中药七情配伍的研究
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摘要
复方是中药临床应用的主要形式，历代医家积累了丰富的经验，形成了配伍理论。作为中药理论中的重要组成部分，配伍理论对中药的临床应用有重要的指导意义。本文系统整理了配伍理论的核心组成部分——中药七情配伍理论，经过全面考证古今记载，重新定义了七情中各情的含义，澄清了长期以来七情概念不清的问题。
首次提出并阐述了中药七情配伍的相对性及其临床意义，并以常用药对附子与干姜为例，从附子、干姜配伍前后急性毒性、药理作用和活性成分的变化方面，对七情配伍的相对性进行了实验研究。结果表明：(1)附子、干姜对大鼠甲状腺组织摘除后所造成的体温下降(阳虚证)有明显的抑制作用。附子与干姜配伍后，其抑制体温下降的作用更为明显，与配伍前附子、干姜单味使用相比，有显著差异(P＜0.01)。附子、干姜分别能明显提高小鼠的痛阈值，但附子与干姜配伍后，其痛阈值明显大于附子或干姜单独使用时的痛阈值(P＜0.05)。说明附子与干姜配伍后其镇痛作用明显大于附子或干姜单独使用时的镇痛作用。表明在治疗阳虚证和镇痛作用方面，二者的配伍关系属于相须，它们之间存在增效关系。附子与干姜配伍后的煎出液中，总生物碱及乌头碱的含量大大增加，而次乌头碱含量略为下降，这可能与镇痛作用增强有关。同时也表明附子与干姜共
同煎煮时，干姜可能对乌头碱的溶出有稳定作用。(2)小鼠急性毒
性试验结果表明，附子具有较大的毒性，而附子与干姜配伍后，其
LD50是单味附子的5倍，差异显著。说明附子配伍干姜后，其毒性
明显下降，可能与干姜削弱了附子的毒害效应有关。说明二者的配
伍关系属于相畏、相杀，即附子畏干姜，干姜杀附子毒。(3)附子
对内毒素所致家兔发热有一定的增加作用，干姜却有一定的降低作
用。但是，附子与干姜配伍后对内毒素所致家兔发热有增加作用的
趋势。表明如果附子与干姜配伍后用于发热证时，附子削弱了干姜
.的解热作用，二者的配伍关系属于相恶。干姜配伍附子后，可使发
热的毒害效应增强，二者的配伍关系又属于相反。
附子与干姜的配伍，较好的反映了配伍七情的相对性。
Formulas are the main clinical application forms of traditional Chinese medicine. Ancient physicians have accumulated abundant clinical experiences and created the theory of medicinal combination, which is an important part of Chinese medicinal theory and is of significant value in guiding the clinical application of Chinese medicinals. Through thorough investigation on ancient and modem documentations, this paper systematically sorted out the core part of the theory of medicinal combination, namely the seven relationships of medicinals, redefined the accurate meanings of each individual relationship, and clarified the long-lasting puzzle about the concept of seven relations.
This paper put forward and elucidated the concept of relativity of seven relations for the first time. Taking the commonly used medicinal pair-aconite (fu zi) and dried ginger (gan jiang)-as an example, experiments were conducted to explore the relativity of seven relations in the aspects of the toxicity, phannacological actions and variations of bio-active components before and after they were combined. The results
showed:
(1) Aconite or dried ginger obviously inhibits the decreasing of body temperature (Yang deficiency pattern) in thyroidectomized rats. The combination of aconite and dried ginger showed stronger action against the decreasing of body temperature, which was significantly different from that of single aconite or dried ginger (P<0.01). The combination of aconite and dried ginger obviously raised the pain threshold in mice, which was significantly different from that of single aconite or dried ginger (P,0.05), indicating that the combination had stronger analgesic action than that of single aconite or dried ginger. These test results indicated that in the aspects of treating Yang deficiency pattern and alleviating pain, aconite and dried ginger were in the relationship of mutual need (xiang xu). They accentuated their therapeutic actions when applied together. When aconite and dried ginger were decocted together, the contents of total alkaloids and aconitine were largely increased, while the content of hypaaconitine was slightly decreased in the finished decoction. This might be related to the reinforcement of analgesic action. It might also indicate that dried ginger helped the release of aconitine into the decoction. (2) Acute
toxicity tests in mice showed that aconite was of high toxicity. When it was combined with dried ginger, the LD50 of the combination was 5 times that of aconite, indicating that the toxicity of aconite was significantly reduced after combined with dried ginger. This was possibly because dried ginger reduced the toxicity of aconite. These test results indicated that aconite and dried ginger were in the relationship of mutual fear (xiang wei) and mutual killing (xiang sha), i.e. aconite is counteracted by dried ginger, and dried ginger reduced the toxicity of aconite. (3) Aconite worsened, but dried ginger relieved the fever in endotoxin attacked rabbits. The combination of aconite and dried ginger showed a tendency to worsen the fever. This indicated that when aconite and dried ginger were applied together to feverish pattern, the former weakened the antipyretic action of the latter. Therefore they were in the relationship of mutual antagonism (xiang wu). When dried ginger was combined with aconite, the harmful effect of fever was strengthened Therefore they were in the relationship of mutual incompatibility (xiang fan) as well.
The combination of aconite and dried ginger perfectly reflected the relativity of seven relations.
