基于贝叶斯（Bayes）网络技术的抑郁症中医证候规律研究
|
摘要
抑郁症是目前临床上常见病和多发病,具有发病率高、危害性大、复发率高的特点,严重危害人们的心身健康。目前现代医学采用的各类诊断标准对于该病各亚型的诊断尚不完备;在治疗方面,现代医学以药物治疗为主,常用的几类药物具有不良反应大、价格昂贵、依从性差的特点。中医药治疗抑郁症虽具有一定优势,但中医对抑郁症的认识尚不统一,各医家提出的病因病机、临床分型、治疗方法多系个人经验,受主观因素影响较大,缺乏循证医学证据。部分以临床流行病学调查为基础研究出的证型,由于研究方法学上存在不足,导致研究出的各类分型标准与抑郁症的临床实际存在一定偏差。在中医辨治体系中,证候是关键。因此,在深入开展抑郁症中医研究之前,开展抑郁症的证候规律研究具有重要意义。
本项研究在全面整理抑郁症相关文献的基础上,遵循临床流行病学研究思路,以首发、原发的抑郁症患者为研究对象,并排除其他躯体和精神疾病、药物等对证候观察的干扰,在北京市内共7家单位对611例研究对象进行中医证候学调查和精神科量表观察。在此基础上,借助数据挖掘技术中的贝叶斯(Bayes)网络技术,结合中医理论、专家经验及其它各种统计方法来研究抑郁症的中医证候规律;分析不同抑郁程度、中医证型在抑郁症人群中的分布规律;分析抑郁症中医证候(证候要素、证型)与HAMD抑郁量表7个因子及抑郁程度之间的内在联系,揭示中医辨证与西医诊断之间的内在联系;分析患者个人情况(如年龄、性别、出生季节等)与中医证候(证候要素、证型)、HAMD抑郁量表因子之间的内在联系。
本项研究的主要研究结果与结论包括:
(1)提取了抑郁症9个病机要素:精亏、气虚、血虚、阴虚、阳虚、气郁(滞)、血瘀、痰湿、火热;4个病位要素:心、肾、肝、脾;8个中医证型:肾虚肝郁证、肝郁脾虚证、脾肾两虚证、心肾不交证、气血两虚证、痰瘀互结证、气虚血瘀证、心肝火旺证。
(2)抑郁症与患者个人情况具有相关性:①抑郁症在不同人群中的分布是不同的,其中30～50岁为抑郁症的高发年龄,平均年龄为40.21±13.16岁;抑郁症以女性发病为多,男女比例约为1:1.9;中学(专)和大学(专)文化、干部和职员、平时社会交往和兴趣爱好偏少、在职人员、居住在城区、冬季出生者抑郁症发病率较高;②不同抑郁程度在抑郁症人群中的分布是不同的,其中不同抑郁程度在不同经济状况、兴趣爱好、家庭关系、是否需照料他人、住房条件等人群中的构成比具统计学差异;③部分抑郁症HAMD量表的因子与患者部分个人情况具有相关性,其中焦躯化因子与住房条件相关,住房条件充裕者焦躯化程度较轻;平时兴趣爱好与认知障碍因子相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者认知障碍程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者认知障碍程度较重;年龄与睡眠障碍因子相关,18～30岁年龄段睡眠障碍程度较轻,≥50岁者睡眠障碍程度较重,睡眠障碍与年龄之间存在正相关关系;平时兴趣爱好与阻滞因子相关,兴趣爱好广泛者阻滞程度较轻。
(3)抑郁症中医证候与患者个人情况具有相关性:①抑郁症各中医证型在抑郁症人群中的分布是不同的。其中抑郁症各中医证型在不同年龄段、是否需照料他人中的构成比具有统计学差异;②部分抑郁症证候要素与患者部分个人情况具有相关性。其中平时的兴趣爱好与精亏相关,无兴趣爱好者精亏程度较重;平时的兴趣爱好与阳虚相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者阳虚程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者阳虚程度较重;③部分抑郁症中医证型与患者部分个人情况具有相关性。其中平时的兴趣爱好与肾虚肝郁程度相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者肾虚肝郁程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者较重;平时的兴趣爱好与肝郁脾虚程度相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者肝郁脾虚程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者较重;年龄与气血两虚程度、痰瘀互结程度、心肾不交程度均相关,≥50岁者各型的程度较重,18～30岁者较轻,且任两个年龄段间的差异均有统计学意义,年龄与各型的程度呈正相关关系。
(4)抑郁症中医证候与HAMD因子具有相关性:①部分抑郁症中医证候要素与部分HAMD因子具有相关性。其中病位肝和病位心与焦虑躯体化因子相关,相关性较高的是病位心;病位脾与体重因子相关;病机阳虚、气虚、火热、气郁及病位肝与认知障碍因子相关,相关性较高的是病机气郁;病机精亏、阳虚、气虚、血虚及病位肝、脾与阻滞因子相关,相关性较高的是病机精亏;病机阴虚、血虚、痰湿、血瘀与睡眠障碍因子相关,其中相关性较高的是病机血瘀;②部分抑郁症中医证型与部分HAMD因子具有相关性。其中肝郁脾虚型、心肝火旺型与焦虑躯体化因子相关,相关性较高的是肝郁脾虚型;脾肾两虚型、痰瘀互结型与体重因子相关;肾虚肝郁型、肝郁脾虚型、心肝火旺型与认知障碍因子相关,相关性较高的是心肝火旺型;所有证型均与阻滞因子相关,相关性最高的是肾虚肝郁型;心肾不交型、气虚血瘀型、气血两虚型、痰瘀互结型与睡眠障碍因子相关,相关性较高的是痰瘀互结型。
(5)抑郁症中医证候与抑郁程度具有相关性:①部分抑郁症中医证候要素与抑郁程度具有相关性。其中抑郁程度与精亏相关性最高;②肾虚肝郁型在抑郁症中所占比例最大,为29.1%;抑郁程度在各型中的构成比较无统计学差异;抑郁程度与心肝火旺型间存在正相关关系。
(6)发现肾精亏虚是抑郁症的主要病机,但抑郁症也涉及其它的病机和脏腑。
Depression is a common and frequently encountered disease with high incidence rate and high recurrence rate which seriously jeopardizes our health. The current diagnostic criteria are not perfect for its subtypes yet. Drug treatment is the main method to treat depression. However, the commonly used drugs have many side effects and are very expensive. It is hard for the patients to comply with the prescription. So when dealing with depression, Chinese medicine has an advantage over western medicine. But unanimous opinion has not been reached yet on its etiology, mechanism, syndrome patterns and treatment. Many doctors put forward their opinion from their own clinical experience. There is a discrepancy between syndrome patterns derived from clinical investigation and clinical practice due to the limitation of these methods. In determining treatment by pattern identified system of Chinese medicine, syndrome pattern is the key point. So, study of the syndrome characteristics of depression is of great importance before further research is conducted.
On the basis of an overall sort of the pertinent literatures of depression, the study investigated primary depression patients who were diagnosed for the first time in order to exclude the intervention of somatic diseases, other mental disorders and drugs. The study was conducted in 7 units in Beijing and 611 patients meeting the criteria were enrolled. The study adopts the method of Bayesian network and other statistical methods to: 1. study the syndrome characteristics of depression; 2.analyze the distribution characteristics of the degree of depression and syndrome patterns in different people; 3. analyze the relationship between the syndrome of depression(syndrome elements and patterns), the seven factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale and the degree of depression so as to reveal the internal relationship between differentiation of symptoms and signs of Chinese medicine and the diagnosis of western medicine; 4. analyze the relationship between personal information (age, gender, birth season, etc), syndrome patterns and the factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale.
The main results and conclusion:
1. The pathomechanism elements, sites of the disease and syndrome patterns were picked up. Nine pathomechanism elements are jing deficiency, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, yin deficiency, yang deficiency, stagnation of qi, blood stasis, phlegm dampness and fire heat. Four sites of the disease are the heart, kidney, liver and spleen. Eight syndrome patterns are syndrome of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi, syndrome of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency, syndrome of kidney and spleen deficiency, syndrome of breakdown of heart-kidney interaction, syndrome of deficiency of qi and blood, syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis biding together, syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis and syndrome of exuberant fire in the heart and liver.
2.The relationship between depression and personal information are as follows: (1)The distribution of depression varies in different people. People who are 30 to 50 most probably suffer from depression with the mean age 40.21±13.16 years old. Female is more likely to have depression and the ratio between male and female is 1:1.9. The incidence rate is higher in officials, office clerks, those who have received secondary and higher education, and who lack social communication and hobbies, live in the city and born in winter. (2) The degree of depression is related to the economic status, hobbies, family relation, self-care ability,housing condition, etc. (3) Some factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale are related to personal information. For instance, housing condition negatively correlates with anxiety/somatization factor, hobbies positively correlates with the degree of depression and years of age positively correlates with dyssomnia.
3. The relation between syndrome patterns of Chinese medicine and personal information. (1)The distribution of syndrome patterns of depression differs according to people’s age and self-care ability. (2) Some syndrome elements of depression are related to personal information. In people who have wide hobbies, the degree of jing deficiency and yang deficiency are lower than those who have not. (3) Some syndrome patterns of depression also correlate with personal information. The degree of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi and that of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency are lower in people who have wide hobbies than those who have not. Years of age positively correlates with the degree of deficiency of qi and blood, phlegm and blood stasis biding together and breakdown of heart-kidney interaction.
4. The relation between syndrome patterns of depression and factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale: (1) Some elements of syndrome correlate with the factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale. Liver and heart are related to anxiety/somatization factor. Spleen correlates with body weight. Yang deficiency, qi deficiency, fire heat, stagnation of qi, and the liver contribute to cognitive handicap. Jing deficiency, yang deficiency, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, and the liver and spleen contribute to retardation factor. And yin deficiency, blood deficiency, phlegm dampness and blood stasis contribute to dyssomnia. (2) Some syndrome patterns of depression correlate with the factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale. Syndrome of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency and syndrome of exuberant fire in the heart and liver correlate with anxiety/somatization factor. Syndrome of kidney and spleen deficiency and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis biding together correlate with body weight. Syndrome of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi, syndrome of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency, and syndrome of exuberant fire in the heart and liver contribute to cognitive handicap. All of the patterns correlate with retardation factor. Syndrome of breakdown of heart-kidney interaction, syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis, syndrome of deficiency of qi and blood, and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis biding together correlate with dyssomnia.
5. The relation between syndrome patterns of depression and the degree of depression: (1) Some elements of syndrome, especially jing deficiency, correlate with the degree of depression. (2) Syndrome of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi is the most common syndrome pattern of depression which accounts for 29.1% of the cases.
6. It indicates that kidney-jing deficiency is the main pathomechanism of depression, in which other pathomechanisms and internal organs are also involved.
