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生物医药企业创业导向、动态能力与企业绩效关系研究
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摘要
生物医药产业的高成长性已令全世界瞩目,预计至2020年产业规模化程度将达到高度发达阶段,届时生物医药占全球药品的比重也将超过1/3。我国生物医药产业虽然起步较晚,但在国家的大力扶持下已取得了较快发展,当然目前也存在产品单一,相对缺乏创新动力等等问题。结合生物医药投入较大、风险较高、投资周期长等产业特征,处于该行业之中的企业往往就需要有充足的资金来保障自身的正常发展,也须具备强大的抗风险能力,同时还要保持创业的心态。创业管理理论认为企业的创业导向,自身的资源状况以及企业动态能力,会对企业的运营起到关键作用,同时创业环境对企业绩效也有一定影响。良好的创业导向、富有竞争力的动态能力、较好的企业绩效对所有生物医药企业来说都至关重要,因此本文以生物医药企业为研究对象来分析创业导向、动态能力和企业绩效之间的关系,同时分析动态能力对创业导向和企业绩效的中介作用以及创业环境对二者的调节作用。研究目的在于为地方和中央政府制定创业政策提供参考建议,逐步探索生物医药企业的创业创新之路,并旨在提升生物医药企业竞争力,从而推进生物医药企业的良好发展。
     论文主要解决以下几个问题:一是研究生物医药企业创业导向和企业绩效的关系,二是研究生物医药企业创业导向和动态能力的关系,三是研究生物医药企业动态能力和企业绩效的关系,四是研究生物医药企业的动态能力在创业导向和企业绩效之间的中介作用,五是研究生物医药企业的创业环境在创业导向和动态能力之间的调节作用,六是研究生物医药企业的创业环境在动态能力和企业绩效之间的调节作用。论文主要包括六个部分:第一部分是绪论,主要介绍文章的研究背景,说明技术途径与研究方法,并设计论文的框架结构。第二部分是理论回顾与文献综述,首先对创业理论、创业导向、动态能力、企业绩效和创业环境等进行概述,然后对创业导向、动态能力和企业绩效关系的研究文献进行整理和总结。第三部分是理论分析与研究假设,主要对既定研究问题进行理论演绎并提出研究假设,由此构建出本文的研究模型。第四部分是问卷设计与研究方法,主要对调查问卷、研究对象以及实证分析方法等问题进行说明。第五部分是数据分析与讨论,主要验证文章假设并对所得结果进行分析。最后一部分对全文做出总结,并阐述文章的研究意义。
     本文总共收集了213份有效问卷并在此基础上对相关数据进行统计分析,以此研究生物医药企业创业导向、动态能力和企业绩效之间的关系,主要得到以下几点结论:第一,生物医药企业的创业导向对企业绩效存在显著地正向影响,即创业导向培育了企业的动态能力并赢得竞争优势,从而创造了良好的财务绩效和成长绩效。此外创业导向的创新性、冒险性以及先动性对财务绩效和成长绩效都有显著影响。
     第二,生物医药企业的创业导向对动态能力存在显著地正向影响,企业通过研发新产品或者开发新技术来应对市场的变化,这会激活内嵌在组织流程中的动态能力,从而对企业自身的资源重新整合。此外,创业导向创新性、冒险性以及先动性对企业环境洞察能力、变革更新能力、技术柔性能力和组织柔性能力存在显著影响。
     第三,生物医药企业的动态能力对企业绩效存在显著地正向影响,从实证结果可以看出,生物医药企业环境洞察能力、技术柔性能力以及组织柔性能力越强,企业财务绩效越高,且生物医药企业的技术柔性能力和组织柔性能力越强,企业的成长绩效越高。但生物医药企业的变革更新能力和财务绩效之间、环境洞察能力和成长绩效之间、变革更新能力和成长绩效之间的假设并未得到证实。
     第四,生物医药企业的动态能力在创业导向与企业绩效之间起到中介作用。具体而言,首先环境洞察能力、变革更新能力、技术柔性能力和组织柔性能力在创业导向的创新性和财务绩效之间存在明显的中介效应,但只有技术柔性能力在创业导向的创新性和成长绩效之间表现出了显著的中介效应。其次,环境洞察能力、变革更新能力、技术柔性能力和组织柔性能力在创业导向的冒险性和财务绩效之间的中介效应明显,但只有环境洞察能力和技术柔性能力在创业导向的冒险性与成长绩效之间起到明显的中介作用。最后,变革更新能力在创业导向的先动性和财务绩效之间起中介作用,此外变革更新能力和技术柔性能力在创业导向的先动性和成长绩效之间存在中介效应。
     第五,生物医药企业的创业环境在创业导向与动态能力之间有调节作用,即企业为了更好地适应外部环境的变化而采取积极的创业战略,从而培育了企业较强的动态能力,此外创业环境的动态性和敌对性维度均在创业导向和动态能力之间起到显著的调节作用。
     第六,生物医药企业的创业环境在动态能力与企业绩效之间有显著的调节效应,即应对外部环境变化的一系列行为会促使企业优化内部形态,且培育了企业的动态能力和持续竞争优势,从而促进企业绩效的提升。此外,创业环境的动态性在动态能力和企业绩效之间有明显的调节作用,而敌对性维度在动态能力和企业绩效之间并无明显的调节作用。
     生物医药产业是生物经济领域投入最多、发展最快的产业,也是国内外学者热衷研究的理论前沿,本文以生物医药企业为研究对象,分析它们的创业导向与动态能力、创业导向与企业绩效、动态能力与企业绩效之间的关系,以进一步丰富创业理论的研究成果。同时,本文借此初步探索并总结生物医药企业的分析方法,以此为我国生物医药企业的发展在理论层面上提供一定的指导,并在战略制定和企业运营等方面提供合适的参考意见,旨在真正强化和拓展企业的竞争优势,从而实现生物医药企业的可持续发展。
The bio-pharmaceutical industry has grown spectacularly for a while because ofits character of high-growing, the scale of this new industry will attain highlydeveloped level till2020and it will share one third of the global medicine output intotal. Bio-pharmaceutical industry of China has achieved great success in support ofthe government although it started relatively more later than other countries;nevertheless, we can’t overlook problems during its development at present, forexample,it owns single products and lacks of innovation. We can easily find thatbio-pharmaceutical enterprises need enough funds to support themselves,needabilities of risk resistance and must always keep