单井循环水源热泵系统特性研究
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摘要
近年来国外出现了一种从同一个井内取水和排水的半开式水源热泵系统,通常称为单井循环水源热泵系统。该系统具有初投资低、运行效果良好、节能和环保等优点,具有广泛的应用前景。在美国,相关学者及专家已对其进行了一系列的模拟研究,并在美国东北部等一些地区得到了运用。然而,对其研究国外主要停留在模型建立和系统的一些影响因素方面,仍然没有提出关于单井循环水源热泵的切实可靠的详细设计步骤,国内对其研究才刚刚起步,此系统在中国的适应性或运用可能性还没有相关研究和报道。
本文主要建立了单井循环地下水源热泵地下换热系统的渗流和传热数学模型,采用有限差分方法对其进行数值离散并求解;在此基础上研究单井循环地下水源热泵系统地下水的渗流特性,分析循环水流量、Bleed量和井深等主要因素对井外水渗流特性的影响;研究单井循环地下水源热泵系统的传热特性,分析岩石导热系数、渗透系数、Bleed量、地下水初温等因素对单井循环系统传热特性的影响,分析井深对传热特性的影响,比较不同井深下单井循环系统运行效果,分析浅层单井循环系统运用的可行性。
得到如下结论:循环水流量越大、Bleed量越大,单井循环系统渗流特性越好;循环水流量的变化对井外渗流速度场的影响要大于Bleed量的影响,循环水流量增加井外渗流速度整体上升,Bleed量的增加是以减少更多的向井外渗出的循环水流量为代价,增加少量向井内的地下水渗流量;传热特性方面,冬季运行最低出水温度随着岩石导热系数、含水层渗透系数、井壁粗糙度、井壁直径、Bleed量、地下水初温的增加而上升,随着取水管内径的增加而降低;单井循环传热特性众多影响因素中Bleed量和岩石导热系数及地下水初温对出水温度影响较大,井壁粗糙度几乎没有影响;浅井替代深井运行理论上可行,保证换热能力的同时降低了初投资;间歇运行效果要比连续运行好得多。
In recent years, groundwater heat pump systems that use groundwater drawn from and returned to the same well in a semi-open loop arrangement were proposed abroad, commonly known as Standing Column Well (SCW) systems. It's a promising technology with low cost, high efficiency, low energy consumption and environmental benefit. A number of authors have reported on it in America, and it has been used in the Northeast of America. However, recent researches are presented to the modeling and affections of standing column wells. No effective, reliable and detailed Design Method is proposed. Few researches were reported about this system in our country. And no research was reported about its adaptability or possibility of use in China.
The model of seepage field and the model of heat transfer for standing column well are established. Finite difference method is used to discrete and solve the equations. On this condition, characteristics of seepage flow are studied to analyze the effects of circulating water flow rate, bleed rate and depth of well on the seepage flow of SCWS. And characteristics of heat transfer are studied to analyze the effects of rock thermal conductivity, rock hydraulic conductivity, bleed rate, ground-water initial temperature and etc. on the heat transfer of SCWS. And the effects of well depths on heat transfer are also analyzed to cmpare operation effects of different depths of wells, in order to find out the feasibility of using shallow SCWS.
Conclusions can be drawn as follows. With more circulating water flow or higher bleed rate, SCWS have higher seepage flow rate. And the effect of circulating water flow rate is more significantly. With the increasing of mass rate of circulating water, all seepage flow rates along the borehole are increased. However, with the increasing of bleed rate, few groundwater flow in, on the base of more circulating water flowing out of the borehole. On heat transfer, the minimum well temperature in winter increases with rock thermal conductivity, hydraulic conductivity, roughness height of the borehole, borehole diameter, bleed rate, and ground-water initial temperature, and decrease with dip tube diameter. Among these affections, the effects of bleed rate and rock thermal conductivity are more significantly, while, roughness height of the borehole has little effect on heat transfer. Changing deep wells into shallow wells is feasibal, with good heat thansfer effect and low initial cost. The effect of intermittent operation is better than continuous operation.
本文主要建立了单井循环地下水源热泵地下换热系统的渗流和传热数学模型,采用有限差分方法对其进行数值离散并求解;在此基础上研究单井循环地下水源热泵系统地下水的渗流特性,分析循环水流量、Bleed量和井深等主要因素对井外水渗流特性的影响;研究单井循环地下水源热泵系统的传热特性,分析岩石导热系数、渗透系数、Bleed量、地下水初温等因素对单井循环系统传热特性的影响,分析井深对传热特性的影响,比较不同井深下单井循环系统运行效果,分析浅层单井循环系统运用的可行性。
得到如下结论:循环水流量越大、Bleed量越大,单井循环系统渗流特性越好;循环水流量的变化对井外渗流速度场的影响要大于Bleed量的影响,循环水流量增加井外渗流速度整体上升,Bleed量的增加是以减少更多的向井外渗出的循环水流量为代价,增加少量向井内的地下水渗流量;传热特性方面,冬季运行最低出水温度随着岩石导热系数、含水层渗透系数、井壁粗糙度、井壁直径、Bleed量、地下水初温的增加而上升,随着取水管内径的增加而降低;单井循环传热特性众多影响因素中Bleed量和岩石导热系数及地下水初温对出水温度影响较大,井壁粗糙度几乎没有影响;浅井替代深井运行理论上可行,保证换热能力的同时降低了初投资;间歇运行效果要比连续运行好得多。
In recent years, groundwater heat pump systems that use groundwater drawn from and returned to the same well in a semi-open loop arrangement were proposed abroad, commonly known as Standing Column Well (SCW) systems. It's a promising technology with low cost, high efficiency, low energy consumption and environmental benefit. A number of authors have reported on it in America, and it has been used in the Northeast of America. However, recent researches are presented to the modeling and affections of standing column wells. No effective, reliable and detailed Design Method is proposed. Few researches were reported about this system in our country. And no research was reported about its adaptability or possibility of use in China.