本项研究在全面整理抑郁症相关文献的基础上,遵循临床流行病学研究思路,以首发、原发的抑郁症患者为研究对象,并排除其他躯体和精神疾病、药物等对证候观察的干扰,在北京市内共7家单位对611例研究对象进行中医证候学调查和精神科量表观察。在此基础上,借助数据挖掘技术中的贝叶斯(Bayes)网络技术,结合中医理论、专家经验及其它各种统计方法来研究抑郁症的中医证候规律;分析不同抑郁程度、中医证型在抑郁症人群中的分布规律;分析抑郁症中医证候(证候要素、证型)与HAMD抑郁量表7个因子及抑郁程度之间的内在联系,揭示中医辨证与西医诊断之间的内在联系;分析患者个人情况(如年龄、性别、出生季节等)与中医证候(证候要素、证型)、HAMD抑郁量表因子之间的内在联系。
本项研究的主要研究结果与结论包括:
(1)提取了抑郁症9个病机要素:精亏、气虚、血虚、阴虚、阳虚、气郁(滞)、血瘀、痰湿、火热;4个病位要素:心、肾、肝、脾;8个中医证型:肾虚肝郁证、肝郁脾虚证、脾肾两虚证、心肾不交证、气血两虚证、痰瘀互结证、气虚血瘀证、心肝火旺证。
(2)抑郁症与患者个人情况具有相关性:①抑郁症在不同人群中的分布是不同的,其中30～50岁为抑郁症的高发年龄,平均年龄为40.21±13.16岁;抑郁症以女性发病为多,男女比例约为1:1.9;中学(专)和大学(专)文化、干部和职员、平时社会交往和兴趣爱好偏少、在职人员、居住在城区、冬季出生者抑郁症发病率较高;②不同抑郁程度在抑郁症人群中的分布是不同的,其中不同抑郁程度在不同经济状况、兴趣爱好、家庭关系、是否需照料他人、住房条件等人群中的构成比具统计学差异;③部分抑郁症HAMD量表的因子与患者部分个人情况具有相关性,其中焦躯化因子与住房条件相关,住房条件充裕者焦躯化程度较轻;平时兴趣爱好与认知障碍因子相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者认知障碍程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者认知障碍程度较重;年龄与睡眠障碍因子相关,18～30岁年龄段睡眠障碍程度较轻,≥50岁者睡眠障碍程度较重,睡眠障碍与年龄之间存在正相关关系;平时兴趣爱好与阻滞因子相关,兴趣爱好广泛者阻滞程度较轻。
(3)抑郁症中医证候与患者个人情况具有相关性:①抑郁症各中医证型在抑郁症人群中的分布是不同的。其中抑郁症各中医证型在不同年龄段、是否需照料他人中的构成比具有统计学差异;②部分抑郁症证候要素与患者部分个人情况具有相关性。其中平时的兴趣爱好与精亏相关,无兴趣爱好者精亏程度较重;平时的兴趣爱好与阳虚相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者阳虚程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者阳虚程度较重;③部分抑郁症中医证型与患者部分个人情况具有相关性。其中平时的兴趣爱好与肾虚肝郁程度相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者肾虚肝郁程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者较重;平时的兴趣爱好与肝郁脾虚程度相关,平时兴趣爱好广泛者肝郁脾虚程度较轻,无兴趣爱好者较重;年龄与气血两虚程度、痰瘀互结程度、心肾不交程度均相关,≥50岁者各型的程度较重,18～30岁者较轻,且任两个年龄段间的差异均有统计学意义,年龄与各型的程度呈正相关关系。
(4)抑郁症中医证候与HAMD因子具有相关性:①部分抑郁症中医证候要素与部分HAMD因子具有相关性。其中病位肝和病位心与焦虑躯体化因子相关,相关性较高的是病位心;病位脾与体重因子相关;病机阳虚、气虚、火热、气郁及病位肝与认知障碍因子相关,相关性较高的是病机气郁;病机精亏、阳虚、气虚、血虚及病位肝、脾与阻滞因子相关,相关性较高的是病机精亏;病机阴虚、血虚、痰湿、血瘀与睡眠障碍因子相关,其中相关性较高的是病机血瘀;②部分抑郁症中医证型与部分HAMD因子具有相关性。其中肝郁脾虚型、心肝火旺型与焦虑躯体化因子相关,相关性较高的是肝郁脾虚型;脾肾两虚型、痰瘀互结型与体重因子相关;肾虚肝郁型、肝郁脾虚型、心肝火旺型与认知障碍因子相关,相关性较高的是心肝火旺型;所有证型均与阻滞因子相关,相关性最高的是肾虚肝郁型;心肾不交型、气虚血瘀型、气血两虚型、痰瘀互结型与睡眠障碍因子相关,相关性较高的是痰瘀互结型。
(5)抑郁症中医证候与抑郁程度具有相关性:①部分抑郁症中医证候要素与抑郁程度具有相关性。其中抑郁程度与精亏相关性最高;②肾虚肝郁型在抑郁症中所占比例最大,为29.1%;抑郁程度在各型中的构成比较无统计学差异;抑郁程度与心肝火旺型间存在正相关关系。
(6)发现肾精亏虚是抑郁症的主要病机,但抑郁症也涉及其它的病机和脏腑。
Depression is a common and frequently encountered disease with high incidence rate and high recurrence rate which seriously jeopardizes our health. The current diagnostic criteria are not perfect for its subtypes yet. Drug treatment is the main method to treat depression. However, the commonly used drugs have many side effects and are very expensive. It is hard for the patients to comply with the prescription. So when dealing with depression, Chinese medicine has an advantage over western medicine. But unanimous opinion has not been reached yet on its etiology, mechanism, syndrome patterns and treatment. Many doctors put forward their opinion from their own clinical experience. There is a discrepancy between syndrome patterns derived from clinical investigation and clinical practice due to the limitation of these methods. In determining treatment by pattern identified system of Chinese medicine, syndrome pattern is the key point. So, study of the syndrome characteristics of depression is of great importance before further research is conducted.
On the basis of an overall sort of the pertinent literatures of depression, the study investigated primary depression patients who were diagnosed for the first time in order to exclude the intervention of somatic diseases, other mental disorders and drugs. The study was conducted in 7 units in Beijing and 611 patients meeting the criteria were enrolled. The study adopts the method of Bayesian network and other statistical methods to: 1. study the syndrome characteristics of depression; 2.analyze the distribution characteristics of the degree of depression and syndrome patterns in different people; 3. analyze the relationship between the syndrome of depression(syndrome elements and patterns), the seven factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale and the degree of depression so as to reveal the internal relationship between differentiation of symptoms and signs of Chinese medicine and the diagnosis of western medicine; 4. analyze the relationship between personal information (age, gender, birth season, etc), syndrome patterns and the factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale.
The main results and conclusion:
1. The pathomechanism elements, sites of the disease and syndrome patterns were picked up. Nine pathomechanism elements are jing deficiency, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, yin deficiency, yang deficiency, stagnation of qi, blood stasis, phlegm dampness and fire heat. Four sites of the disease are the heart, kidney, liver and spleen. Eight syndrome patterns are syndrome of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi, syndrome of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency, syndrome of kidney and spleen deficiency, syndrome of breakdown of heart-kidney interaction, syndrome of deficiency of qi and blood, syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis biding together, syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis and syndrome of exuberant fire in the heart and liver.
2.The relationship between depression and personal information are as follows: (1)The distribution of depression varies in different people. People who are 30 to 50 most probably suffer from depression with the mean age 40.21±13.16 years old. Female is more likely to have depression and the ratio between male and female is 1:1.9. The incidence rate is higher in officials, office clerks, those who have received secondary and higher education, and who lack social communication and hobbies, live in the city and born in winter. (2) The degree of depression is related to the economic status, hobbies, family relation, self-care ability,housing condition, etc. (3) Some factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale are related to personal information. For instance, housing condition negatively correlates with anxiety/somatization factor, hobbies positively correlates with the degree of depression and years of age positively correlates with dyssomnia.
3. The relation between syndrome patterns of Chinese medicine and personal information. (1)The distribution of syndrome patterns of depression differs according to people’s age and self-care ability. (2) Some syndrome elements of depression are related to personal information. In people who have wide hobbies, the degree of jing deficiency and yang deficiency are lower than those who have not. (3) Some syndrome patterns of depression also correlate with personal information. The degree of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi and that of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency are lower in people who have wide hobbies than those who have not. Years of age positively correlates with the degree of deficiency of qi and blood, phlegm and blood stasis biding together and breakdown of heart-kidney interaction.
4. The relation between syndrome patterns of depression and factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale: (1) Some elements of syndrome correlate with the factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale. Liver and heart are related to anxiety/somatization factor. Spleen correlates with body weight. Yang deficiency, qi deficiency, fire heat, stagnation of qi, and the liver contribute to cognitive handicap. Jing deficiency, yang deficiency, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, and the liver and spleen contribute to retardation factor. And yin deficiency, blood deficiency, phlegm dampness and blood stasis contribute to dyssomnia. (2) Some syndrome patterns of depression correlate with the factors of HAMD Depression Measuring Scale. Syndrome of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency and syndrome of exuberant fire in the heart and liver correlate with anxiety/somatization factor. Syndrome of kidney and spleen deficiency and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis biding together correlate with body weight. Syndrome of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi, syndrome of stagnation of liver-qi and spleen deficiency, and syndrome of exuberant fire in the heart and liver contribute to cognitive handicap. All of the patterns correlate with retardation factor. Syndrome of breakdown of heart-kidney interaction, syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis, syndrome of deficiency of qi and blood, and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis biding together correlate with dyssomnia.
5. The relation between syndrome patterns of depression and the degree of depression: (1) Some elements of syndrome, especially jing deficiency, correlate with the degree of depression. (2) Syndrome of kidney deficiency and stagnation of liver-qi is the most common syndrome pattern of depression which accounts for 29.1% of the cases.
6. It indicates that kidney-jing deficiency is the main pathomechanism of depression, in which other pathomechanisms and internal organs are also involved.
引文
1 张明园主编.精神科评定量表手册.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1993
2 朱紫青主编.抑郁障碍诊疗关键.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2003
3 蔡焯基主编.抑郁症基础与临床.北京:科学出版社,2001
4 龚绍麟主编.抑郁症.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003
5 陈彦方主编.CCMD-3 相关精神障碍的治疗与护理.济南:山东科学技术出版社,2001
6 世界卫生组织.ICD-10 精神与行为障碍分类:临床描述与诊断要点.北京:人民卫生出版社,1993
7 江开达主编·精神病学·北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
8 Howard H.Goldman·General Psychiatry.McGraw-Hill,2001
9 David S,Baldwin,Jon Birtwistle.An Atlas of DEPRSSION.CPC Press LLC,2002
10 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
11 王彦恒主编.中西医结合诊治抑郁障碍.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006
12 American Psychiatric Association.Diagostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-Ⅳ).APA.Washington,D.C.,1994
1 Patel V.Cultural factors and international epidemiology.Br Med Bull 2001;57:33-45
2 The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium.Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in thhe World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA,2004,291(21):2581-2590
3 田旭升,程伟.医学社会学视野下的抑郁症变奏.医学与哲学:人文社会医学版,2006,27 (7): 26 - 27
4 National Institute of Mental Health.Dpression: Define it, Defeat it. DHHS Publication No.(ADM)91-1873, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, U. S, 1991:1
5 刘 圆 圆 . 我 国 抑 郁 症 患 者 超 过 2600 万 九 成 患 者 不 知 病 情 [EB/OL].(2005-10-10) [2006-12-20].http://news.21cn.com/domestic/shiyong/2005/10/10/2316245.shtml
6 Angst F,Stassen HH,Clayton PJ ,Angst J.Mortality of patients with mood disorders:follow-up over 34-38 years.J Affect Disord 2002,68:167-181
7 Stark C,Hall D,O,Brien F,Smith H.Suicide after discharge from psychiatric hospitals in Scotland.BMJ 1995,311:1368-9
8 Narrow WE,Rae DS,Robins LN,Regier DA. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States:using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys′estimates.Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:115-23
9 舒良.抑郁症的评定与治疗.北京大学精神卫生研究所论文汇编(1995-2000),653-655
10 The world health report 2002-reducing risks promoting healthy life.Geneva: World Health Organization,2002
11 Ciechanowski PS,Katon WJ,Russo JE.Depression and diabetes:impact of depressive symptoms onadherence,function,and costs.Arch Intern Med 2000,160:3278-85
12 Jiang W,Krishnan RR,O,Connor CM.Depression and heart disease:evidence of a link,and its therapeutic implications.CNS Drugs 2002,16:111-27
13 Lee HB, Lyketsos CG. Depression in Alzheimerps Disease:Heterogeneity and Related Issues. Biol Psychiatry, 2003 ; 54 :353-362.
