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贵州省村卫生室基本药物实施效果分析
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摘要
研究目的
     本研究是基于基本药物制度实施前后,对村卫生室实现基本健康服务能力与效果进行理论探索和实证研究。通过比较基本药物制度实施前后的卫生服务效率、服务效果和服务效益等指标(包括药品的品种、基本药物的使用,处方用药情况的比较、居民用药负担);基本药物采购、配送和使用等方面的差异;村卫生室实施国家基本药物制度的可行途径、现实条件和基础及其影响因素等进行系统研究,为村卫生室实施国家基本药物制度提供可行途径和政策建议。
     研究方法
     通过Medline、CBM、CNKI光盘等检索工具、Internet网络、专著等,进行文献研究,分析国内外有关基本药物制度制定和乡村卫生服务一体化管理的途径及其方法。通过专家咨询法,对政府、医保管理、药品生产、流通和销售环节部门、医疗服务机构的相关负责人,对基本药物制度背景下村卫生室服务能力与效果的各种途径、适用条件对卫生服务和人群健康的影响。采用分层抽样调查的方法,选择贵州省雷山县、麻江县、修文县作为调查地点。每个县调查村医60名,每个村卫生室调查其就诊患者100名,当地居民30名。通过问卷调查法了解在乡村医疗机构就诊居民在面对疾病风险和国家基本药物制度实施前后的各种感受。定量资料比较采用t检验,率的比较采用x2检验。以双侧检验P<0.05为有统计学差异。
     研究结果
     (一)基本药物配备
     样本县乡镇卫生院配备基本药物品种的平均数为342,其中雷山县乡镇卫生院配备基本药物327种,麻江县340种,修文县359种。若以应该配备数量417种计算,配备比例约为82%,其中国家目录的配备比例均明显高于贵州省基本药物品种增补目录。3个样本县村卫生室配备的基本药物品种平均数为117,其中雷山县119种,麻江县103种,修文县129种(如图4所示);平均配备国家基药55种,最多58种,最少53种。平均基药配备种数占药品配备种数的47%,占国家基药目录种数的17.9%。3个县的乡镇卫生院和村卫生室平均西药配备比例高于中药和中成药配备比例。
     (二)基本药物的合理使用情况
     处方统计结果显示:基本药物制度实施前后,3个县村卫生室的处方中药品种类平均数有升有降,由于处方中药品种类数不符合正态分布,故采用非参数检验中的Mann-Whitney U检验法,结果显示3个县实施基本药物制度前后村卫生室平均每张处方药品种类均数差异都具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
     使用抗生素处方的比例结果显示:3个县村卫生室处方中抗生素使用率调查显示,雷山县抽样村卫生室由实施前的54.39%提高到实施后的60.27%,其差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.281,P<0.05);麻江县抽样村卫生室实施基本药物制度前后使用抗生素使用处方的比例变中不大,分别为52.17%和51.04%,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.103,P>0.05);修文县抽样村卫生室由实施基本药物制度前的56.28%下降到实施后的48.26%,其差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.771,P<0.05)。
     使用注射剂处方的比例:3个县村卫生室实施基本药物制度前后注射剂使用率略有变动,但其差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
     基本药物使用情况:2011年处方中基药的使用比例较2009年增加了15.0%,从2009年的54.6%增加到2011年的69.6%(P<0.05)。处方平均用药数量减少,而处方中基药平均数量增加(P<0.05),但处方平均金额未发生显著改变(P<0.05)。
     (三)村卫生室收支情况
     实施基本药物制度后,3个县的村卫生室医疗收入、药品收入和其它业务收入均较实施前减少,财政补助相应增加,收入构成呈现明显差异。
     (四)患者门诊影响
     实施基本药物制度后,村卫生室门诊人次数减少不明显,乡镇卫生院门(急)诊人次数明显增加,住院服务流向县级医疗机构。医疗服务利用率明显增加。3个样本县村卫生室实施基本药物制度并未降低门诊次均药费,仅增幅减缓。
     (五)新农合补偿比例变化
     3个样本县参加新型农村合作医疗居民在村卫生室的门诊报销比例提高约7.82%。3个样本县对住院患者的补偿比例调整保持一致性,及鼓励患者在基层医疗机构治疗,县、乡两级机构报销比例有所提高,对县级以上机构的报销比例均下调。实施基本药物制度以来,补偿人次明显增多,其补偿人次数是实施的2.8倍以上。
     研究结论
     (一)政府对卫生总投入少,医疗机构补偿不足;关键利益集团联盟难以打破;应增加政府对农村医药卫生服务体系的财政补偿,改变以药养医机制;
     (二)基本药物目录药品品种过于宽泛,而基层医疗机构用药相对局限,基本药物的最大效用未能很好发挥;
     (三)总体上来看,村卫生室实施的基本药物制度后,有效扩大了惠及面,有利于规范乡村医生的合理用药行为,有利于充分发挥村卫生室的网底功能。但从实施效果上看,基本药物制度的优越性还未充分发挥出来,尚处于初级阶段。
     (四)实施基本药物制度后,应进一步加大对村卫生室的规范化管理,提升基层医务人员的服务能力。
     研究创新
     (1)本研究从社会公平理论视角,研究我国欠发达地区农村卫生室在基本药物制度实施下的服务能力和服务效果,分析基本药物制度实施后对村卫生室的用药、卫生服务效率、服务效果和服务效益的影响,对评价基本药物政策实施效果提供理论和实践支持。
     (2)多维度系统分析基本药物政策对村卫生影响效果过去研究多从一个或两个角度研究基本药物政策效果,本研究从患方、医方、保险方、卫生管理者等多个角度系统分析基本药物政策实施效果,既有定量处方数据分析,也有定性访谈信息,这种定性与定量相结合、多维度分析方法更客观全面反应基本药物制度实施效果。
     研究不足
     (1)样本小,代表性不足本研究以在贵州省3个县、90个村卫生室实施效果进行的评估而展开的研究,研究结果不能代表中西部地区或全国水平;
     (2)本研究采用横断面的调查,数据资料分析限于横向比较,因而不能从时间变量分析基本药物制度对村卫生室服务能力和效果影响,使得结果不够客观,这需要以后研究得以完善。
     (3)在分析基本药物制度对村卫生室服务能力和服务效果影响时,没有排除其他混杂因素,如社会、经济、文化等诸多因素的影响,影响研究结果的客观性,有待后续深入研究。
Objective