首次提出并阐述了中药七情配伍的相对性及其临床意义，并以常用药对附子与干姜为例，从附子、干姜配伍前后急性毒性、药理作用和活性成分的变化方面，对七情配伍的相对性进行了实验研究。结果表明：(1)附子、干姜对大鼠甲状腺组织摘除后所造成的体温下降(阳虚证)有明显的抑制作用。附子与干姜配伍后，其抑制体温下降的作用更为明显，与配伍前附子、干姜单味使用相比，有显著差异(P＜0.01)。附子、干姜分别能明显提高小鼠的痛阈值，但附子与干姜配伍后，其痛阈值明显大于附子或干姜单独使用时的痛阈值(P＜0.05)。说明附子与干姜配伍后其镇痛作用明显大于附子或干姜单独使用时的镇痛作用。表明在治疗阳虚证和镇痛作用方面，二者的配伍关系属于相须，它们之间存在增效关系。附子与干姜配伍后的煎出液中，总生物碱及乌头碱的含量大大增加，而次乌头碱含量略为下降，这可能与镇痛作用增强有关。同时也表明附子与干姜共
同煎煮时，干姜可能对乌头碱的溶出有稳定作用。(2)小鼠急性毒
性试验结果表明，附子具有较大的毒性，而附子与干姜配伍后，其
LD50是单味附子的5倍，差异显著。说明附子配伍干姜后，其毒性
明显下降，可能与干姜削弱了附子的毒害效应有关。说明二者的配
伍关系属于相畏、相杀，即附子畏干姜，干姜杀附子毒。(3)附子
对内毒素所致家兔发热有一定的增加作用，干姜却有一定的降低作
用。但是，附子与干姜配伍后对内毒素所致家兔发热有增加作用的
趋势。表明如果附子与干姜配伍后用于发热证时，附子削弱了干姜
.的解热作用，二者的配伍关系属于相恶。干姜配伍附子后，可使发
热的毒害效应增强，二者的配伍关系又属于相反。
附子与干姜的配伍，较好的反映了配伍七情的相对性。
Formulas are the main clinical application forms of traditional Chinese medicine. Ancient physicians have accumulated abundant clinical experiences and created the theory of medicinal combination, which is an important part of Chinese medicinal theory and is of significant value in guiding the clinical application of Chinese medicinals. Through thorough investigation on ancient and modem documentations, this paper systematically sorted out the core part of the theory of medicinal combination, namely the seven relationships of medicinals, redefined the accurate meanings of each individual relationship, and clarified the long-lasting puzzle about the concept of seven relations.
This paper put forward and elucidated the concept of relativity of seven relations for the first time. Taking the commonly used medicinal pair-aconite (fu zi) and dried ginger (gan jiang)-as an example, experiments were conducted to explore the relativity of seven relations in the aspects of the toxicity, phannacological actions and variations of bio-active components before and after they were combined. The results
showed:
(1) Aconite or dried ginger obviously inhibits the decreasing of body temperature (Yang deficiency pattern) in thyroidectomized rats. The combination of aconite and dried ginger showed stronger action against the decreasing of body temperature, which was significantly different from that of single aconite or dried ginger (P<0.01). The combination of aconite and dried ginger obviously raised the pain threshold in mice, which was significantly different from that of single aconite or dried ginger (P,0.05), indicating that the combination had stronger analgesic action than that of single aconite or dried ginger. These test results indicated that in the aspects of treating Yang deficiency pattern and alleviating pain, aconite and dried ginger were in the relationship of mutual need (xiang xu). They accentuated their therapeutic actions when applied together. When aconite and dried ginger were decocted together, the contents of total alkaloids and aconitine were largely increased, while the content of hypaaconitine was slightly decreased in the finished decoction. This might be related to the reinforcement of analgesic action. It might also indicate that dried ginger helped the release of aconitine into the decoction. (2) Acute
toxicity tests in mice showed that aconite was of high toxicity. When it was combined with dried ginger, the LD50 of the combination was 5 times that of aconite, indicating that the toxicity of aconite was significantly reduced after combined with dried ginger. This was possibly because dried ginger reduced the toxicity of aconite. These test results indicated that aconite and dried ginger were in the relationship of mutual fear (xiang wei) and mutual killing (xiang sha), i.e. aconite is counteracted by dried ginger, and dried ginger reduced the toxicity of aconite. (3) Aconite worsened, but dried ginger relieved the fever in endotoxin attacked rabbits. The combination of aconite and dried ginger showed a tendency to worsen the fever. This indicated that when aconite and dried ginger were applied together to feverish pattern, the former weakened the antipyretic action of the latter. Therefore they were in the relationship of mutual antagonism (xiang wu). When dried ginger was combined with aconite, the harmful effect of fever was strengthened Therefore they were in the relationship of mutual incompatibility (xiang fan) as well.
The combination of aconite and dried ginger perfectly reflected the relativity of seven relations.
引文
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[10] 唐慎微．重修政和经史证类备用本草 卷1 序例
[11] 陈嘉谟．本草蒙荃 卷1 总论
[12] 李杲编．王晋三重订．珍珠囊补遗药性赋 卷1 总赋
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[21] 岳凤先等．中药的现代研究．中医古籍出版社，1988：156
[22] 杨永良等．中药学．湖北科学技术出版社．1989：22
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[24] 李忠等．中药学．河南科技出版社．1985：23
[25] 李家仁：药学通报 1985；(7)：396
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