the awareness of entrepreneurs,combined with characteristics of the biological pharmaceutical industry such ashigh-investment,high-risk,high-technology,etc.Entrepreneurial management theoryhas pointed out that the entrepreneurial orientation can play a crucial role for theoperation management without dynamic capacities, and also the entrepreneurialenvironment can have an effect on the corporate performance. By this token,it seemsthat it is important for bio-pharmaceutical enterprises to own excellententrepreneurial orientation,dynamic capacities and corporate performance, and thispaper in fact aims to analyze the relationship between them. Meanwhile, it also triesto reveal the intermediation function among the entrepreneurial orientation and thecorporate performance performed by dynamic capacities and the regulation functionamong them performed by the entrepreneurial environment. And the paper inconclusion has the following goals:first of all,it aims to enrich the entrepreneurialtheory;and secondly,it also intends to offer suitable suggestions for the local andcentral government about the policy’s formulation which will be on the benefit ofbio-pharmaceutical enterprise’s development by enhancing the core competitiveness.
     This paper mainly figures out those issues: firstly, it aims to analyze the relationship among the entrepreneurial orientation and the corporate performance ofbio-pharmaceutical enterprises;secondly, it aims to analyze the relationship betweenthe entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capacities of bio-pharmaceuticalenterprises;thirdly, it aims to analyze the relationship between dynamic capacities andthe corporate performance of bio-pharmaceutical enterprises;fourthly, it also tries toreveal the intermediation function among the entrepreneurial orientation and thecorporate performance performed by dynamic capacities;fifthly, it tries to reveal theregulation function between the entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capacitiesperformed by the entrepreneurial environment;sixthly, it tries to reveal the regulationfunction between dynamic capacities and the corporate performance performed by theentrepreneurial environment. Moreover, the whole paper is divided into six chapters.The first part introduces specifically the research background and methods,and givesthe framework of the whole paper. And chapter two mainly figures out severalconcepts including the entrepreneurial orientation,dynamic capacities, the corporateperformance and the entrepreneurial environment, and reviews literatures about therelationship between them.Chapter three mainly puts forward some researchhypotheses based on the comprehensive theoretical analysis about research issuesabove and thus establishes several research models. Chapter four mainly explains theprocess of the survey design and research objects and Chapter five discusses thoseproblems and tests those hypotheses according to the empirical analysis. Finally, itsummarizes results of discussions in total and represents the research significance.