14 Mueller TI,Leon AC,Keller MB,et al .Recurrence after recurrence recovery from major Depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up.Am J Psychiary 1999;156:1000-6
15 Keller MR,Lavori PW,Rice J,Coryell W,Hirschfeld RM .The persistent risk of chroncity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder:a prospective Follow-up .Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:24-8
16 Judd LL,Akiskal HS,Maser JD,et al.A prospective 12-years study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in uipolar major depressive disorders.Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998,694-700
17 Kessle RC, Verglund P, Demler O, et al . The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication(NCS-R). Jama 2003;289(23)3095-3105
18 Duman RS , Kehne JH. Depression. CNS Neurol Disord DrugTargets , 2007 ; 6 (2) : 85-86
19 HOLDEN C. Global survey examines impact of depression . Science , 2000 , 288 (5463):39-40
20 龙洁,刘艳垒,唐启盛,等.卒中后抑郁状态及其影响因素的相关研究.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2001,27(6):430433
21 全国情感障碍亚型家系研究协作组.单相抑郁与双相情感障碍遗传效应及方式的对照研究.中华精神科杂志,1997,30(4):199-202
22 Kendler KS,Pedersen N,Johnson L,et al.A pilot Swedish twin study of affective illness,including hospital- and population-ascertained subsamples.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1993,50:699
23 Mendlewicz J,Rainer JD:Adoption study supporting genetic transmission in manic-depression illness.Nature ,1977,268:327
24 Sanders AR,Detera-Wadleigh SD,Gershon ES:Molecular genetics of mood disorders,in Charney DS,Nestler EJ,Bunnry BS(eds):Neurobiology of Mental Illness.New York,Oxford University Press,1999:299-316
25 Schildkraut J J. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders:a review of supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry,1965,122:509-512
26 COODWIN FK,JAMISON KR. Manic-Depressive illness.Newyork:Oxford University press, 1990: 416-441
27 INVERNIZZI RW,GARATTINI S. Role of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors in antidepressant action:recent findings from microdialysisstudies.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2004,28 ( 5 ):819-827
28 Coppen A.,Shaw DM.,Mallerson A.Changes in 5-hydroxy-tryptophan metabolism in depression. Brit S Psychiat 1965,111:105
29 Pandey GN.Altered serotonin function in suicide:Evidence from platelet and neuroendocine studies.Ann N Y Acad Sci,1997,836:182
30 Lopez-Figueroa AL, Norton CS,Lopez-Figueroa MO, et al. werotonin 5-HT1A, 1-HT1B, and 5-HT2A receptor Mrna expressionoin suanjicets with major depression,bi-polar disorder and schizophrenia. Biolpsychiatry,2004,55 ( 3 ):225-233
31 NEUMEISTER A. Tryptophan depletion,serotonin, and depression:where do we stand? . Psychopharmacology Bulletin,2003,37 ( 4 ):99-115
32 Willner P. Dopamine and depression: A review of recent evidence. Brain Res. Rev. 1983, 6, 211-246
33 Bowden C, Theodorou AE, Cheetham SC,et al.Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding sites in brain samples from depressed suicides and controls. Brain Res, 1997, 752, 227-233
34 Brunswick DJ, Amsterdam JD, Mozley PD, et a1. Greater availability of brain dopamine transporters in major dep ression shown by [ 99mTc ] TRODAT21 SPECT imaging. Am J Psychiatry, 2003, 160(10) : 1836 - 1841.
35 Ossowska G,Nowa G, Kata R, et a1. Brain monoamine recep tors in achronic unp redictable stress model in rats. J Neural Transm,2001, 108: 311 - 319.
36 Steffens DC, Byrum CE, McQuoid DR et al. Hippocampal volume in geriatric depression. Biol Psychiat, 2000,48:301–309
37 Krystal JH,Petrakis IL,D’Souza DC,et al.Interactive effects of high dose intravenous glycine and oral D-cycloserine in healthy human subjects. Biol Psychiat,1997,41(Suppl):23
38 Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, et al. Reduced cortical GABA levels in depressed patients determined by 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiat,1999,56:1043–1047
39 Loyd GG, Cawley PH. Distress or illness: a study of psychological symptoms after myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 142:120-125
40 RothermundtM , Arolt V, Fenker J , et al. Different immune patters in melancholic and non - melancholic major dep ression. Eur A rch Psychiatry Clin N eurosci, 2001; 251: 90 - 97
41 Svenningsson P, Chergui R , Rachleff I, et al. Alterations in 5 -HT1B receptor function by p11 in dep ression - like states. Science,2006; 5757 (311) : 77 - 80
42 Tang HB, Inoue A, IwasaM, et al. Substance P release evoked by capsaicin or potassium from rat cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons is converselymodulated with bradykinin. J N eurochem , 2006; 97: 1412 -1418
43 Schdev PS, Parslow RA, Lux O, et al Relationship of homocysteine,folic acid and vitamin B12 with dep ression in a middle - aged community sample. PsycholMed, 2005; 35: 529 - 538
44 平菁, 毛富强.女性抑郁症与性激素水平的关系研究.天津医科大学学报,2007,13(3):436-438
45 Lu XY, Kim CS, Frazer A, et al. Leptin: a potential novel antidepressant. Proc Nztl Acad Sci USA. 2006 ; 103 ( 5) :1593-1598
46 Pennix BW, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, et al. Vitamin B12 dificiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the women,s health and aging study. Am J Psychiatry,2000, 157: 715 - 721.
47 Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, et al. Vitamin B12 , folate and homocysteine in dep ression: the Rotterdam study. Am J Psychiatry, 2002, 159: 2099 - 2102.
48 张新华,樊春红.不同性别年龄抑郁症患者血清维生素 B12 水平研究.中国全科医学, 2007,14:1150-1151
49 姚辉,陶领纲.抑郁症患者抗抑郁治疗前后细胞免疫及单胺类神经递质代谢产物的变化特征.中国临床康复,2004,8(15):2978-9
50 Anismam H,Ravindran AV,Griffiths J,et al.Endocrine and cytokine conelates of major depression and dysthymia with typical or atypical features.Molecular Psychiatry,1999,4(2):182-8
51 李 喆,孙学礼,黄颐,等.难治性抑郁症患者认知功能特点及其与神经内分泌的相关性研究.中国循证医学杂志,2007,8:575-579
52 E. Young and A. Korszun. The hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in mood disorders. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am,2002,31(1):63-78.
53 印海翔,钮伟芳.难治性抑郁症患者甲状腺激素水平的分析.神经疾病与精神卫生 2007,7(3):178-179
54 Musselman DL,Nemeroff CB.Depression and endocrine disorder:focus on the thyroid and adrenal system.Br J Psychatry Supll.1996,(30):123-8
55 Mervaala E, Fohr J , Kononen M, etal.Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression.PsycholMed , 2000,30(1):117-125
56 MacQueen G, Campbell S, McEwenBS, et al.Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volumein major depression.Proc Natl Acad Sci U-S-A, 2003, 100(3):1387-1392
57 GilbertsonM, ShentonME, Ciszewski,A, et al.Smaller hippocampal volumep redicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci,2002, 5 (11) : 1242-1247
58 Sheline YI, Gado MH, Kraemer HC.Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry, 2003,160 (8) : 1516-1518
59 Chen SJ , Kao CL , Chang YL , et al. Antidepressant administration modulates neural stem cell survival and serotoninergic differentiation through bc122. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2007;4(1):19-29.
60 CotterD, Mackay D, Landau S, et al.Reduced glial cell density and neuronalsize in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder.Arch GenPsychiatry, 2001, 58 (6) : 545-553
61 Yukihiko S, Andrew CH, Chen SN, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression.Neurosci,2002,22(8):3251-61
62 Chen B, Dowlatshahi D, MacQueenGM, et al.Increased hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in subjectstreated with antidep ressant medication. Biol Psychiatry, 2001, 50(4) : 260-65
63 张心保,侯钢,耿直等.抑郁症及其亚型的睡眠脑电图研究.中华精神科杂志,1999,32(1):30
64 孙毅,胡悦育.抑郁症患者 REM 睡眠脑电图的研究. 全科医学临床与教育,2006,4(1):61-62
65 赵鹏,张心保,侯刚,等.精神焦虑性抑郁症的睡眠脑电图特征.中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(1):36-38
66 邓先华,孙学礼,张波,等.抑郁症自杀倾向与多导睡眠图的关系.华西医学,2007 ; 22 (1):25-27
67 Shagass C ,Roemer RA, Straumanis JJ,et al.Combinations of evoked potential amplitude measurements in relation to psychiatric diagnosis . Biol Psychiatry, 1985,20:701-708
68 杨士财,王云霞,李宪海.抑郁症患者视觉、听觉诱发电位、P300 相关性研究.中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(8):55-56
69 崔青,彭昌孝,刘文.抑郁症患者脑的磁共振研究.临床精神医学杂志.2001. 11(6):344-345
70 夏军,周义成,张景峰.抑郁症患者海马及杏仁核容积异常的 MRI 研究.中华放射学杂志.2005; 39(2):140-143
71 Hickie I , Naismith S , Ward PB , et al. Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory loss in patients with early and late onset depression. Br J Psychiatry , 2005 ; 186 : 197-202
72 Mervaala E, Folhr J, Kgngmen M, et al. Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdale in severe depression. Psychological Medicine, 2000,30(1):117-125
73 Andrew LS, Perry FR, Deborah AYT, et al. Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder:what have we learned? Society of Biological Psychiatry, 2000,48(6):505-517
74 Krishnan KR, McDonald WM, Doraiswamy PM, et al. Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,1993;243(1):41-6
75 Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Weiuer RD, et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry,1993;50(1):7-16
76 Husain MM, Figiel GS, Lurie SN, et al. MRI of corpus callosum and septumpellucidum in depression. Biol Psychiatry, 1991,29(3):300-301
77 徐伊,徐浩,贾艳滨.抑郁症患者局部脑血流变化的 SPECT 研究.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2005,31(3):206-209.
