
The land use is the root of traffic demand, traffic demand is the power for the development of the transportation system, but the traffic system leads the development of the land in turn. So the relationshipamong land form, passenger traffic demand and transport system is not alone, they are often feedback to each other, promote each other, they must be considered as a whole. This paper mainly include the following content depend on this:
(1) Analyze the basic principles of passenger transport system evolution of inner-outer cities. Based on the domestic and international research, analysis the evolution force of inner-outer cities, research on the inter-feedback evolution process and evolution mechanism between land use pattern and transport system in the macro view. At last, analyze the inter-feedback evolution process and evolution mechanism of the passenger transport demand (such as travel frequency, travel time, trip distance, trip mode) about single land development pattern and mixed land development pattern, based on the land properties caused by traffic demand.
(2) Analyze the spatial distribution mechanism of passenger demand of inner-outer cities. Firstly, according to the influence of the urban spatial structure on the distribution among cities, research the different impacts of passenger distribution of "strong center" structure and "weak center" structure. Secondly, by different locations of inner-outer cities, research the different impacts on passenger distribution among cross-type, neighbor-type and separate-type of inner-outer cities. Then, with researching the different impacts on passenger distribution among "series type" spatial structure of solo transport channel and "parallel type","hybrid type" spatial structure of different transport channels, establish the passenger space distribution model based on the inter-action of space. At last, studying land properties that impact on inter-city passenger flow, build the inter-feedback evolution mechanism model of inter-city passenger flow and passenger transport system.
(3) Estimate the passenger demand model of inner-outer cities. Based on the definition of trip between inner-outer cities, it's classified into two categories:commuter requirement and non-commuter requirement. Based on the analysis of trip feature and the interacting factors, build the daily commuter passenger flow forecast model of employment-commute-residence, frequency model of weekly non-commuter passenger flow and the transportation mode selection model of trunk connection. At last, Calibrate the model parameters with the survey data of Urban-Pixian-Dujiangyan current statue in Cheng-Guan Corridors.
(4) Estimate the configuration and structure optimization model of passenger transport system between inner-outer cities. With considering the limited nature of traffic path and attaching the passenger traffic mode to traffic path, there are six types of "mode-path" based on the definition of classification. Based on the analysis of each type's indicators such as ability, economy, efficiency, environmental protection, service, and so on, build the BiLevel programming model of configuration and structure optimization of passenger transport system between inner-outer cities from the point of government, operator and travel, and solve the model by genetic algorithms (GA).
(5) Combine with the actual situation of Chengdu inner-outer cities to analysis the theories, methods and models involved in this paper. Take the Cheng-Guan corridor which is one of Chengdu inner-outer cities as the case. Through the major theories and models involved in the chapter three, four and five, forecast the passenger traffic demand of Cheng-Guan corridor in2015. And based on results of forecast, propose the passenger traffic system planning scheme of Cheng-Guan corridor in2015.
In a word, based on the idea of integration of land use pattern, passenger demand and the configuration of passenger transport system and the analysis of inter-feedback evolution mechanism, major research on the spatial distribution and forecasting of passenger traffic demand, the configuration of passenger transport system between inner-outer cities, and take the Cheng-Guan corridor of Chengdu as the case, the research results are consistent with the actual status and planning status of Chengdu.
土地利用是产生交通需求的根源,交通需求又是交通系统发展的动力,而交通系统反过来又引导用地的发展。因此用地形态-客运需求-客运交通系统配置三者之间并不是孤立存在的,它们往往是互相反馈、相互促进的关系,必须对三者进行一体化考虑,基于这种思想,本文主要包括了以下研究内容：
(1)分析中心城-外围组团客运交通系统演化的基本原理。在研究了国内外相关研究的基础上对中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统相关概念进行界定,分析了中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统演化的动力,并从宏观角度分析了中心城-外围组团间用地空间形态和交通系统的互馈演化过程和演化机理,最后落脚于交通需求产生的根源土地利用性质上,分析了城市或区域单一型土地开发形态和混合型土地开发形态对客运交通需求(如出行频率、出行时间、出行距离、出行方式等)的互馈演化过程和演化机理。
(2)研究了中心城-外围组团间客运需求空间分布机理。从城市空间结构对城间客流分布的影响出发,结合案例分别分析了“强中心”结构和“弱中心”结构对客流分布的不同影响；其次从中心城-外围组团不同区位位置出发,分析了中心城-外围组团间交叉型、邻接型和分离型对城间客流分布的不同影响；再结合中心城-外围组团间在同一条运输通道内“串联型”空间结构和不同运输通道内“并联型”、“混联型”空间结构对客流分布的影响,并建立了基于空间相互作用的客流分布模型；最后分析了城市土地利用性质对城间客流的影响,并建立了城间客流和城间客运交通系统的互馈演化机理模型。
(3)建立了中心城-外围组团客运交通需求模型。在界定中心城-外围组团间客运出行的基础上,将中心城-外围组团间客运需求分类通勤客运需求和非通勤客运需求两大类。在分析各自的出行特性和相应影响因素后,建立了基于就业区位的通勤方式-居住区位选择模型和非通勤客流预测模型,并结合成灌走廊内中心城-郫县-都江堰现况的调查数据,对模型参数进行了标定。
(4)建立了中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统配置结构优化模型。在对中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统进行分类界定的基础上,考虑到中心城-外围组团间客运交通路径的有限性,将客运交通方式依附于交通路径,形成六种“方式-路径”,在分析各种“方式-路径”能力、经济、效率、环保、服务等特性指标的基础上,从政府、运营商、出行者角度出发,建立中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统配置结构优化的双层规划模型,并采用遗传算法(GA)对模型进行求解。
(5)结合成都市中心城-外围组团发展的实际情况对文本所涉及的主要理论、方法和模型进行了案例分析。以成都市中心城-外围组团的一条典型客运交通走廊成灌(中心城-郫县-都江堰)走廊为案例,结合本文第三,四、五章的主要理论方法与模型,对成灌走廊2015年的客运交通需求进行了预测,并根据客流预测结果,提出成灌走廊2015年的客运交通系统规划方案。
综上所述,论文基于用地形态-客运需求-客运交通系统配置的一体化思想,在分析了三者之间互馈演化机理的基础上,重点针对中心城-外围组团间客运需求的空间分布、中心城-外围组团间客运需求预测、中心城-外围组团间客运交通系统配置进行了研究,并以成都市成灌走廊为案例对文中的主要理论、方法和数学模型等进行了案例研究,研究结果与成都市现况和规划情况较为吻合。