     There are altogether213copies of the research questionnaire survey which isdepended on by the data analysis and empirical analysis about the relationship amongthe entrepreneurial orientation,dynamic capacities and the corporate performance,andthus we can draw some conclusions in the following.Firstly,the entrepreneurialorientation of bio-pharmaceutical enterprises has positive effect on the corporateperformance,and in other words, the entrepreneurial orientation can helpbio-pharmaceutical enterprises improve dynamic capacities and gain sustainablecompetitive advantages which can be beneficial to enhance the financial performanceand the growth performance.In addition,the effect of its dimensionalities ofinnovativeness,risk-taking and proactiveness for the entrepreneurial orientation of bio-pharmaceutical enterprises on the corporate performance has also beenconfirmed.
     Secondly,the entrepreneurial orientation of bio-pharmaceutical enterprises haspositive effect on dynamic capacities, and in other words, bio-pharmaceuticalenterprises can adapt the change of the market by exploiting new products orsupplying new service,which can make use of dynamic capacities that are hiddeninside the organization process and that can help marshal all kinds ofresources.Besides,the effect of its dimensionalities of innovativeness,risk-taking andproactiveness for the entrepreneurial orientation on dimensionalities of dynamiccapacities including the ability of environment identification, the ability ofrevolution,the ability of technology flexibility and the ability of organizationflexibility has also been confirmed.
     Thirdly, dynamic capacities of bio-pharmaceutical enterprises have positiveeffect on the corporate performance.According to results of the empirical analysis,wecan conclude that the more excellent bio-pharmaceutical enterprises have abilities ofenvironment identification, abilities of technology flexibility and abilities oforganization flexibility,the better they can acquire the financial performance,andsimultaneously,the more excellent those enterprises have abilities of technologyflexibility and abilities of organization flexibility,the better they will acquire thegrowth performance.But as well as the relationship between the ability ofenvironment identification and the growth performance, the relationship between theability of revolution and the growth performance,the relationship between the abilityof revolution and the financial performance has not been confirmed.
     Fourthly, the intermediation function among the entrepreneurial orientation andthe corporate performance performed by dynamic capacities for bio-pharmaceuticalenterprises has been confirmed. And dimensionalities of dynamic capacities includingthe ability of environment identification, the ability of revolution,the ability oftechnology flexibility and the ability of organization flexibility can play a positiveintermediation role between the innovativeness of the entrepreneurial orientation andthe financial performance,while the ability of technology flexibility can play apositive intermediation function between the innovativeness of the entrepreneurial orientation and the growth performance.At the same time, dimensionalities ofdynamic capacities including the ability of environment identification,the ability ofrevolution,the ability of technology flexibility and the ability of organizationflexibility can play a positive intermediation role between risk-taking of theentrepreneurial orientation and the financial performance,while the ability ofenvironment identification and the ability of technology flexibility can play a positiveintermediation role between risk-taking of the entrepreneurial orientation and thegrowth performance. And moreover, the ability of revolution and the ability oftechnology flexibility can play a positive intermediation role between theproactiveness of the entrepreneurial orientation and the growth performance, whilethe ability of revolution can play a positive intermediation role between theproactiveness of the entrepreneurial orientation and the financial performance.
     Fifthly, the regulation function between the entrepreneurial orientation anddynamic capacities performed by the entrepreneurial environment forbio-pharmaceutical enterprises has been confirmed. They will adopt the right strategyto adapt the changing surroundings outside,and thus they can obtain excellentdynamic capacities. Meanwhile, dimensionalities of the entrepreneurial environmentincluding dynamics and hostile can play a positive intermediation role between theentrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capacities.
     Sixthly, the regulation function between dynamic capacities and the corporateperformance performed by the entrepreneurial environment for bio-pharmaceuticalenterprises has been confirmed. It helps optimize the internal feature of theorganization, obtain excellent dynamic capacities and get the sustainable competitiveadvantage, and thus it makes great contribution to the corporate performance.Meanwhile, the dimensionality of dynamics for the entrepreneurial environment canplay a positive intermediation role between them, but the dimensionality of hostilecan’t.
     The bio-pharmaceutical industry has had rapid progress in sprite of investing somuch nowadays, and it also has become a hot in the academic research at home andabroad.This paper, based on bio-pharmaceutical enterprises, mainly analyzes therelationship between the entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capacities and the corporate performance in order to enrich the entrepreneurial theory. Andsimultaneously at the same time, it aims to find ways to study bio-pharmaceuticalenterprises and give right suggestions that they can enhance and maintain the corecompetitiveness advantage,and keep sustainable development.
引文
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