78 贾艳滨,黄立安,徐伊,等.抑郁症状与 SPECT 局部脑血流灌注的相关探讨.中山大学学报(医学科学版),2007,28(3):306-331
79 张选红,江开达,等.首发抑郁症患者局部脑葡萄糖代谢的 PET 初步研究.上海精神医学, 2004 ,16(3):129-135
80 Sanjaya Aaxena ,Arthurl. Brady ,Matthew L ,et al. Differential cerebral metabalic changes with paxoxetine treatment of odsessive-comgulsive disorder VS major depression. Arch Gen Psychiat ry ,2002 ,59 :250-261
81 Brody AL. Saxenas ,Mardelkem M. Fairbanks LA. Baxter LRJ r. Brain metabolic changes associated with symptom factor improvement in major depression. Bail Psychiatry ,2001 ,50 :171-178
82 Saxenas. Brody AL , Alborzan S. Maidment KM , HuangSC. Baxter LRJ r. Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurrimg separately and coneurrently. Boil Psychiatry ,2001 ,50 :159-170
83 夏军,陈军,周义成,等.抑郁症患者边缘系统异常的 MRI 和 MRS 分析.中国医学影像技术.2004,20 (6) :856-859
84 林铮,李惠春,龚向阳,等.抑郁症患者前额叶、海马磁共振质子波谱成像的研究.中华精神科杂志, 2005,38(4): 193-197
85 Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R , Epperson CN , et al. Subtype specific alterations of gamma2aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry , 2004 ;61 (7) : 705-713
86 Taylor WD , MacFall JR , Payne ME. Late-life depression and microstructural abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex white matter. Am J Psychiatry , 2004 ; 161 : 1293-1296
87 Alexopulos GS , Kiosses DN , Choi SJ , et al. Frontal white matter microstructure and treatment response of late2life depression: a preliminary study. Am J Psychiatry , 2002 ; 159 :1929-1935
88 Nobuhara K, Okugawa G, Minami T. Effects of electrocon vulsive therapy on frontal white matter in late2life depression:a diffusion tensor imagingstudy. Neuropsychobiology , 2004 ;50 : 50-53
89 Kalin NH , Davidson RJ . Irwin W. et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of emotional processing in normal and depressed patients : effects : of venlafaxine. J ClinPsychiatry , 1997 ; 58 (suppl16) : 32
90 Davidson RJ , Irwin W, Anderle MJ , et al. The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. Am J psychiatry , 2003 ; 160 (1) : 64
91 陈树林.人格因素与抑郁症.心理学探新,1999,19(4):56-59
92 M.M.Weissman,B. A. Pnusoff,G. L. Klerman. Personality and prediction of long-term outcome of depression. America Journal of Psychiatry, 1978,135:797-800
93 社会因素与精神疾病[EB/OL].(2004-09-30)[2006-10-27].http://www. shouxi.net/jingshenweisheng
94 陈昌惠.应激与健康.中国心理卫生杂志,1987,1(5):225-229
95 余西金.应激事件和重性抑郁发作的因果关系.国外医学·精神病学分册,2000,27(1):51-52
96 张玉琦,袁国桢,李桂林,等.215 例抑郁症患者自杀未遂危险因素的配对病例对照研究.中华流行病学杂志,2007,28(2):131-135
97 杨海东,程毅,刘淑华.情感性障碍与季节关系临床分析.上海精神医学,1991,3(4):212-214
98 张云,戴福强,唐怀瑞.情感性精神障碍首次发病与季节和气候的关系分析.临床中老年保健,2001,4(2):85-87
99 顾中范.褪黑激素与季节性情感性精神病.上海精神医学,1990,2(4):2062-2064
100 郭文斌,赵靖平.抑郁症药物治疗决策与个体化和系统论.医学与哲学,2005 ,26(7):12-19
101 叶铁桥,马俊岩.清华研究生自杀调查:抑郁症成校园杀手[EB/OL].(2006-10-27)[2006-12-20]. http://learning.sohu.com/20061127/n246630930. shtml
102 Tylee A et al. DEPRESS Ⅱ [Depression Research in European Society Ⅱ: A patient survey of the symptoms,disability and current management of depression in the community.DEPRES Steering Committee.Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;14(3):139-151
103 Kessler RC. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders. In : Montgomery SA ,Boer AD. SSRIs in depression and anxiety. Chichester , John Wiley & Sons ,1998 , 81 - 100
104 徐俊冕.抑郁症诊断与治疗进展.世界临床药物,2006,27(3):158-162
105 秦虹云,季建林.基层医疗保健中心抑郁障碍的共病现象.中国全科医学,2002,5(11):900-901
106 李献云,费立鹏,张艳萍,等.抑郁症诊断筛查量表的编制及其效度检验.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2007,33(5):257-263
107 John Mann.The medical management of depression.N Engl J Med,2005,353:1819-34
108 韦盛中.抗抑郁药的临床应用进展.神经疾病与精神卫生,2006,6(1):71-75
109 陈瑞玲,赵志刚.抗抑郁症类药物的临床应用研究进展中国临床药理学杂志 2007,23(1):54-56
110 罗和春,沈渔邨,刘平,等.舒血宁合并阿米替林治疗抑郁症多中心双盲对照研究.北京大学精神卫生研究所论文汇编(1995-2000):772-776
1 黄帝内经素问.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
2 灵枢经.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
3 神农本草经.北京:学苑出版社,2005
4 黄帝八十一难经.北京:学苑出版社,2005
5 汉·张仲景.伤寒论.北京:人民卫生出版社,1963
6 汉·张仲景.金匮要略.北京:人民卫生出版社,1963
7 马王堆汉墓帛书整理小组.马王堆汉墓帛书·五十二病方.北京:文物出版社,1979
8 唐·孙思邈.备急千金要方.北京:人民卫生出版社,1955
9 唐·孙思邈.备急千金翼方.北京:人民卫生出版社,1955
10 唐·王焘.外台秘要方.北京:华夏出版社,1993
11 宋·陈言.三因极一病证方论.上海:上海古籍出版社,1991
12 宋·王怀隐.太平圣惠方.北京:人民卫生出版社,1958
13 宋·赵佶.圣济总录.北京:人民卫生出版社,1962
14 宋·许叔微. 许叔微医学全书·普济本事方.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
15 元·朱震亨.丹溪心法.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959
16 明·王肯堂.证治准绳.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003
17 明·李士材.医宗必读.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
18 明·戴元礼.秘传证治要诀及类方.北京:商务印书馆,1955
19 明·赵以德,清·周扬俊.金匮玉函二注.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959
20 明·张介宾.景岳全书.北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
21 明·孙一奎.赤水玄珠.北京:中国中医药出版社,1996
22 明·孙一奎.医旨绪余.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1983
23 明·虞抟.医学正传.北京:人民卫生出版社,1965
24 明·赵献可.医贯.北京:学院出版社,1996
25 清·沈金鳌.杂病源流犀烛.北京:中国中医药出版社,1994
26 清·吴谦.医宗金鉴.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
27 清·江涵暾.奉时旨要.北京:中国中医药出版社,1993
28 清·顾锡.银海指南.北京:人民卫生出版社,1960
29 清·陈士铎.辨证录.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
30 清·钱乐天.医学传心录.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1975
31 清·张璐.张氏医通.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1963
32 清·程曦,江诚,雷大震.医家四要.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1958
33 清·李用粹.证治汇补.上海:科技卫生出版社,1958
34 清·叶桂.临证指南医案.北京:华夏出版社,1995
35 清·林佩琴.类证治裁.北京:中国中医药出版社,1997
36 清·何梦瑶.医碥.北京:人民卫生出版社,1994
37 清·吴师机.理瀹骈文.北京:人民卫生出版社,1984
38 清·王清任.医林改错.北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
39 清·汪訒庵.医方集解.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959
40 秦伯未.清代名医医案精华.上海:上海科技出版社,1981 年
41 中国中医研究院广安门医院.实用中医脑病学.北京:学苑出版社,1993
42 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
43 王彦恒主编.中西医结合诊治抑郁障碍.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006
1 吕红艳.辨证论治抑郁症疗效观察.广西中医药,2002,25(2):14.
2 胡随瑜,张宏耕 ,郑林,等.1977 例抑郁症患者中医不同证候构成比分析.中国医 师杂志,2003,5(10):13-12.
3 马欢.抑郁症病因病机研究探析.辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(6):537.
4 佟凯航,赵建军.柴胡疏肝散加减治疗抑郁症 38 例.吉林中医药,2007,27(5):23-24
5 曲淼.抑郁症与中医“郁证”的关系探讨.北京中医药大学学报,2004 ,27(1):11.
6 孙红,周湘明.浅谈抑郁症之病因病机.贵阳中医学院学报,2006,28(1):1.
7 赵建民,赵占宏,陈红梅.古代中医对抑郁症的认识.国医论坛,2006,21(2):49.
8 田旭升.浅淡抑郁症与中医学相关疾病对应关系.新中医,2007,39(7):97-98
9 冯文林,梅晓云.浅议抑郁症的中医归属.中医文献杂志,2003,(3):40
10 史先芬,吴自广.奔豚汤治疗抑郁症 50 例疗效观察.中国社区医师,2006,22(17):37
11 杨林.论肝郁与抑郁症.陕西中医,2000,21(6):260
12 陈 文 垲 , 周 玲 , 梅晓 云 .571 例 抑郁症中医证候学临床流行病学 调 查 . 浙 江中医 杂 志 , 2007,42(5):262-264
13 胡思荣.平心忘忧汤治疗抑郁症 470 例.湖北中医杂志,1996,18(2):4-5
14 修丽娟,魏品康.从痰论治抑郁症相关理论探讨.中国中医药信息杂志 2007,14(3):77-78
15 黄跃冬,李泊.试论七情发生和脑主神明与抑郁症病机证治的关系.北京中医药大学学报(中医临床版),2005,12(3):39
16 张华.宣阳开郁法治疗抑郁症的理论探讨和临床观察.山东中医药大学学报,2006,30(2):140
17 杨正春,童建明.抑郁症的中医病机再探讨.泸州医学院学报,2006,29(3):220
18 魏绪华.自拟百合汤加味治疗抑郁证 85 例.中国社区医师,2002,18(15):38
19 姜劲 峰 , 王 玲玲 , 王 俊 , 等 . 抑郁症 从 升 降 理 论 辨 证的 探讨 . 中 国 中医 基 础 医学 杂 志 , 2006,12(8):598-599
20 郝万山.柴桂温胆定志汤为主治疗精神抑郁症.北京中医药大学学报,1997,20(3):64-65
21 孙海燕.陈汝兴教授治疗抑郁症经验.中国中医急症,2006,15(7):758
22 岳广欣,黄启福,陈家旭,等.情志的五脏调控与抑郁症发病的关系.江苏中医药,2007,39(11):14-16
23 牛国顺.抑郁症治疗经验拾零.河南中医,2001,21(6):68-69
24 郭雅明,刘翠峰.王彦恒治疗抑郁症经验.河北中医,2002 ,24(2):100-101
25 韩旭,范圣凯,张捷.抑郁症的辨证施治临床观察 50 例.北京中医,2003 ,22(1): 31-32
26 国家技术监督局.中华人民共和国国家标准中医临床诊疗术语·证候部分.北京:中国标准出版社,1997:18,23,30-31,37-38
27 国家中医药管理局.中华人民共和国中医药行业标准·中医病证诊断疗效标准. 南京:南京大学出版社,1994:20-21
28 沈渔邨.精神病学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1995:996
29 张海男,胡随瑜,陈泽奇,等.抑郁症常见中医证候类型第一轮专家问卷分析.湖南医科大学学报,2002,27(6):519.