     The present study is based on the the village health before and after the implementation ofthe basic drug system ability to achieve basic health security and the effect of a theoreticalexploration and empirical research. This study combined literature specification andempirical research, qualitative and quantitative research, through effect evaluation beforeand after the implementation of the basic drug system for village health, including thecomparison before and after the implementation of the health service efficiency, serviceeffectiveness and service effectiveness indicators (variety of drugs, use of essential drugs,prescription drugs comparison, residents medication burden), procurement, distribution anduse of essential medicines and other aspects of difference; implementation of nationalessential drug system of village health impact assessment, feasible way appropriate basis inreality and objective conditions and their impact; every avenue to explore specificoperational strategies and methods of the development of village health under theconditions of national essential drug system.
     Methods
     Through Medline, CBM, CNKI disc retrieval tools, Internet network, monographs,literature research, lay the foundation for understanding the research status and dynamic of the research projects. Collection of domestic basic drug system development and integratedmanagement of rural health services pathways and approches and means of the relevantliterature, summed up the pathways and functions at home and abroad in the backgroundconditions of the basic drug system integration of rural health development mode theoryand methods, and to determine In this study, subjects of the investigation, content, methods,indicators and questionnaires in this study, we can learn the theory and methodssummarized.
     Delphi method, interview government, health care management, pharmaceutical production,circulation and marketing chain departments, medical services agencies under thebackground of the basic drug system service capacity of village health effect and their prosand cons, the applicable conditions and different way to health services and populationhealth consultation.
     Use of stratified sampling survey method, the implementation of essential drug systemsuccively in different time based on the level of economic development, Guizhou ProvinceLeishan county, Majiang County, Xiuwen County as survey sites, the three samples County,according to the county in accordance with the local social, economic and populationdevelopment in order of good to poor (good, medium and poor), the choice of threetownship hospitals and10village clinics, a total of nine township hospitals and90villagehealth clinic. Scene investigation uses the way of expert interviews, focus groupdiscussions and questionnaires, statistics collection. Data processing mainly use policyanalysis and multivariate statistical analysis and other methods. Each village health surveys100local patient,30local residents. Understand residents in rural medical institutions fortreatment in the face of disease risk and the national essential drug system before and afterthe implementation of a variety of feelings, including treatment costs, treatment processes,the proportion of claims and costs, recovery from disease; understand the different policiesand systems under the conditions of village health room varieties of drugs, the differencebetween the use of essential drugs, prescription drug use compared to residents medication burden.
     The data is expressed by x+s. Each group were compared using the t test, the X test used tocompare rates. Two-tailed P <0.05as statistically significant.