The model of seepage field and the model of heat transfer for standing column well are established. Finite difference method is used to discrete and solve the equations. On this condition, characteristics of seepage flow are studied to analyze the effects of circulating water flow rate, bleed rate and depth of well on the seepage flow of SCWS. And characteristics of heat transfer are studied to analyze the effects of rock thermal conductivity, rock hydraulic conductivity, bleed rate, ground-water initial temperature and etc. on the heat transfer of SCWS. And the effects of well depths on heat transfer are also analyzed to cmpare operation effects of different depths of wells, in order to find out the feasibility of using shallow SCWS.
Conclusions can be drawn as follows. With more circulating water flow or higher bleed rate, SCWS have higher seepage flow rate. And the effect of circulating water flow rate is more significantly. With the increasing of mass rate of circulating water, all seepage flow rates along the borehole are increased. However, with the increasing of bleed rate, few groundwater flow in, on the base of more circulating water flowing out of the borehole. On heat transfer, the minimum well temperature in winter increases with rock thermal conductivity, hydraulic conductivity, roughness height of the borehole, borehole diameter, bleed rate, and ground-water initial temperature, and decrease with dip tube diameter. Among these affections, the effects of bleed rate and rock thermal conductivity are more significantly, while, roughness height of the borehole has little effect on heat transfer. Changing deep wells into shallow wells is feasibal, with good heat thansfer effect and low initial cost. The effect of intermittent operation is better than continuous operation.
引文
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[3]徐伟等.地源热泵工程技术指南.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001,11
[4]Zheng Deng.Modeling of standing column wells in Ground source heat pump systems[D].Stillwater:klahoma State University,2004
[5]Carl D O,Carl N J,Simon J R,et al.A survey of standing column well installations in North America[G].ASHRAE Trans,2005,111(2):109-121
[6]马最良,吕悦主编.地源热泵系统设计与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007
[7]殷平.地源热泵在中国[J].现代空调,2001(3):1-9
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[11]杨卫波,施明恒.基于线热源理论的垂直U型埋管换热器传热模型的研究[J].太阳能学报,2001(3):1-9
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[13]高青,余传辉.地下土壤导热系数简化柱热源模型确定方法[J].太阳能学报,2007,12
[14]唐志伟,金楠,闫桂兰.地源热泵地中换热器的非稳态传热数值研究[J].可再生能源,2008,2
[15]Spider J D,Marshall C,Delahoussaye R,et al.Users guide of LHEPRO[M].School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Oklahoma State University,1996
[16]张海峰,葛新石,叶宏.含湿土壤的热物理性质研究[J].太阳能学报,2006,10
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[18]王书中,由世俊,张光平.热响应测试在土壤热交换器设计中的应用[J].太阳 能学报,2007,4
[19]包强,邓启红,牛涧卓.回填材料对土壤热泵U型埋管换热器性能的影响[J].建筑热能通风空调,2007,8
[20]Stephen P Kavanaugh,Marita L Allan.Testing of thermally enhanced cement ground heat exchanger grouts[A].In:ASHRAE transactions[C],1999,105(1):446-450
[21]D Pahud,B Matthey.Comparison of the thermal performance of double U-pipe borehole heat exchangers measured in situ[J].Energy and buildings,2001,33:503-507
[22]Charles P Remund.Borehole thermal resistance:Laboratory and field studies[A].In:ASHRAE transactions[C],1999,105(1):439-445
[23]Harvey M Sachs,David R Dinse.Geology and the ground heat exchanger:what engineers need to know[A].In:ASHRAE transactions[C],2000,106(1):421-433
[24]范惠文,周亚素.垂直U型管式埋地换热器热阻分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2007,2.
[25]毛会敏,姚杨.土壤源热泵地下换热器的设计与影响因素分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,4
[26]王向岩,马伟斌,战武,黄远峰,龚宇烈,孙始财.超强吸水树脂与原土混合作为地源热泵回填材料的实验研究[J].暖通空调HV&AC,2006,6
[27]Cane R L D,Forges D A.Modeling of GSHP performance[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1991,97(1):909-925
[28]Chiasson A D.Advances in modeling of ground-source heat pump systems[D].Oklahoma State University,1999,24-33
[29]范蕊,马最良,姚杨,李斌.地下水流动对地下埋管换热器影响的实验研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,8
[30]孙恒虎,崔建强,毛信理.地源热泵的节能机理[J].太阳能学报,2004,25(1):24-27
[31]赵军,齐春花.地源热泵与地表热能[J].华北电力大学学报,2003,(9):121-124
[32]迟玉霞,王景刚,鲍玲玲.复合地源热泵间歇运行时地温恢复特性的研究[J].建筑热能通风空调,2007,10
[33]高青,乔广,于鸣.地温规律及其可恢复特性增强传热研究[J].制冷学报,2003(3):38-41
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