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峨眉山玄武岩结构面类型及其工程效应研究
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摘要
中国西南地区水能资源丰富,利于大型水电工程建设。峨眉山玄武岩是西南地区分布最为广泛的岩体之一,随着三江及大渡河地区大型水电站的不断开发利用,在西南地区修建以峨眉山玄武岩作为建基岩体的水电站越来越多,而玄武岩的基本类型、分布特点和结构面特征为电站建设前期必须面对和关注的问题,尤其是玄武岩结构面的类型、分布、成生规律以及工程地质分级等。因此,从地质地球化学角度对中国西南已建和正建水电工程区峨眉山玄武岩岩体结构面特性及工程效应进行研究,对于在峨眉山玄武岩分布地区开展水电工程建设具有重要意义。
     本文通过对西南地区峨眉山玄武岩三大岩区(东岩区、中岩区、西岩区)上已建和正建的以玄武岩作为建基岩体的水电站资料的收集和系统整理,结合野外实际调查和室内综合研究,首次较为系统地从地质地球化学的角度对中国西南地区已有工程区峨眉山玄武岩的岩体特性、结构面特征进行研究,提出了玄武岩结构面的工程地质分级,详细论述了各典型结构面的特征和工程效应。并根据对不同岩区玄武岩的地质地球化学特征和形成环境分析,探讨了它们的成生规律和分布特点,并作了各类玄武岩结构面工程地质分级体系关系拟合。在此基础上,分析了典型结构面工程地质意义及其可利用性。取得如下研究成果:
     (1)根据西南地区峨眉山玄武岩的空间分布特点,依据前人所划分的三大岩区的空间展布情况,研究了西南地区峨眉山玄武岩产出的区域地质背景、岩石学、岩相学及地球化学等基本特征,分析了不同岩区玄武岩形成的大地构造环境,结果发现,虽然他们的岩浆源区大地构造环境均属分离的大陆板块边缘裂谷环境,但由于喷发环境不同(东岩区为陆相,中岩区为海陆交互相,西岩区为海相),所形成的玄武岩结构面有很大不同。
     (2)根据三大岩区不同水电站玄武岩结构面的分布特征,将各水电站玄武岩结构面按成因进行了更为系统的划分,提出了不同岩区出露的峨眉山玄武岩结构面的主要类型。其中,东岩区是以凝灰岩夹层、火山角砾集块岩夹层、沉积岩夹层、柱状节理这类原生结构面为主;中岩区以侵入结构面、蚀变结构面及风化卸荷结构面最为明显;西岩区玄武岩岩体中以构造结构面、蚀变作用形成的结构面以及枕状构造最为发育。
     (3)通过对各岩区各类玄武岩结构面类型、分布特征、空间展布情况等一系列对坝基稳定起重要作用的因素的研究,针对各种结构面类型特点,将它们可能出现的地区和分布特征进行了描述,探讨了西南地区峨眉山玄武岩不同类型结构面的成因、时空分布、发育特征及其成生规律。
     (4)规模与性状是玄武岩各类结构面的力学效应及其对工程岩体稳定性影响的两大主控因素,也是对前述结构面进行分级的基本原则。通过总结和分析峨眉山玄武岩区典型水电站玄武岩结构面的规模、性状、工程地质意义及其工程地质特征,提出了峨眉山玄武岩结构面的工程地质分级方案,并就方案中各玄武岩结构面规模、性状、物质组成及其强度特征作了较详细的论述,最后对所划分出的各结构面的工程地质特性及可利用性进行了评价。
There are plenty of hydroenergy in west China to be exploited. Emeishan basaltis one of the rock mass which has been best widely distributed in southwest China.With development and using of the large hydropower station in Nu river, Yalong river,Jingsha river and Dadu river, the more and more hydropower stations which thefoundation rock mass have been made by Emeishan basalts have been structed insouthwest china. The basic types, distribution features and characteristics of structuralplanes of basalts do have to face up to, especially the basalt structural plane types,distribution, generation regularities and engineering geological grade. By geologicaland geochemistry ways, studying on the structural planes characteristics andengineering effect of Emeishan basalt of the hydropower stations which have beenbuilt and be building in southwest china, have the significance for developinghydropower construction in Emeishan basault distributing regins.
     According to the systematically collects and processing data of the hydropowerstations of having been built and being built, which foundation rock have been madeof Emeishan basalts on Emeishan basalt regions (west, middle and east) in southwestchina, combing with fieldsurvey and indoor comprehensive, systematically study therock mass characteristics and structural planes features of Emeishan basalt of havingthere of engineering area in southwest china by geological and geochemistry, puttingforward the geological grade of basalt structural planes and discussing in detail typicalstructral planes characteristics and engineering effect. Based on the analysis of thegeological&geochemistry characteristics and forming environment of different areabasalts, discussed their generation regularities and distribution features, and beenmade the fit for relation curve of engineering geological grade of various basaltstructural planes. On this basis, analysis of engineering geological significance andavailability of typical structural planes.
     (1) According to the basalt space distribution and three-big rock regionsdistributing characteristics in Emeishan, southwest china, studied the basiccharacteristics of regional geological background, petrology, petrography andgeochemistry of the basalt formation, analyzed the tectonic setting of the basaltforming in Emeishan area. The result is that although their tectonic environment are separation continental rift in magmatic rocks area, their sturctural planes are differentbecauce as their eruption environment are different (eastern rock region is continentalfacies, middle rock region is sea-land interberdding facies and the western rock regionis marine.).
     (2)According to the distribution characteristic of basalt structral planes ofdifferent hydropower stations in three-big rock regions, divids into the different basaltstructral planes by their causes, puts forward the main typies of the basalt structralplanes in different rock areas. The primary structure planes are tuff interlayers,interlayers of volcanic breccia and agglomerat, sedimentary interbeds, columnar jointin eastern rock region; the more significantly structral planes are intrusive structralplane, alteration structral plane and weathering relaxation structral plane in middlerock region; the most developmental structral planes of the basalt rock mass aretectonic structure plane, alteration structral plane and pillow structure in western rockregion.
     (3)By researching a series facters which play important roles in dam foundationstability, such as basalt structral planes, distribution, spatial distributions, describesthe appearance areas and ditribution of the structral planes according to variousstructral plane characteristics, and study the cause, spatial distribution, developmentcharacteristics and generation regularities of different typies structeral planes ofEmeishan basalt in southwest area.
     (4)The scale and characters are twe large main controlling factors of theirmechanical effect and rock mass stability of various basalt structral planes, are alsethe basic principle of structural plane classification. By analyzing and summarizingthe scale, characters, engineering geological significance, and engineering geologicalcharacteristics of typical hydropower s planes in Emeishan basalt area, puts forwardthe engineering geological classification scheme of basalt structrual planes, discussesthe scale, characters, material composition, and strength characteristics of each basaltstructural plane in scheme. At last, evaluate the engineering geological characteristicsand availabiligy for each structural plane.
引文
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