     Results
     (A) Equipped with essential drugs
     The average number of the township hospitals equipped with varieties of essential drugs anis342.if it was equipped with a number of417kinds of calculation, the ratio would beapproximately82%. National directory with the proportion was significantly higher thanthe province added to the directory. Western medicine with higher than the proportion ofChinese medicine and proprietary Chinese medicine.
     (B) The rational use of essential drugs
     Prescription statistics showed that: the system before and after the implementation of thesystem. the prescription drug category average rise and fall: prescription drugs number ofspecies does not meet the normal distribution, so the use of non-parametric test ofMann-Whitney Test results show that the sample counties basic average per prescriptiondrug system before and after drug types mean differences are statistically significant.
     The proportional results of the use of antibiotics prescription show that: before and after theimplementation of the three samples County village health proportion of antibioticprescriptions change, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).The proportion of injection prescription: a slight change in the implementation of the basicdrug system before and after injection usage samples county, township hospitals and villageclinics, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
     Addition of essential medicines results showed that: before the implementation, theaddition of three samples County village health is higher than30%; after the implementation, the three samples County village health essential medicines addition ratiois about5%, part of the Essential Drugs List the outside drug prices higher than the nationalprice ceiling.
     (C) Income and expenditure of village health
     The basic drug system, the village health medical income, drug income and other businessincome than those prior to the implementation of reduction corresponding increase infinancial assistance, are significant determinants of income structure.
     (D) Outpatient impact
     The basic drug system, the village health clinic has no significant reduction of the number,township hospitals gate (emergency) patient increased significantly, inpatient services flowto the county-level medical institutions. Utilization of medical services increasedsignificantly. Three samples County village health clinic times are drugs did not reduce thebasic drug system, only slowed down.
     (E) The new rural cooperative changes in the proportion of compensation
     Three samples County Farmer Participation in the village health clinic reimbursement ratioincreased by about7.82%. Three sample counties in proportion to the compensation of thehospitalized patients adjust the consistency, and encourage patients to treatment in primaryhealth care institutions, county, township institutions the proportion of claims has increased,the proportion of claims to the institutions at or above the county level lowered. Since thebasic drug system, the compensation passengers increased significantly, the number ofcompensation is implemented by more than2.8times.
     Conclusion of the study
     (A) The Government of the health total investment is little. The compensation of medical institutions is inadequate; difficult to break the key interest groups Alliance; governmentfinancial compensation for medical and health service system in rural areas should beincreased to change the mechanism of hospitals living on medicine;
     (B) Drug varieties of list of Essential Drugs are too broad, and primary health careinstitutions medication is relatively limited, the maximum effectiveness of essential drugshas not been a good play;
     (C) Overall, the implementation of essential drug system in the village health is still in itsinfancy; essential drugs system is implemented, expanded basic drug system benefit side, ithelps to standardize the behavior of doctors in rural areas of medication, help give full playto network at the end of the village health functions.
     (D) after the impementation of the basic drug system, we should further increase thestandardization of village health management to enhance the capacity of grass-rootsmedical staff services.
     Innovations
     (A) In this study, from social justice theoretical perspectives, we explored the servicecapacity and service under of underdeveloped rural health clinic under national essentialdrugs system, and then health service efficiency, service effectiveness and efficiency ofservices were compared between three counties to provide theoretical and practical supportfor further development of national essential drug policy.
     (B) Different from past research with one or two angles to study the essential drugs policyeffects, we implemented multi-dimensional system analysis method to address essentialdrugs policies on rural health clinics. We analyzed the effect of essential drugs policyimplementation involved with patient, providers, insurer, health managers and other pointto. Additionally, combination of qualitative and quantitative, multi-dimensional analysismethod are more objective and comprehensive to assess the implementation effects of thebasic drug system.
     Limitations
     (A) Our study has a small sample size. This study assessed the effects of the essential drugpolicy in90rural health clinics,3counties in Guizhou, the findings do not represent theMidwest regional or national level;
     (B) This study is limited to horizontal comparison for cross-sectional survey data, andtherefore cannot be analyzed the effect of essential drugs on the village health servicecapacity and effectiveness from the time variable system, and which made the results lessobjective, which requires further study to perfect.
     (C) In the analysis of the essential drug policy on village health service capacity and service,there is no exclusion of other confounding factors, such as social, economic, cultural andmany other factors, we acknowledge these confounders affect the objectivity of researchresults; it is need to pending subsequent in-depth study.
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