30 宋炜熙,胡随瑜,张海男,等.抑郁症肝郁气滞、肝郁痰阻证证候标准第二轮专家问卷分析.中国临床康复,2004,8(3):488-489
31 彭贵军,胡随瑜,张海男,等.抑郁症肝郁脾虚、心脾两虚证证候标准第二轮专家问卷分析.湖南中医学院学报,2003,23(5):37-39
32 陈文垲,周玲,梅晓云,等.从临床流行病学调查探讨抑郁症中医病机规律.南京中医药大学学报,2005,21(5):273-276
33 曲淼,唐启盛,裴清华,等.抑郁症中医证候的聚类研究.吉林中医药,2007,27(11):10-12
34 郑 开 梅 , 武 成 , 薛蕾 , 等 . 抑郁症中医证候学临床流行病学 调 查 . 天 津 中医 药大 学学报,2006,25(3):170-171
35 章洪流,王天芳,郭文,等.抑郁症中医证型的近 10 年文献分析.北京中医药大学学报, 2005,28(3):79-81
36 李杰.浅谈抑郁症的辨证施治.湖北中医杂志,2002,24(4):28-29
37 蒋家东.解郁汤治疗抑郁症 46 例疗效观察.河南中医,2003,23(6):34
38 陈建冲.逍遥散加味治疗难治性抑郁症 18 例.黑龙江中医药,2003(1):22-23
39 王美珍,马荣英.调肝汤加减治疗抑郁症 98 例疗效观察.光明中医,2006,21(2):61-62
40 施学丽,刘泰,唐全胜,等.调理脾胃气机法治疗抑郁症临床疗效观察.广西中医药,2007,30(5):6-9
41 何咏梅,杜绍礼.抗抑郁中药的研究进展.湖南中医药导报,2003,9(6):71-73
42 李宗友.阔叶缬草的抗抑郁成分.国外医学·中医中药分册,1996,18(2):47-48
43 罗和春.新电针疗法治疗抑郁症研究进展的启示.中国中西医结合杂志,2000,20 (11):806-807
44 韩毳,罗和春,李晓泓,等.电针与麦普替林治疗抑郁症患者的对照研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2002,22(7):512-514
45 任建宁.耳针治疗抑郁症 50 例.河南中医,2005,25(2):75
46 曹铁军,黄芳,李霞.从奇经论治抑郁症的临床观察.中华中医药学刊,2007,25(7):1401-1402
47 吕梅,王玲玲.针刺治疗抑郁症选穴频次的分析.针灸临床杂志,2003,19(8):15
48 邹伟,赵佳辉,于学平.针药并用治疗抑郁症 60 例临床观察.上海针灸杂志,2007,26(1):5-7
49 许红,王翘楚.针药结合治疗抑郁症临床研究.上海针灸杂志,2003,22(6):7-8
50 余菊,罗洁,赵垂红,等.中药配合心理治疗抑郁症举隅.贵阳中医学院学报,2003, 25(1):20-21
51 李珑,汪亚珉,杜娟,等.中药合并心理支持治疗抑郁症 55 例临床研究.安徽中医学院学报,2004,23(2):10-11
1 孙振球主编.医学统计学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
2 胡立胜,周强主编.中医临床研究设计与 SAS 编程统计分析.北京:学苑出版社,2004
3 范明,孟小峰,等译.数据挖掘概念与技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2007
4 陈安,陈宁,等主编.数据挖掘技术及应用.北京:科学出版社,2006
1 查青林,林色奇,吕爱平.多元统计分析在中医证候研究中的应用探析.江西中医学院学报,2004,16(6):79-80
2 袁世宏,王天芳.多元统计方法在建立证候诊断模型研究中存在问题的思考. 北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(4):9-11
3 王波,张斌,魏伟杰,等.面向中医规范的交互式数据挖掘框架.世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2006,8(1):24-30
4 余瑞康,施润身.聚类思想在贝叶斯算法中的应用.计算机工程与应用,2006,28:159-163
5 王芳.主成分分析与因子分析的异同比较及应用.统计教育,2003(5):14
6 William R. Dillon , Matthew Goldstein. Multivariate Analysis :Methods and Applications. Canada John Wiley & Sons , Inc.1984.24-25
7 冯启明.多元统计分析方法在医学科研中的应用.广西医学,2006,28(2)298-302
8 袁世宏,张连文,王米渠.数理统计思想及方法在辩证规范化研究中的应用及思考.中国中医基础医学杂志,2003,9(4):15
9 黄高明.数据挖掘及其在医疗卫生领域中的应用.广西医学,2006,28(2):161-164
10 张华,刘保延,田从豁,等.“人机结合、以人为主”的名老中医经验整理研究方法.中医研究,2007,20(2):4-7
11 李小华,陈倩,梁志伟,等.基于关联规则的数据挖掘技术在“中医辅助诊疗系统”中的应用研究.中国数字医学,2007,6:27-30
12 李艳,李梢,吕爱平.类风湿关节炎中西医临床诊察的数据挖掘分析.中国中西医结合杂志,2006,26(11):988-991
13 赵燕,姜薇.几种数据挖掘方法的特点及其适用领域.福建电脑,2007,4:67-68
14 葛屾.数据挖掘实验报告.软件学报,2004,15(1):1-7
15 熊武,马斌荣.医学诊断专家系统的发展现状及趋势分析.医疗设备信息,2006,21(4):27-28
16 周丽晖.从统计角度看神经网络.统计教育,2005,69(6):10-11
17 徐刚,袁兆康.数据挖掘及其在医学领域中的应用和展望.实用临床医学,2006,11:196-198
18 边沁,何裕民,施小成,等.基于 MFB-P 算法的中医证型的神经网络模型初探.中国中医基础医学杂志,2001,7(5):66-69
19 李建生,胡金亮,余学庆,等.基于神经网络的中医证候量化诊断模型探索.河南中医学院学报,2005,20(3):6-8
20 丁夷,范国青.数据挖掘—技术与应用综述.教育信息化,1998,1:3-5
21 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心. 数据挖掘中的决策树技术及其应用. 统计与信息论坛,2002 ,17(52):4-10.
22 KANTARDZIC M. DATA MINING Concepts 、 Methods and Algorithms. Newyork : IEEE Press ,2002:1-269
23 MITCHEL T M. Machine learning. Newyork : The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc ,1997:1-457
24 FERRI C ,FLACH P. Learning Decision Trees Using the Area Under the ROC Curve. Dept . de Sistemes Inform àTicsComputaci ó,Universitat Polit èCnica de Val èNcia ,2002,65(10):78-81
25 徐蕾,贺佳,孟虹,等.决策树技术及其在医学中应用.数理医药学杂志,2004,17(2):161-164.
26 瞿海斌, 毛利锋, 王阶.基于决策树的血瘀证诊断规则自动归纳方法.中国生物医学工程学报,2005,24(6):710
27 罗敏霞.数据挖掘与知识发现的技术方法及应用(上) .运城学院学报,2005,23(2):1-5
28 谢国明.基于粗集理论的中医诊断模型的建立.数理医药学杂志,2005,18(4):302-303
29 邰东梅,赵明芳.试论中医诊断的数理智能化.中国中医基础医学杂志,2005,11(10):780-781
30 卢志茂,刘挺,郎君.神经网络和贝叶斯网络在汉语词义消歧上的应用对比.高技术通讯,2004,8:15-19
31 王玮 蔡莲红.贝叶斯网络拓扑结构确定方法的研究.小型微型计算机系统,2002,23(4):435-437
32 王学伟, 瞿海斌, 刘雪松.贝叶斯网络杂交学习算法及其在中医中的应用.浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(7):948-951
33 王 学伟 , 瞿海 斌, 王阶 .一 种基 于数据挖掘的中医 定量 诊断方法 . 北京 中医 药大学学报,2005,28(1):4-7
34 刘湛清.基于贝叶斯分类算法在中医临床证型诊断中的研究与实现.科技资讯,2007,22:148
35 孙亚男,宁士勇,鲁明羽,等.贝叶斯分类算法在冠心病中医临床证型诊断中的应用.计算机应用研究,2006,11:164-166
36 张连文,袁世宏.隐结构模型与中医辨证研究.北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(6):365-369
37 王阶,李海霞,王燚,等.基于隐结构模型的血瘀证症状体征研究.现代科学技术——中医药现代化,2006,8(6):23-26
38 杨小波,梁兆晖,罗云坚等.支持向量机算法在中医证候信息分类中的应用. 世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2007,9(1):28-31
39 朱文锋,黄碧群,何军锋.中医辨证信息处理方法新探——双层频权剪叉算法.亚太传统医药,2007,9:23-26
40 姚美村,袁月梅,艾路,等.数据挖掘及其在中医药现代化研究中的应用.北京中医药大学学报,2002,25(5):20-23
1 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
2 王彦恒主编.中西医结合诊治抑郁障碍.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006
3 王永炎,栗德林主编.今日中医内科(下卷).北京:人民卫生出版社,2000
4 邓铁涛,李克光,方药中,等主编.实用中医内科学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985
5 David S,Baldwin,Jon Birtwistle.An Atlas of DEPRSSION.CPC Press LLC,2002
6 Allan H.Ropper,Robert.Brown,D Phil.Adams and Victor′s Principles of Neurology(8th Ed).The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2005
1 陈泽奇,胡随瑜,张海南等.抑郁症中医证候诊断标准.中医杂志,2005,46(1):47-49
2 郭蕾.关于证候概念的诠释.北京中医药大学学报,2003,26(2):5-8
3 张志斌,王永炎.辨证方法新体系的建立.北京中医药大学学报,2005,28(1):142
4 王永炎.完善中医辨证方法体系的建议.中医杂志,2004,45(10):729-731
5 王永炎,张志斌.再论完善辨证方法体系的几个问题.天津中医药,2007,24(1):1
6 衷敬 柏 , 王 阶 , 赵 宜 军 . 辨 证方 法 及证候要 素 应 证 组 合研究 . 北京 中医 药大 学学报,2006,29(4):221-224
7 吴崇胜,陈家旭,胡立胜.抑郁症中医证候诊断标准研究方法探讨.中医药学刊,2006,24(6):1015.
8 唐启盛,曲淼.抑郁症中医分型研究中的常见问题及思考.北京中医,2007,26(3):134-135
1 江开达主编.精神病学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
2 张明园主编.精神科评定量表手册.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1993
3 陈彦方主编.CCMD-3 相关精神障碍的治疗与护理.济南:山东科学技术出版社,2001
4 世界卫生组织.ICD-10 精神与行为障碍分类:临床描述与诊断要点.北京:人民卫生出版社,1993
5 Howard H.Goldman·General Psychiatry.McGraw-Hill,2001
6 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
7 国家技术监督局.中华人民共和国国家标准中医临床诊疗术语·证候部分. 北京:中国标准出版社,1997
8 邓铁涛主编.中医诊断学.上海:上海科技出版社,2002
9 邓铁涛主编.实用中医诊断学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004
10 张伯臾主编.中医内科学.上海:上海科技出版社,1985
11 冷方南主编.中医证候辨治轨范.北京:人民卫生出版社,1996
12 American Psychiatric Association.Diagostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-Ⅳ ).APA.Washington,D.C.,1994
13 JEN SEN F V. An introduction to Bayesian networks. New York: Springer, 1996
1 曲淼,唐启盛,裴清华,等.抑郁症中医证候的聚类研究.吉林中医药,2007,27(11):10-12
2 赵晶,唐启盛,包祖晓,等.颐脑解郁方改善抑郁症肾虚肝郁型患者中医证候的临床观察.上海中医药杂志,2007,41(10):26-28
3 赵晶,唐启盛,裴清华,等.颐脑解郁方治疗抑郁症肾虚肝郁型的临床疗效观察.北京中医药大学学报. 2008,31(1):61-63
4 杨海东,程毅,刘淑华.情感性障碍与季节关系临床分析.上海精神医学,1991,3(4):212-214
5 顾中范.褪黑激素与季节性情感性精神病.上海精神医学,1990,2(4):2062-2064
6 曲淼.抑郁症与中医“郁证”的关系探讨.北京中医药大学学报,2004 ,27(1):11
7 陈 文 垲 , 周 玲 , 梅 晓 云 .571 例 抑郁症中医证候学临床流行病学 调 查 . 浙 江 中医 杂志,2007,42(5):262-264
2 朱紫青主编.抑郁障碍诊疗关键.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2003
3 蔡焯基主编.抑郁症基础与临床.北京:科学出版社,2001
4 龚绍麟主编.抑郁症.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003
5 陈彦方主编.CCMD-3 相关精神障碍的治疗与护理.济南:山东科学技术出版社,2001
6 世界卫生组织.ICD-10 精神与行为障碍分类:临床描述与诊断要点.北京:人民卫生出版社,1993
7 江开达主编·精神病学·北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
8 Howard H.Goldman·General Psychiatry.McGraw-Hill,2001
9 David S,Baldwin,Jon Birtwistle.An Atlas of DEPRSSION.CPC Press LLC,2002
10 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
11 王彦恒主编.中西医结合诊治抑郁障碍.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006
12 American Psychiatric Association.Diagostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-Ⅳ).APA.Washington,D.C.,1994
1 Patel V.Cultural factors and international epidemiology.Br Med Bull 2001;57:33-45
2 The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium.Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in thhe World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA,2004,291(21):2581-2590
3 田旭升,程伟.医学社会学视野下的抑郁症变奏.医学与哲学:人文社会医学版,2006,27 (7): 26 - 27
4 National Institute of Mental Health.Dpression: Define it, Defeat it. DHHS Publication No.(ADM)91-1873, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, U. S, 1991:1
5 刘 圆 圆 . 我 国 抑 郁 症 患 者 超 过 2600 万 九 成 患 者 不 知 病 情 [EB/OL].(2005-10-10) [2006-12-20].http://news.21cn.com/domestic/shiyong/2005/10/10/2316245.shtml
6 Angst F,Stassen HH,Clayton PJ ,Angst J.Mortality of patients with mood disorders:follow-up over 34-38 years.J Affect Disord 2002,68:167-181
7 Stark C,Hall D,O,Brien F,Smith H.Suicide after discharge from psychiatric hospitals in Scotland.BMJ 1995,311:1368-9
8 Narrow WE,Rae DS,Robins LN,Regier DA. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States:using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys′estimates.Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:115-23
9 舒良.抑郁症的评定与治疗.北京大学精神卫生研究所论文汇编(1995-2000),653-655
10 The world health report 2002-reducing risks promoting healthy life.Geneva: World Health Organization,2002
11 Ciechanowski PS,Katon WJ,Russo JE.Depression and diabetes:impact of depressive symptoms onadherence,function,and costs.Arch Intern Med 2000,160:3278-85
12 Jiang W,Krishnan RR,O,Connor CM.Depression and heart disease:evidence of a link,and its therapeutic implications.CNS Drugs 2002,16:111-27
13 Lee HB, Lyketsos CG. Depression in Alzheimerps Disease:Heterogeneity and Related Issues. Biol Psychiatry, 2003 ; 54 :353-362.