In order to solve the varieties conflict brought by excessive concentration of population and work in urban and avoid the random growth issues on suburbanization process, more and more metropolitan builds outer cities such as satellite cities and new cities to form the "one center-multi core" spatial structure. Because the social and economic contacts of inner-outer cities become more closely and the passenger and cargo flow is rapid increasing. However, the relationship between the urban and the suburban is mutually independent group and close contact,the passenger traffic demand of short distance between urban and suburban is different from the demand of short distance within the city nor from the demand of long distance over cities, up to now, the research on this kind of short of passenger transport demand is less. Real transportation infrastructure construction needs big investment and the period of construction is long, still have to take up much of the land resources; On the other hand once infrastructure has been done, it will bring great benefits to all aspects. So it is important to study the occurrence and development of the passenger transport demand accurately, realize the passenger transportation infrastructure reasonable planning and construction, realize the sustainable development of the city with limited human, material and financial resources.
The land use is the root of traffic demand, traffic demand is the power for the development of the transportation system, but the traffic system leads the development of the land in turn. So the relationshipamong land form, passenger traffic demand and transport system is not alone, they are often feedback to each other, promote each other, they must be considered as a whole. This paper mainly include the following content depend on this:
(1) Analyze the basic principles of passenger transport system evolution of inner-outer cities. Based on the domestic and international research, analysis the evolution force of inner-outer cities, research on the inter-feedback evolution process and evolution mechanism between land use pattern and transport system in the macro view. At last, analyze the inter-feedback evolution process and evolution mechanism of the passenger transport demand (such as travel frequency, travel time, trip distance, trip mode) about single land development pattern and mixed land development pattern, based on the land properties caused by traffic demand.
(2) Analyze the spatial distribution mechanism of passenger demand of inner-outer cities. Firstly, according to the influence of the urban spatial structure on the distribution among cities, research the different impacts of passenger distribution of "strong center" structure and "weak center" structure. Secondly, by different locations of inner-outer cities, research the different impacts on passenger distribution among cross-type, neighbor-type and separate-type of inner-outer cities. Then, with researching the different impacts on passenger distribution among "series type" spatial structure of solo transport channel and "parallel type","hybrid type" spatial structure of different transport channels, establish the passenger space distribution model based on the inter-action of space. At last, studying land properties that impact on inter-city passenger flow, build the inter-feedback evolution mechanism model of inter-city passenger flow and passenger transport system.
(3) Estimate the passenger demand model of inner-outer cities. Based on the definition of trip between inner-outer cities, it's classified into two categories:commuter requirement and non-commuter requirement. Based on the analysis of trip feature and the interacting factors, build the daily commuter passenger flow forecast model of employment-commute-residence, frequency model of weekly non-commuter passenger flow and the transportation mode selection model of trunk connection. At last, Calibrate the model parameters with the survey data of Urban-Pixian-Dujiangyan current statue in Cheng-Guan Corridors.
(4) Estimate the configuration and structure optimization model of passenger transport system between inner-outer cities. With considering the limited nature of traffic path and attaching the passenger traffic mode to traffic path, there are six types of "mode-path" based on the definition of classification. Based on the analysis of each type's indicators such as ability, economy, efficiency, environmental protection, service, and so on, build the BiLevel programming model of configuration and structure optimization of passenger transport system between inner-outer cities from the point of government, operator and travel, and solve the model by genetic algorithms (GA).
(5) Combine with the actual situation of Chengdu inner-outer cities to analysis the theories, methods and models involved in this paper. Take the Cheng-Guan corridor which is one of Chengdu inner-outer cities as the case. Through the major theories and models involved in the chapter three, four and five, forecast the passenger traffic demand of Cheng-Guan corridor in2015. And based on results of forecast, propose the passenger traffic system planning scheme of Cheng-Guan corridor in2015.
In a word, based on the idea of integration of land use pattern, passenger demand and the configuration of passenger transport system and the analysis of inter-feedback evolution mechanism, major research on the spatial distribution and forecasting of passenger traffic demand, the configuration of passenger transport system between inner-outer cities, and take the Cheng-Guan corridor of Chengdu as the case, the research results are consistent with the actual status and planning status of Chengdu.
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