14 Mueller TI,Leon AC,Keller MB,et al .Recurrence after recurrence recovery from major Depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up.Am J Psychiary 1999;156:1000-6
15 Keller MR,Lavori PW,Rice J,Coryell W,Hirschfeld RM .The persistent risk of chroncity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder:a prospective Follow-up .Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:24-8
16 Judd LL,Akiskal HS,Maser JD,et al.A prospective 12-years study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in uipolar major depressive disorders.Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998,694-700
17 Kessle RC, Verglund P, Demler O, et al . The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication(NCS-R). Jama 2003;289(23)3095-3105
18 Duman RS , Kehne JH. Depression. CNS Neurol Disord DrugTargets , 2007 ; 6 (2) : 85-86
19 HOLDEN C. Global survey examines impact of depression . Science , 2000 , 288 (5463):39-40
20 龙洁,刘艳垒,唐启盛,等.卒中后抑郁状态及其影响因素的相关研究.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2001,27(6):430433
21 全国情感障碍亚型家系研究协作组.单相抑郁与双相情感障碍遗传效应及方式的对照研究.中华精神科杂志,1997,30(4):199-202
22 Kendler KS,Pedersen N,Johnson L,et al.A pilot Swedish twin study of affective illness,including hospital- and population-ascertained subsamples.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1993,50:699
23 Mendlewicz J,Rainer JD:Adoption study supporting genetic transmission in manic-depression illness.Nature ,1977,268:327
24 Sanders AR,Detera-Wadleigh SD,Gershon ES:Molecular genetics of mood disorders,in Charney DS,Nestler EJ,Bunnry BS(eds):Neurobiology of Mental Illness.New York,Oxford University Press,1999:299-316
25 Schildkraut J J. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders:a review of supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry,1965,122:509-512
26 COODWIN FK,JAMISON KR. Manic-Depressive illness.Newyork:Oxford University press, 1990: 416-441
27 INVERNIZZI RW,GARATTINI S. Role of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors in antidepressant action:recent findings from microdialysisstudies.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2004,28 ( 5 ):819-827
28 Coppen A.,Shaw DM.,Mallerson A.Changes in 5-hydroxy-tryptophan metabolism in depression. Brit S Psychiat 1965,111:105
29 Pandey GN.Altered serotonin function in suicide:Evidence from platelet and neuroendocine studies.Ann N Y Acad Sci,1997,836:182
30 Lopez-Figueroa AL, Norton CS,Lopez-Figueroa MO, et al. werotonin 5-HT1A, 1-HT1B, and 5-HT2A receptor Mrna expressionoin suanjicets with major depression,bi-polar disorder and schizophrenia. Biolpsychiatry,2004,55 ( 3 ):225-233
31 NEUMEISTER A. Tryptophan depletion,serotonin, and depression:where do we stand? . Psychopharmacology Bulletin,2003,37 ( 4 ):99-115
32 Willner P. Dopamine and depression: A review of recent evidence. Brain Res. Rev. 1983, 6, 211-246
33 Bowden C, Theodorou AE, Cheetham SC,et al.Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding sites in brain samples from depressed suicides and controls. Brain Res, 1997, 752, 227-233
34 Brunswick DJ, Amsterdam JD, Mozley PD, et a1. Greater availability of brain dopamine transporters in major dep ression shown by [ 99mTc ] TRODAT21 SPECT imaging. Am J Psychiatry, 2003, 160(10) : 1836 - 1841.
35 Ossowska G,Nowa G, Kata R, et a1. Brain monoamine recep tors in achronic unp redictable stress model in rats. J Neural Transm,2001, 108: 311 - 319.
36 Steffens DC, Byrum CE, McQuoid DR et al. Hippocampal volume in geriatric depression. Biol Psychiat, 2000,48:301–309
37 Krystal JH,Petrakis IL,D’Souza DC,et al.Interactive effects of high dose intravenous glycine and oral D-cycloserine in healthy human subjects. Biol Psychiat,1997,41(Suppl):23
38 Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, et al. Reduced cortical GABA levels in depressed patients determined by 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiat,1999,56:1043–1047
39 Loyd GG, Cawley PH. Distress or illness: a study of psychological symptoms after myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 142:120-125
40 RothermundtM , Arolt V, Fenker J , et al. Different immune patters in melancholic and non - melancholic major dep ression. Eur A rch Psychiatry Clin N eurosci, 2001; 251: 90 - 97
41 Svenningsson P, Chergui R , Rachleff I, et al. Alterations in 5 -HT1B receptor function by p11 in dep ression - like states. Science,2006; 5757 (311) : 77 - 80
42 Tang HB, Inoue A, IwasaM, et al. Substance P release evoked by capsaicin or potassium from rat cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons is converselymodulated with bradykinin. J N eurochem , 2006; 97: 1412 -1418
43 Schdev PS, Parslow RA, Lux O, et al Relationship of homocysteine,folic acid and vitamin B12 with dep ression in a middle - aged community sample. PsycholMed, 2005; 35: 529 - 538
44 平菁, 毛富强.女性抑郁症与性激素水平的关系研究.天津医科大学学报,2007,13(3):436-438
45 Lu XY, Kim CS, Frazer A, et al. Leptin: a potential novel antidepressant. Proc Nztl Acad Sci USA. 2006 ; 103 ( 5) :1593-1598
46 Pennix BW, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, et al. Vitamin B12 dificiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the women,s health and aging study. Am J Psychiatry,2000, 157: 715 - 721.
47 Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, et al. Vitamin B12 , folate and homocysteine in dep ression: the Rotterdam study. Am J Psychiatry, 2002, 159: 2099 - 2102.
48 张新华,樊春红.不同性别年龄抑郁症患者血清维生素 B12 水平研究.中国全科医学, 2007,14:1150-1151
49 姚辉,陶领纲.抑郁症患者抗抑郁治疗前后细胞免疫及单胺类神经递质代谢产物的变化特征.中国临床康复,2004,8(15):2978-9
50 Anismam H,Ravindran AV,Griffiths J,et al.Endocrine and cytokine conelates of major depression and dysthymia with typical or atypical features.Molecular Psychiatry,1999,4(2):182-8
51 李 喆,孙学礼,黄颐,等.难治性抑郁症患者认知功能特点及其与神经内分泌的相关性研究.中国循证医学杂志,2007,8:575-579
52 E. Young and A. Korszun. The hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in mood disorders. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am,2002,31(1):63-78.
53 印海翔,钮伟芳.难治性抑郁症患者甲状腺激素水平的分析.神经疾病与精神卫生 2007,7(3):178-179
54 Musselman DL,Nemeroff CB.Depression and endocrine disorder:focus on the thyroid and adrenal system.Br J Psychatry Supll.1996,(30):123-8
55 Mervaala E, Fohr J , Kononen M, etal.Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression.PsycholMed , 2000,30(1):117-125
56 MacQueen G, Campbell S, McEwenBS, et al.Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volumein major depression.Proc Natl Acad Sci U-S-A, 2003, 100(3):1387-1392
57 GilbertsonM, ShentonME, Ciszewski,A, et al.Smaller hippocampal volumep redicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci,2002, 5 (11) : 1242-1247
58 Sheline YI, Gado MH, Kraemer HC.Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry, 2003,160 (8) : 1516-1518
59 Chen SJ , Kao CL , Chang YL , et al. Antidepressant administration modulates neural stem cell survival and serotoninergic differentiation through bc122. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2007;4(1):19-29.
60 CotterD, Mackay D, Landau S, et al.Reduced glial cell density and neuronalsize in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder.Arch GenPsychiatry, 2001, 58 (6) : 545-553
61 Yukihiko S, Andrew CH, Chen SN, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression.Neurosci,2002,22(8):3251-61
62 Chen B, Dowlatshahi D, MacQueenGM, et al.Increased hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in subjectstreated with antidep ressant medication. Biol Psychiatry, 2001, 50(4) : 260-65
63 张心保,侯钢,耿直等.抑郁症及其亚型的睡眠脑电图研究.中华精神科杂志,1999,32(1):30
64 孙毅,胡悦育.抑郁症患者 REM 睡眠脑电图的研究. 全科医学临床与教育,2006,4(1):61-62
65 赵鹏,张心保,侯刚,等.精神焦虑性抑郁症的睡眠脑电图特征.中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(1):36-38
66 邓先华,孙学礼,张波,等.抑郁症自杀倾向与多导睡眠图的关系.华西医学,2007 ; 22 (1):25-27
67 Shagass C ,Roemer RA, Straumanis JJ,et al.Combinations of evoked potential amplitude measurements in relation to psychiatric diagnosis . Biol Psychiatry, 1985,20:701-708
68 杨士财,王云霞,李宪海.抑郁症患者视觉、听觉诱发电位、P300 相关性研究.中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(8):55-56
69 崔青,彭昌孝,刘文.抑郁症患者脑的磁共振研究.临床精神医学杂志.2001. 11(6):344-345
70 夏军,周义成,张景峰.抑郁症患者海马及杏仁核容积异常的 MRI 研究.中华放射学杂志.2005; 39(2):140-143
71 Hickie I , Naismith S , Ward PB , et al. Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory loss in patients with early and late onset depression. Br J Psychiatry , 2005 ; 186 : 197-202
72 Mervaala E, Folhr J, Kgngmen M, et al. Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdale in severe depression. Psychological Medicine, 2000,30(1):117-125
73 Andrew LS, Perry FR, Deborah AYT, et al. Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder:what have we learned? Society of Biological Psychiatry, 2000,48(6):505-517
74 Krishnan KR, McDonald WM, Doraiswamy PM, et al. Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,1993;243(1):41-6
75 Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Weiuer RD, et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry,1993;50(1):7-16
76 Husain MM, Figiel GS, Lurie SN, et al. MRI of corpus callosum and septumpellucidum in depression. Biol Psychiatry, 1991,29(3):300-301
77 徐伊,徐浩,贾艳滨.抑郁症患者局部脑血流变化的 SPECT 研究.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2005,31(3):206-209.
78 贾艳滨,黄立安,徐伊,等.抑郁症状与 SPECT 局部脑血流灌注的相关探讨.中山大学学报(医学科学版),2007,28(3):306-331
79 张选红,江开达,等.首发抑郁症患者局部脑葡萄糖代谢的 PET 初步研究.上海精神医学, 2004 ,16(3):129-135
80 Sanjaya Aaxena ,Arthurl. Brady ,Matthew L ,et al. Differential cerebral metabalic changes with paxoxetine treatment of odsessive-comgulsive disorder VS major depression. Arch Gen Psychiat ry ,2002 ,59 :250-261
81 Brody AL. Saxenas ,Mardelkem M. Fairbanks LA. Baxter LRJ r. Brain metabolic changes associated with symptom factor improvement in major depression. Bail Psychiatry ,2001 ,50 :171-178
82 Saxenas. Brody AL , Alborzan S. Maidment KM , HuangSC. Baxter LRJ r. Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurrimg separately and coneurrently. Boil Psychiatry ,2001 ,50 :159-170
83 夏军,陈军,周义成,等.抑郁症患者边缘系统异常的 MRI 和 MRS 分析.中国医学影像技术.2004,20 (6) :856-859
84 林铮,李惠春,龚向阳,等.抑郁症患者前额叶、海马磁共振质子波谱成像的研究.中华精神科杂志, 2005,38(4): 193-197
85 Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R , Epperson CN , et al. Subtype specific alterations of gamma2aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry , 2004 ;61 (7) : 705-713
86 Taylor WD , MacFall JR , Payne ME. Late-life depression and microstructural abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex white matter. Am J Psychiatry , 2004 ; 161 : 1293-1296
87 Alexopulos GS , Kiosses DN , Choi SJ , et al. Frontal white matter microstructure and treatment response of late2life depression: a preliminary study. Am J Psychiatry , 2002 ; 159 :1929-1935
88 Nobuhara K, Okugawa G, Minami T. Effects of electrocon vulsive therapy on frontal white matter in late2life depression:a diffusion tensor imagingstudy. Neuropsychobiology , 2004 ;50 : 50-53
89 Kalin NH , Davidson RJ . Irwin W. et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of emotional processing in normal and depressed patients : effects : of venlafaxine. J ClinPsychiatry , 1997 ; 58 (suppl16) : 32
90 Davidson RJ , Irwin W, Anderle MJ , et al. The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. Am J psychiatry , 2003 ; 160 (1) : 64
91 陈树林.人格因素与抑郁症.心理学探新,1999,19(4):56-59
92 M.M.Weissman,B. A. Pnusoff,G. L. Klerman. Personality and prediction of long-term outcome of depression. America Journal of Psychiatry, 1978,135:797-800
93 社会因素与精神疾病[EB/OL].(2004-09-30)[2006-10-27].http://www. shouxi.net/jingshenweisheng
94 陈昌惠.应激与健康.中国心理卫生杂志,1987,1(5):225-229
95 余西金.应激事件和重性抑郁发作的因果关系.国外医学·精神病学分册,2000,27(1):51-52
96 张玉琦,袁国桢,李桂林,等.215 例抑郁症患者自杀未遂危险因素的配对病例对照研究.中华流行病学杂志,2007,28(2):131-135
97 杨海东,程毅,刘淑华.情感性障碍与季节关系临床分析.上海精神医学,1991,3(4):212-214
98 张云,戴福强,唐怀瑞.情感性精神障碍首次发病与季节和气候的关系分析.临床中老年保健,2001,4(2):85-87
99 顾中范.褪黑激素与季节性情感性精神病.上海精神医学,1990,2(4):2062-2064
100 郭文斌,赵靖平.抑郁症药物治疗决策与个体化和系统论.医学与哲学,2005 ,26(7):12-19
101 叶铁桥,马俊岩.清华研究生自杀调查:抑郁症成校园杀手[EB/OL].(2006-10-27)[2006-12-20]. http://learning.sohu.com/20061127/n246630930. shtml
102 Tylee A et al. DEPRESS Ⅱ [Depression Research in European Society Ⅱ: A patient survey of the symptoms,disability and current management of depression in the community.DEPRES Steering Committee.Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;14(3):139-151
103 Kessler RC. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders. In : Montgomery SA ,Boer AD. SSRIs in depression and anxiety. Chichester , John Wiley & Sons ,1998 , 81 - 100
104 徐俊冕.抑郁症诊断与治疗进展.世界临床药物,2006,27(3):158-162
105 秦虹云,季建林.基层医疗保健中心抑郁障碍的共病现象.中国全科医学,2002,5(11):900-901
106 李献云,费立鹏,张艳萍,等.抑郁症诊断筛查量表的编制及其效度检验.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2007,33(5):257-263
107 John Mann.The medical management of depression.N Engl J Med,2005,353:1819-34
108 韦盛中.抗抑郁药的临床应用进展.神经疾病与精神卫生,2006,6(1):71-75
109 陈瑞玲,赵志刚.抗抑郁症类药物的临床应用研究进展中国临床药理学杂志 2007,23(1):54-56
110 罗和春,沈渔邨,刘平,等.舒血宁合并阿米替林治疗抑郁症多中心双盲对照研究.北京大学精神卫生研究所论文汇编(1995-2000):772-776
1 黄帝内经素问.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
2 灵枢经.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
3 神农本草经.北京:学苑出版社,2005
4 黄帝八十一难经.北京:学苑出版社,2005
5 汉·张仲景.伤寒论.北京:人民卫生出版社,1963
6 汉·张仲景.金匮要略.北京:人民卫生出版社,1963
7 马王堆汉墓帛书整理小组.马王堆汉墓帛书·五十二病方.北京:文物出版社,1979
8 唐·孙思邈.备急千金要方.北京:人民卫生出版社,1955
9 唐·孙思邈.备急千金翼方.北京:人民卫生出版社,1955
10 唐·王焘.外台秘要方.北京:华夏出版社,1993
11 宋·陈言.三因极一病证方论.上海:上海古籍出版社,1991
12 宋·王怀隐.太平圣惠方.北京:人民卫生出版社,1958
13 宋·赵佶.圣济总录.北京:人民卫生出版社,1962
14 宋·许叔微. 许叔微医学全书·普济本事方.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
15 元·朱震亨.丹溪心法.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959
16 明·王肯堂.证治准绳.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003
17 明·李士材.医宗必读.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
18 明·戴元礼.秘传证治要诀及类方.北京:商务印书馆,1955
19 明·赵以德,清·周扬俊.金匮玉函二注.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959
20 明·张介宾.景岳全书.北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
21 明·孙一奎.赤水玄珠.北京:中国中医药出版社,1996
22 明·孙一奎.医旨绪余.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1983
23 明·虞抟.医学正传.北京:人民卫生出版社,1965
24 明·赵献可.医贯.北京:学院出版社,1996
25 清·沈金鳌.杂病源流犀烛.北京:中国中医药出版社,1994
26 清·吴谦.医宗金鉴.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
27 清·江涵暾.奉时旨要.北京:中国中医药出版社,1993
28 清·顾锡.银海指南.北京:人民卫生出版社,1960
29 清·陈士铎.辨证录.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
30 清·钱乐天.医学传心录.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1975
31 清·张璐.张氏医通.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1963
32 清·程曦,江诚,雷大震.医家四要.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1958
33 清·李用粹.证治汇补.上海:科技卫生出版社,1958
34 清·叶桂.临证指南医案.北京:华夏出版社,1995
35 清·林佩琴.类证治裁.北京:中国中医药出版社,1997
36 清·何梦瑶.医碥.北京:人民卫生出版社,1994
37 清·吴师机.理瀹骈文.北京:人民卫生出版社,1984
38 清·王清任.医林改错.北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
39 清·汪訒庵.医方集解.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959
40 秦伯未.清代名医医案精华.上海:上海科技出版社,1981 年
41 中国中医研究院广安门医院.实用中医脑病学.北京:学苑出版社,1993
42 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
43 王彦恒主编.中西医结合诊治抑郁障碍.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006
1 吕红艳.辨证论治抑郁症疗效观察.广西中医药,2002,25(2):14.
2 胡随瑜,张宏耕 ,郑林,等.1977 例抑郁症患者中医不同证候构成比分析.中国医 师杂志,2003,5(10):13-12.
3 马欢.抑郁症病因病机研究探析.辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(6):537.
4 佟凯航,赵建军.柴胡疏肝散加减治疗抑郁症 38 例.吉林中医药,2007,27(5):23-24
5 曲淼.抑郁症与中医“郁证”的关系探讨.北京中医药大学学报,2004 ,27(1):11.
6 孙红,周湘明.浅谈抑郁症之病因病机.贵阳中医学院学报,2006,28(1):1.
7 赵建民,赵占宏,陈红梅.古代中医对抑郁症的认识.国医论坛,2006,21(2):49.
8 田旭升.浅淡抑郁症与中医学相关疾病对应关系.新中医,2007,39(7):97-98
9 冯文林,梅晓云.浅议抑郁症的中医归属.中医文献杂志,2003,(3):40
10 史先芬,吴自广.奔豚汤治疗抑郁症 50 例疗效观察.中国社区医师,2006,22(17):37
11 杨林.论肝郁与抑郁症.陕西中医,2000,21(6):260
12 陈 文 垲 , 周 玲 , 梅晓 云 .571 例 抑郁症中医证候学临床流行病学 调 查 . 浙 江中医 杂 志 , 2007,42(5):262-264
13 胡思荣.平心忘忧汤治疗抑郁症 470 例.湖北中医杂志,1996,18(2):4-5
14 修丽娟,魏品康.从痰论治抑郁症相关理论探讨.中国中医药信息杂志 2007,14(3):77-78
15 黄跃冬,李泊.试论七情发生和脑主神明与抑郁症病机证治的关系.北京中医药大学学报(中医临床版),2005,12(3):39
16 张华.宣阳开郁法治疗抑郁症的理论探讨和临床观察.山东中医药大学学报,2006,30(2):140
17 杨正春,童建明.抑郁症的中医病机再探讨.泸州医学院学报,2006,29(3):220
18 魏绪华.自拟百合汤加味治疗抑郁证 85 例.中国社区医师,2002,18(15):38
19 姜劲 峰 , 王 玲玲 , 王 俊 , 等 . 抑郁症 从 升 降 理 论 辨 证的 探讨 . 中 国 中医 基 础 医学 杂 志 , 2006,12(8):598-599
20 郝万山.柴桂温胆定志汤为主治疗精神抑郁症.北京中医药大学学报,1997,20(3):64-65
21 孙海燕.陈汝兴教授治疗抑郁症经验.中国中医急症,2006,15(7):758
22 岳广欣,黄启福,陈家旭,等.情志的五脏调控与抑郁症发病的关系.江苏中医药,2007,39(11):14-16
23 牛国顺.抑郁症治疗经验拾零.河南中医,2001,21(6):68-69
24 郭雅明,刘翠峰.王彦恒治疗抑郁症经验.河北中医,2002 ,24(2):100-101
25 韩旭,范圣凯,张捷.抑郁症的辨证施治临床观察 50 例.北京中医,2003 ,22(1): 31-32
26 国家技术监督局.中华人民共和国国家标准中医临床诊疗术语·证候部分.北京:中国标准出版社,1997:18,23,30-31,37-38
27 国家中医药管理局.中华人民共和国中医药行业标准·中医病证诊断疗效标准. 南京:南京大学出版社,1994:20-21
28 沈渔邨.精神病学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1995:996
29 张海男,胡随瑜,陈泽奇,等.抑郁症常见中医证候类型第一轮专家问卷分析.湖南医科大学学报,2002,27(6):519.
30 宋炜熙,胡随瑜,张海男,等.抑郁症肝郁气滞、肝郁痰阻证证候标准第二轮专家问卷分析.中国临床康复,2004,8(3):488-489
31 彭贵军,胡随瑜,张海男,等.抑郁症肝郁脾虚、心脾两虚证证候标准第二轮专家问卷分析.湖南中医学院学报,2003,23(5):37-39
32 陈文垲,周玲,梅晓云,等.从临床流行病学调查探讨抑郁症中医病机规律.南京中医药大学学报,2005,21(5):273-276
33 曲淼,唐启盛,裴清华,等.抑郁症中医证候的聚类研究.吉林中医药,2007,27(11):10-12
34 郑 开 梅 , 武 成 , 薛蕾 , 等 . 抑郁症中医证候学临床流行病学 调 查 . 天 津 中医 药大 学学报,2006,25(3):170-171
35 章洪流,王天芳,郭文,等.抑郁症中医证型的近 10 年文献分析.北京中医药大学学报, 2005,28(3):79-81
36 李杰.浅谈抑郁症的辨证施治.湖北中医杂志,2002,24(4):28-29
37 蒋家东.解郁汤治疗抑郁症 46 例疗效观察.河南中医,2003,23(6):34
38 陈建冲.逍遥散加味治疗难治性抑郁症 18 例.黑龙江中医药,2003(1):22-23
39 王美珍,马荣英.调肝汤加减治疗抑郁症 98 例疗效观察.光明中医,2006,21(2):61-62
40 施学丽,刘泰,唐全胜,等.调理脾胃气机法治疗抑郁症临床疗效观察.广西中医药,2007,30(5):6-9
41 何咏梅,杜绍礼.抗抑郁中药的研究进展.湖南中医药导报,2003,9(6):71-73
42 李宗友.阔叶缬草的抗抑郁成分.国外医学·中医中药分册,1996,18(2):47-48
43 罗和春.新电针疗法治疗抑郁症研究进展的启示.中国中西医结合杂志,2000,20 (11):806-807
44 韩毳,罗和春,李晓泓,等.电针与麦普替林治疗抑郁症患者的对照研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2002,22(7):512-514
45 任建宁.耳针治疗抑郁症 50 例.河南中医,2005,25(2):75
46 曹铁军,黄芳,李霞.从奇经论治抑郁症的临床观察.中华中医药学刊,2007,25(7):1401-1402
47 吕梅,王玲玲.针刺治疗抑郁症选穴频次的分析.针灸临床杂志,2003,19(8):15
48 邹伟,赵佳辉,于学平.针药并用治疗抑郁症 60 例临床观察.上海针灸杂志,2007,26(1):5-7
49 许红,王翘楚.针药结合治疗抑郁症临床研究.上海针灸杂志,2003,22(6):7-8
50 余菊,罗洁,赵垂红,等.中药配合心理治疗抑郁症举隅.贵阳中医学院学报,2003, 25(1):20-21
51 李珑,汪亚珉,杜娟,等.中药合并心理支持治疗抑郁症 55 例临床研究.安徽中医学院学报,2004,23(2):10-11
1 孙振球主编.医学统计学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
2 胡立胜,周强主编.中医临床研究设计与 SAS 编程统计分析.北京:学苑出版社,2004
3 范明,孟小峰,等译.数据挖掘概念与技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2007
4 陈安,陈宁,等主编.数据挖掘技术及应用.北京:科学出版社,2006
1 查青林,林色奇,吕爱平.多元统计分析在中医证候研究中的应用探析.江西中医学院学报,2004,16(6):79-80
2 袁世宏,王天芳.多元统计方法在建立证候诊断模型研究中存在问题的思考. 北京中医药大学学报,2004,27(4):9-11
3 王波,张斌,魏伟杰,等.面向中医规范的交互式数据挖掘框架.世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2006,8(1):24-30
4 余瑞康,施润身.聚类思想在贝叶斯算法中的应用.计算机工程与应用,2006,28:159-163
5 王芳.主成分分析与因子分析的异同比较及应用.统计教育,2003(5):14
6 William R. Dillon , Matthew Goldstein. Multivariate Analysis :Methods and Applications. Canada John Wiley & Sons , Inc.1984.24-25
7 冯启明.多元统计分析方法在医学科研中的应用.广西医学,2006,28(2)298-302
8 袁世宏,张连文,王米渠.数理统计思想及方法在辩证规范化研究中的应用及思考.中国中医基础医学杂志,2003,9(4):15
9 黄高明.数据挖掘及其在医疗卫生领域中的应用.广西医学,2006,28(2):161-164
10 张华,刘保延,田从豁,等.“人机结合、以人为主”的名老中医经验整理研究方法.中医研究,2007,20(2):4-7
11 李小华,陈倩,梁志伟,等.基于关联规则的数据挖掘技术在“中医辅助诊疗系统”中的应用研究.中国数字医学,2007,6:27-30
12 李艳,李梢,吕爱平.类风湿关节炎中西医临床诊察的数据挖掘分析.中国中西医结合杂志,2006,26(11):988-991
13 赵燕,姜薇.几种数据挖掘方法的特点及其适用领域.福建电脑,2007,4:67-68
14 葛屾.数据挖掘实验报告.软件学报,2004,15(1):1-7
15 熊武,马斌荣.医学诊断专家系统的发展现状及趋势分析.医疗设备信息,2006,21(4):27-28
16 周丽晖.从统计角度看神经网络.统计教育,2005,69(6):10-11
17 徐刚,袁兆康.数据挖掘及其在医学领域中的应用和展望.实用临床医学,2006,11:196-198
18 边沁,何裕民,施小成,等.基于 MFB-P 算法的中医证型的神经网络模型初探.中国中医基础医学杂志,2001,7(5):66-69
19 李建生,胡金亮,余学庆,等.基于神经网络的中医证候量化诊断模型探索.河南中医学院学报,2005,20(3):6-8
20 丁夷,范国青.数据挖掘—技术与应用综述.教育信息化,1998,1:3-5
21 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心. 数据挖掘中的决策树技术及其应用. 统计与信息论坛,2002 ,17(52):4-10.
22 KANTARDZIC M. DATA MINING Concepts 、 Methods and Algorithms. Newyork : IEEE Press ,2002:1-269
23 MITCHEL T M. Machine learning. Newyork : The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc ,1997:1-457
24 FERRI C ,FLACH P. Learning Decision Trees Using the Area Under the ROC Curve. Dept . de Sistemes Inform àTicsComputaci ó,Universitat Polit èCnica de Val èNcia ,2002,65(10):78-81
25 徐蕾,贺佳,孟虹,等.决策树技术及其在医学中应用.数理医药学杂志,2004,17(2):161-164.
26 瞿海斌, 毛利锋, 王阶.基于决策树的血瘀证诊断规则自动归纳方法.中国生物医学工程学报,2005,24(6):710
27 罗敏霞.数据挖掘与知识发现的技术方法及应用(上) .运城学院学报,2005,23(2):1-5
28 谢国明.基于粗集理论的中医诊断模型的建立.数理医药学杂志,2005,18(4):302-303
29 邰东梅,赵明芳.试论中医诊断的数理智能化.中国中医基础医学杂志,2005,11(10):780-781
30 卢志茂,刘挺,郎君.神经网络和贝叶斯网络在汉语词义消歧上的应用对比.高技术通讯,2004,8:15-19
31 王玮 蔡莲红.贝叶斯网络拓扑结构确定方法的研究.小型微型计算机系统,2002,23(4):435-437
32 王学伟, 瞿海斌, 刘雪松.贝叶斯网络杂交学习算法及其在中医中的应用.浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(7):948-951
33 王 学伟 , 瞿海 斌, 王阶 .一 种基 于数据挖掘的中医 定量 诊断方法 . 北京 中医 药大学学报,2005,28(1):4-7
34 刘湛清.基于贝叶斯分类算法在中医临床证型诊断中的研究与实现.科技资讯,2007,22:148
35 孙亚男,宁士勇,鲁明羽,等.贝叶斯分类算法在冠心病中医临床证型诊断中的应用.计算机应用研究,2006,11:164-166
36 张连文,袁世宏.隐结构模型与中医辨证研究.北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(6):365-369
37 王阶,李海霞,王燚,等.基于隐结构模型的血瘀证症状体征研究.现代科学技术——中医药现代化,2006,8(6):23-26
38 杨小波,梁兆晖,罗云坚等.支持向量机算法在中医证候信息分类中的应用. 世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2007,9(1):28-31
39 朱文锋,黄碧群,何军锋.中医辨证信息处理方法新探——双层频权剪叉算法.亚太传统医药,2007,9:23-26
40 姚美村,袁月梅,艾路,等.数据挖掘及其在中医药现代化研究中的应用.北京中医药大学学报,2002,25(5):20-23
1 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
2 王彦恒主编.中西医结合诊治抑郁障碍.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006
3 王永炎,栗德林主编.今日中医内科(下卷).北京:人民卫生出版社,2000
4 邓铁涛,李克光,方药中,等主编.实用中医内科学.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985
5 David S,Baldwin,Jon Birtwistle.An Atlas of DEPRSSION.CPC Press LLC,2002
6 Allan H.Ropper,Robert.Brown,D Phil.Adams and Victor′s Principles of Neurology(8th Ed).The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2005
1 陈泽奇,胡随瑜,张海南等.抑郁症中医证候诊断标准.中医杂志,2005,46(1):47-49
2 郭蕾.关于证候概念的诠释.北京中医药大学学报,2003,26(2):5-8
3 张志斌,王永炎.辨证方法新体系的建立.北京中医药大学学报,2005,28(1):142
4 王永炎.完善中医辨证方法体系的建议.中医杂志,2004,45(10):729-731
5 王永炎,张志斌.再论完善辨证方法体系的几个问题.天津中医药,2007,24(1):1
6 衷敬 柏 , 王 阶 , 赵 宜 军 . 辨 证方 法 及证候要 素 应 证 组 合研究 . 北京 中医 药大 学学报,2006,29(4):221-224
7 吴崇胜,陈家旭,胡立胜.抑郁症中医证候诊断标准研究方法探讨.中医药学刊,2006,24(6):1015.
8 唐启盛,曲淼.抑郁症中医分型研究中的常见问题及思考.北京中医,2007,26(3):134-135
1 江开达主编.精神病学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005
2 张明园主编.精神科评定量表手册.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1993
3 陈彦方主编.CCMD-3 相关精神障碍的治疗与护理.济南:山东科学技术出版社,2001
4 世界卫生组织.ICD-10 精神与行为障碍分类:临床描述与诊断要点.北京:人民卫生出版社,1993
5 Howard H.Goldman·General Psychiatry.McGraw-Hill,2001
6 唐启盛主编.抑郁症中西医基础与临床.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006
7 国家技术监督局.中华人民共和国国家标准中医临床诊疗术语·证候部分. 北京:中国标准出版社,1997
8 邓铁涛主编.中医诊断学.上海:上海科技出版社,2002
9 邓铁涛主编.实用中医诊断学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004
10 张伯臾主编.中医内科学.上海:上海科技出版社,1985
11 冷方南主编.中医证候辨治轨范.北京:人民卫生出版社,1996
12 American Psychiatric Association.Diagostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-Ⅳ ).APA.Washington,D.C.,1994
13 JEN SEN F V. An introduction to Bayesian networks. New York: Springer, 1996
1 曲淼,唐启盛,裴清华,等.抑郁症中医证候的聚类研究.吉林中医药,2007,27(11):10-12
2 赵晶,唐启盛,包祖晓,等.颐脑解郁方改善抑郁症肾虚肝郁型患者中医证候的临床观察.上海中医药杂志,2007,41(10):26-28
3 赵晶,唐启盛,裴清华,等.颐脑解郁方治疗抑郁症肾虚肝郁型的临床疗效观察.北京中医药大学学报. 2008,31(1):61-63
4 杨海东,程毅,刘淑华.情感性障碍与季节关系临床分析.上海精神医学,1991,3(4):212-214
5 顾中范.褪黑激素与季节性情感性精神病.上海精神医学,1990,2(4):2062-2064
6 曲淼.抑郁症与中医“郁证”的关系探讨.北京中医药大学学报,2004 ,27(1):11
7 陈 文 垲 , 周 玲 , 梅 晓 云 .571 例 抑郁症中医证候学临床流行病学 调 查 . 浙 江 中医 杂志,2007,42(5):262-264